A PROJECT REPORT

ON

STUDY ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUTION OF

HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE CONTAINING
MARBLE DUST AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
CEMENT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement to

ACHARYA NAGARJUNA UNIVERSITY

For the Award of the Degree
B.TECH IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
B.TEJA
CH.MANOHAR
B.SRINIVASA RAO
B.SRINU
GUIDE: N.TEJASWINI
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

APRIL 2021
R.V.R & J.C COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
AFFILIATED TO ACHARYA NAGARJUNA UNIVERSITY
CHOWDAVARAM, GUNTUR-522019

1
STUDY ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUTION OF
HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE CONTAINING
MARBLE DUST AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
CEMENT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
B.TEJA (L18CE188)
CH.MANOHAR (Y17CE021)
B.SRINIVASA RAO (L18CE189)
B.SRINU (L18CE184)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GUNTUR
(AUTONOMOUS)
ACHARYA NAGARJUNA UNIVERSITY:: GUNTUR 522 510
 RVR & JC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
GUNTUR 522 019

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project “ STUDY ON NON- DESTRUCTIVE
EVALUTION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE CONTAINING
MARBLE DUST AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT” is the

bonafide work of “B.TEJA ,CH.MANOHAR ,B.SRINIVASA RAO

,B.SRINU” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

DR.M.RAMARAO, Ph.D N.TEJASWINI

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROJECT SUPERVISOR

CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING

 ABSTRACT

This study aims to evaluate concrete having Waste Marble Powder

(WMP) as partial replacement of cement. Marble is a standout amongst
the most imperative materials utilized as a part of the development
business. Marble powder is produced from processing plants during
the sawing and polishing of marble blocks and about 20 - 25% of the
processed marble is turn into powder form. Disposal of the marble
powder material from the marble industry is one of the environmental
problems worldwide today.The present study is aimed at utilizing
Waste marble powder construction industry itself as Marble powder
contains high calcium oxide content of more than 50%. The potential
use of marble dust can be an ideal choice for substituting in a
cementitious binder as the reactivity efficiency increases due to the
presence of lime. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%,
20%,40% partial replacement of cement with marble powder are
investigated in the laboratory.The Results of an experimental
investigation on the effects of concrete materials-, mix- and
workmanship-related variables, on the Rebound Number and
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of concrete, are presented. The investigations
aimed at developing a method of combined use of both the non-
destructive tests for assessment of strength of concrete with greater
accuracy. Workmanship variables included different lengths of moist
curing

KEYWORDS: Rebound hammer test, Pulse velocity test, Non-

destructive test, concrete, fine aggregate, marble powder, strength,
workability, compressive strength
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 general objectives
1.2.2 Specific objectives

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review

3. MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN

3.1 Marble Dust

3.2 Cement
3.3 Fine aggregate
3.4 Coarse aggregate
3.5 Water
4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Collection Of Raw Materials

4.2 Batching
4.3 Mixing
4.4 casting of specimen
4.5 Curing of specimen
4.6 high strength concrete mix design
4.7 PROCEDURE OF MIX DESIGN
4.7.1 Calculation of target strength of concrete
4.7.2 Selection of water-cement ratio
4.7.3 Determination of Aggregate Air content
4.7.4 Selection of Water Content for Concrete
4.7.5 Selection of Cement Content for Concrete
4.7.6 Design mix
4.7.6.1 Step 1
4.7.6.2 Step 2
4.7.6.3 Step 3
4.7.6.4 Step 4
4.7.6.5 Step 5
4.7.6.6 Step 6

5. TESTS ON CONCRETE

5.1 Compressive Strenth

5.1.1 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test
 5.1.2 Pulse Velocity Test

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Compressive strength

7. CONCLUSION

7.1 Summary

7.2 Conclusion

8. REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES

1.Marble Dust

2.Cement

3.Fine aggregate

4.Coarse aggregate(20mm)

5.Coarse aggregate(12.5mm)

6.Batching

7.Mixing concrete

8. Casting of cubes

9. Curing

10.Testing of cubes for compressive strength by Rebound Hammer

11 Testing of cubes for compressive strength by Pulse Velocity Test

12 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test Graph

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUTION

1.1 Background

In developing countries, the methods used to recycle and re-use waste materials
should be investigated in order to benefit from natural resources effectively.
Conversion of raw materials, used or waste materials provides significant
energy savings by reducing the number of industrial processes in the production
of materials (Ismail and Ramli, 2013).
In our country, there are a lot of waste materials which have economic value.
One of them is waste marble. Marble is a metamorphic rock, such as limestone,
that contains largely calcium carbonate (Topcu et al., 2009; Topcu IB and
Uygunoglu, 2009). Furthermore, in marble, small amounts of silica, feldspar,
iron oxide, mica, fluorine and organic matters may be found. Today, as a result
of an increased demand for marble in the country and in the world in general,
the number of marble businesses has also increased. The number of processed
blocks of marble has also increased in facilities, due to the increase in
production (Topcu et al., 2009; Saboya et al., 2007).
The marble dust and crumbs of up to 60% of marble blocks are dumped into the
streams near factories or in disposal sites (Cengiz and Kulaksiz, 1996).
Particularly, in areas where there is a concentration of marble business facilities,
the marble waste causes the proliferation of the disposal sites (Terzi and
Karasahin, 2003; Hebhoub et al., 2011). In general, this type of waste is used as
fill material in floor and wall tiles for decorative purposes. In the literature,
many studies have been conducted on the use of waste marble dust. However,
studies on the re-use of marble pieces are very limited (Terzi and Karasahin,
2003; Andre et al., 2013; Thomas and Gupta, 2013; Gazi et al., 2012). The
destruction of the environment would be reduced by the use of waste pieces of
marble as aggregate in concrete and its powders as cement. On the other hand,
the use of marble waste will contribute directly to the evaluation of
environmental waste.
The concrete industry will be called upon to serve the two pressing needs of
human society; namely, protection of the environment and meeting the
infrastructural requirement for increasing industrialization and urbanization of
the world. Also due to large size, the concrete industry is unquestionably the
ideal medium for the economic and safe use of millions of tons of industrial
byproducts such as fly ash and slag due to their highly pozzolanic and
cementitious properties. It is obvious that large-scale cement replacement 60 -
70% in concrete with these industrial by-products will be advantageous from
the standpoint of cost economy, energy efficiency, durability, and overall
ecological profile of concrete. Therefore, in the future, the use of by-product
supplementary cementing materials ought to be made mandatory (Malhotra,
2004).
Concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the world. It is
basically composed of two components: paste and aggregate. The paste
contains cement, water and sometimes other cementitious and chemical
admixtures, whereas the aggregate contains sand and crushed stone. The paste
binds the aggregates together. The aggregates are relatively inert filler materials
which occupy more percentage of the concrete and can therefore be expected to
have influence on its properties (Mindess et al., 2003). The proportion of these
components, the paste and the aggregate is controlled by; the strength and
durability of the desired concrete, the workability of the fresh concrete and the
cost of the concrete.
Conventionally, cement is a powdered material that has plays a great role in
concrete as a binder, but is the most expensive and environmentally unfriendly
material. Therefore, requirements for economical and more environmental
friendly cementing materials have extended interest in other cementing
materials that can be used as normal Portland cement.
Therefore, this study attempts to make use of the marble dust powder produced
in marble processing industries found in Ethiopia as cement replacing material
in concrete. An experimental study was carried out to examine the influence of
adding marble dust powder to cement on the mechanical and physical
properties of pastes and concretes such as consistency, setting time,
workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile split strength and
water permeability.
1.2 Objectives

1.2.1 General Objective

The main objective of this research is to study on the application of marble dust
powder as partial replacement of cement in concrete.
1.2.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To evaluate the utility of marble dust powder as a partial replacement of

cement in concrete.
2. To determine the optimum percentage of marble dust powder replacing

cement to produce effective concrete mix.

3. To compare the performance of conventional concrete with marble dust

powder blended concretes.

To verify the effectiveness of using marble dust powder in concrete strength
enhancement.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATUREE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Evaluation of strength and durability of marble powder (MP) additive at

different ratios were investigated instead of dolomite, which is the raw
material in adhesive mortars of insulation board. Marble waste powder’s
humidity, chemical structure and particle size was investigated. Then,
compressive – tensile – bending strengths, water absorption, initial setting
time, and flow-spreading tests at the adhesive mortars with additive were
performed. All results showed that marble waste powder’s humidity was
lower than 1%, and particle size amounts +710 µm and −125 µm were more

2.2 Literature Review

1.Veena G. Pathan1, Md. GulfamPathan

Their investigation revealed that replacing of cement with marble waste
powder up to 20% reduces the slump of concrete mixes, whereas replacement of
sand by marble waste powder up to 20% enhances the slump of the concrete
mixes. In concrete production replacement of 5% cement by marble waste
powder gives comparable compressive and flexural strength as of marble waste
free concrete specimens but increasing the replacement range beyond 5% results
in strength reduction. In concrete production, replacing of sand up to 20% by
marble waste powder gives similar strength as of concrete mixes with 100%
sand both at early and latter ages
2. Khyaliya, R.K.; Kabeer, K.I.S.A.; Vyas, A.K
Evaluation of strength and durability of marble powder (MP) additive at
different ratios were investigated instead of dolomite, which is the raw
material in adhesive mortars of insulation board. Marble waste powder’s
humidity, chemical structure and particle size was investigated. Then,
compressive – tensile – bending strengths, water absorption, initial setting
time, and flow-spreading tests at the adhesive mortars with additive were
performed. All results showed that marble waste powder’s humidity was
lower than 1%, and particle size amounts +710 µm and −125 µm were more
than raw dolomite. As a result of the tests, it was determined that the values
were obtained in accordance with the relevant EN standards. According to
the results of XRD, the ratio of calcium carbonate and hatrurite ratio of
marble powder are exceeded. The use of marble powder with dolomite was
also investigated economically and it was concluded that it is more
advantageous to make cost calculations.
3.Prof. P.A. Shirley et al

Described that "Feasibility of using the marble sludge dust in concrete

production as partial replacenaent of cetnent" This paper presents an
experimental investigation on the properties of cement replacing of Inarble
powder resulted increases in compressive strength of concrete 17.7% increase
in initial for 28 days.

4.Noha M. Soliman

proposed that:"Effect of using marble powder in concrete mixes on the

behavior and strength of R.C. slabs". This research aims to study the effect of
using marble powder as partially replace of cement on the properties of
concrete and the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs used in the experimental
program was of the fine aggregate of natural siliceous sand, coarse aggregate
used was of crushed dolomite and the cement used was the Ordinary Portland
cement. Workability was increased by using small amount of marble powder
ratio as replacement of cement and leads to increase the compaction and the
strength of concrete The increasing of marble powder ratio over the optimum
dosage leads to the segregation of aggregate and bleeding of cement and
aggregates lead to decrease the resistance of concrete. Increasing indirect
tensile strength and modulus of elasticity was recast of the by using marble
powder

5.Jashandeep Singh. Er. RS Bansal

the behavior of concrete, having partial replacement of cement with waste

marble powder M25 grade for which the marble powder is replaced by an
experimental study was carried out and the effect on compressive strength and
split tensile strength characteristics (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%and 20%) was
studied. The result of this present investigation indicates that the replacement of
12% of cement with waste marble powder attains maximum compressive and
tensile strength. The optimum percentage for replacement of marble powder
with cement and its almost 12%cement for both cubes and cylinders and it also
minimize the costs for construction with usage of marble powder which is
freely or cheaply available more importantly,

6.Mr. Ranjan Kumar, Shyam Kishor kumar

the waste MDP passing through 90 microns, has used for investigating of
hardened concrete properties. Furthermore, the effect of different percentage
replacement of MDP on the compressive strength. splitting tensile strength
(Indirect tensile strength) & flexural strength has been observed. In this
experimental study, the effect of MDP in concrete on strength is presented.
Five concrete mixtures containing 0% 5%, 10% and 20% MDP s cement
replacement by weight basis has been prepared Water/cement ratio( 0.43) was
kept constant, in all the concrete mixes. Compressive strength, split tensile
strength a flexural strength of the concrete mixtures has been obtained at 7 and
28 days. The results of the laboratory work showed that replacement of cement
with MDP increase, up to 10% for compressive strength to 15 for spill tensile
strength & flexural strength of concrete
7. Rachana M N E.Ramesh Babu

Replacement of river sand by Robo sand in varying percentages 0%, 25%,

50%, 75% and 100% for M30 and M40 mix designations. The cubes, cylinders
and prisms are casted for each proportion and tests conducted for obtaining the
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete.
However, more research studies are being made on Quarry Rock Dust concrete
and Marble powder dust concrete and necessary the practical application of
Quarry Rock Dust as Fine Aggregate and Marble powder replacing by cement

8.Ms. Ruchi Chandrakar. Mr. Avinash Singh

Proposed that "Cement replacement in concrete with marble dust powder". The
project describes the feasibility of using! marble dust with partial replacement
of cement. Total 42 cubes were casted by using marble dust with partial
replacement of cement in various percentage of (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 25%, and
30%) and compressive strength test were done after 7 days and 28 days.
According to this study the replacement of cement up to 10% with marble dust
powder in M-20 grade of cement concrete be the compressive strength of the
cubes increased and then further increase the replacement of cement with
marble dust powder there was decrease the strength.

9.Mr. Ranjan Kumar, Shyam Kishor Kumar

Proposed that "Partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder". In this
research work, the waste MDP passing through 90 microns, has used for
investigating of hardened concrete properties. In this experiment live concrete
mixtures containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% MDP as cement replacement by
weight basis has been prepared. Water/cement ratio (0.43) was kept constant, in
all the concrete mixes.Compressive strength, split tensile strength & flexural
strength of the concrete mixtures has been obtained at 7 and 28 days. The
results of the laboratory work showed that replacement of cement with MDP
increase, up to 10% for compressive strength. & up to 15% for split tensile
strength &flexural strength of concrete.

10.Jashandeep singh, Er. RS Bansal

Proposed that Partial replacement of cement with waste marble powder with
m25 grade". The study the behavior of concrete, having partial replacement of
cement with waste marble powder M25 grade for which the marble powder is
replaced by an experimental study was carried out and the effect on
compressive strength and tensile strength characteristics (0%, 4%, 8% 12%
16%, 20%) was studied. The result of this present investigation indicates that
the replacement of 12% of cement with waste marble powder attains maximum
compressive and tensile strength, it also minimize the costs for construction
with usage of marble powder which is freely or cheaply available more
importantly
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN

3.1 Marble dust powder

The marble dust powder used for this research was collected from
Ethio-marble Processing Enterprise which is located in Addis Ababa,
Gulale sub-city. The marble dust powder in this factory is existed in
two forms. The water used during polishing and cutting process has
carried these dust particles in the form of slurry and discharged into
container prepared for this purpose. After collected in the container, it
is removed, dumped out as waste and gets dried. The other marble
dust powder is obtained after grinding of broken marbles collected in
the company. This solid waste is coarser whereas the former is finer.
For the purpose of maintaining comparable fineness with Portland
cement, the powders were mixed 50% by weight from both types of
wastes after sieved through 100μm sieve size.

Figure.1 Marble dust powder used in the research

3.2 CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is used this which is the best
suited for genera\ concrete purposes. OPC 53 grade confirming to IS 12269:
1987 was used in this study. The cement is kept in controlled temperature
conditions to prevent the cement from being exposed to moisture. The
physical properties of cement are shown below.

Figure.2 Cement used in the research

3.3 Fine Aggregate

Those fractions from 150 microns to 4.75mm are termed as fine aggregate the
used in this research for preparation of normal concrete is natural river sand
confirming Zone III as per IS 383-1970 with specific gravity---------- the sieve
analysis results are the table
 Figure.3 Fine aggregate

3.4 Coarse Aggregate

crushed granite coarse aggregate confirming to IS 383-1970 for size
between 10mm to 20mm having a specific gravity of -------------was used

Figure.5 Coarse aggregate (12.5mm)

 Figure.6 Coarse aggregate (20mm)
3.5 Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the
chemical reaction with cement Impurities in water may interfere with the setting
time of cement may adversely affect the strength of concrete or cause staining
of its surface. Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from
injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic matters or other
substances they may be deleterious to concrete portable water is used for mixing
as well as curing of concrete as prescribed in IS 456:200023).
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY &MIX DESIGN

4.1 collection of raw materials

FINE AGGREGATE: the sand used for our investigation is collected form
Amaravathi Region sand which is conforming to Zone II as per Indian
Specification 383-1970 codal provisions.

COARSE AGGREGATE: The coarse aggregate of max 60% of 20mm size and
40% of 12.5mm with an angular shape which is well graded

MARBLE DUST: Marble dust is collected from Triveni marbles in Vijayawada

ring road
 4.2 Batching

By considering the mix proportions the volume of cube is calculated and

calculating the quantity of materials required for cube.
 Figure.7 Batching

4.3 MIXING

The object of mixing is with alkaline activators to blend all the ingredients of
concrete into a uniform mass. Though mixing of the materials is essential for the
production uniform concrete. The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes
homogeneous, uniform in color and consistency. In this study the process of hand
mixing was adopted.
 Figure.8 Mixing of concrete

4.4 casting of specimen

The cube specimen is of size 150*150*150mm. Before placing the concrete

in the mould, its interior surface and base plate were lightly oiled to prevent
the unevenness of the specimen. The mixed concrete is placed in the oiled
mold in layers, each layer of having 5cm thick. After placing each layer it is
pampered 30 times using a slandered tampered rod. The strokes penetrated
into the underlying layer and the bottom layer was ridded throughout its depth.
4.5 Curing of specimen

providing adequate moisture, temperature, and time to allow the concrete to

achieve the desired properties for its intended use. . When these recommendations
are properly specified and performed in the field

As soon as the concreting is completed, the mould is stored in a rapid curing

at 101 c for 4 hours. Later the specimen is placed at room temperature until taken
for testing.

Figure.8 Curing of specimen

4.6 HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The mix composition is chosen to satisfy all performance criteria for the
concrete. The various methods of mix design are applied for determining the
qualities & quantity of concrete. High-strength concrete is prepared by
decreasing the water-cement ratio to less than 0.35. Such concrete has strength
exceeding 40 MPa. Working with high-strength concrete is a significant issue
because of its lower level of performance. The design method preferred in this
report is Indian Standard Institution (ISI) Concrete design method and hence
has been discussed.

4.7 PROCEDURE OF MIX DESIGN

1. Calculation of target strength of concrete

2. Selection of water-cement ratio
3. Determination of aggregate air content
4. Selection of water content for concrete
5. Selection of cement content for concrete
6. Calculation of aggregate ratio
7. Calculation of aggregate content for concrete
8. Trial mixes for testing concrete mix design strength

4.7.1 Calculation of target strength of concrete

Target mean strength fck'=fck+1.65s
Where S is the standard deviation obtained from IS 456-200
= 60+1.65*5
=68.25N/mm2
4.7.2 Selection of water-cement ratio
Ratio of the weight of water to weight of cement in the concrete mix is
water-cement ratio. It is the important consideration in concrete mix design
to make the concrete workable. Water cement ratio is selected from the
below curve for 28 days characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
4.7.3 Determination of Aggregate Air content

The Air content of aggregate can be determined by the following table

Air content (% of
Nominal maximum
volume of
size of aggregate
concrete)

10mm 5%

20mm 2%

40mm 1%
4.7.4 Selection of Water Content for Concrete
Select the water content which is useful to get required workability with the
help of nominal maximum size of aggregate as given in below table. The table
given below is used when only angular shaped aggregates are used in concrete
as well as the slump should be 25 to 50mm.

Nominal maximum size of aggregate Maximum water content

10mm 208
20mm 186
40mm 165

If the shape of aggregate or slump value is differing from above, then some
adjustments are required as follows.

Condition Adjustment
Sub angular aggregate Reduce the selected value by
10%
Gravel with crushed stone Reduce the selected value by
20kg
Rounded gravel Reduce the selected value by
25kg
Using plasticizer Decrease the selected value
by 5-10%
Using superplasticizer Decrease the selected value
by 20-30%
For every increment of 25mm slump Increase the selected value by
3%

4.7.5 Selection of Cement Content for Concrete

Water – cement ratio is determined in step2 and quantity of water is determined
in step -4. So, we can easily calculate the quantity of cement from these two
conditions.
4.7.6 Design mix
 4.7.6.1 Step 1:
ft = fck + 1.65 s

ft = 60 + (1.65 * 5)

ft= 68.25 N/mm2

4.7.6.2 Step 2:

Water/ Cement Ratio is taken as 0.3 ( based on the results of trial mixes)

4.7.6.3 Step 3:

For maximum size of aggregate 20 mm, water content is 186 kg/m3

Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186 + (9% of 186)

= 203 kg

As super plasticizer is used water content can be reduced up to 20%

Water Content = 203 * 0.8 = 163 kg

4.7.6.4 Step 4:

Cement content = 163/0.3 = 543.33 kg

4.7.6.5 Step 5:

For w/c= 0.5 and zone3 fine aggregate,

Volume of coarse aggregate= 0.64

For w/c= 0.3,

Additional volume of coarse aggregate= 0.04

Volume of coarse aggregate= 0.64+0.04= 0.68

Volume of fine aggregate= 1-0.68= 0.32

4.7.6.6 Step 6:
Mix Calculations
• Volume of cement= (543.33/3.15)/1000 = 0.172 m3
• Volume of water= (163/1)/1000= 0.163
• Volume of super plasticizer= 5.433/1.04/1000= 0.005
• Actual volume of aggregate= 1- 0.172-0.163-0.005= 0.66
• Mass of coarse aggregate= 0.66*0.68*2.72 * 1000= 1220.736 kg
• Mass of fine aggregate= 0.66*0.32*2.69*1000= 568.128 kg

MIX PROPORTIONS

Cement= 543.33 kg/m3

Water= 163 kg/m3
Fine Aggregate(FA)= 568.128 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate(CA)= 1220.736 kg/m3
Super Palsticizer(SP)= 5.433 kg/m3

Cement: Water: FA: CA: SP = 1: 0.3: 1.05: 2.25: 0.01

 CHAPTER 5
TESTS ON CONCRETE

5.1 compressive strength

After 7 days and 28 days of curing the sample cubes are tested for
compressive strength under compressive testing machine. The test samples are
taken to testing. For one trail at least three specimens are to be tested. The cube
are placed under the Universal testing machine in a way that the load should be
applied opposite faces of the other than the casted faces. The load is applied on
the cube continuously at the rate of 140kg/cm2 /min. the load is applied till the
load break down and no more load can be taken i.e.the readings shows digitally.
The ultimate load is noted. The compressive strength is determined by dividing
the ultimate strength by cube cross sectional area. Similarly the remaining two
specimens are also tested. The average of the three specimens of one particular
batch of mix gives the compressive strength. The variation of the strength of
individual strength should not exceed more than 15%. If exceeded repeat the
test.
5.1.1 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test

The Schmidt rebound hammer is principally a surface hardness tester. It works

on the principle that the rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of
the surface against which the mass impinges. There is little apparent theoretical
relationship between the strength of concrete and the rebound number RN of the
hammer. However, within limits, empirical correlations have been established
between strength properties and the rebound number. The Schmidt rebound
hammer is shown in Figure 1. The hammer weighs about 1.8 kg and is suitable
for use both in a laboratory and in the field. The hammer can be used in the
horizontal, vertically overhead or vertically downward positions as well as at
any intermediate angle, provided that the hammer is perpendicular to the surface
under test. The position of the mass relative to the vertical, however, affects the
rebound number due to the action of gravity on the mass in the hammer. Thus,
the RN of a floor would be expected to be smaller than that of a soffit, and
inclined and vertical surfaces would yield intermediate results. Although a high
RN represents concrete with a higher compressive strength than concrete with a
low RN, the test is only useful if a correlation can be developed between the RN
aggregate as that being tested. This test was performed on the specimens
according to standards (EN 12504-2 2001, EN 12309-3 2003). Schmidt rebound
hammer test gave values of RN. The compressive strength of the concrete was
derived using the chart provided with the device (Aydin and Saribiyik, 2010). A
light load was applied on the test pieces to prevent their movement during the
test. No action has been located within 40 mm of the flat faces of the specimen.
The hammer has to be used against a smooth surface, preferably a formed one.
Open textured concrete cannot therefore be tested If the surface is rough, e.g. a

trowelled surface, it should be rubbed smooth with a carborundum stone. RN

was equal to the median of 27 measures spread over the three generators of the
specime tested
 Figure.10 Testing of cubes for
compressive strength by Rebound Hammer

5.1.2 Pulse Velocity Test

The equipment consists essentially of an

electrical pulse generator, a pair of
transducers, an amplifier and an
electronic timing device for measuring
the time interval between the initiation
of a pulse generated at the transmitting
transducer and its arrival at the receiving
transducer .The pulse velocity test was
determined using cylindrical specimens
in accordance with the requirements of
EN 12504-4.
 Figure.11 Testing of cubes for compressive strength by Pulse Velocity Test

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tests are conducted for non- destructive evalution of high strength concrete
containing marble dust as partial replacement of cement. In this thesis work
marble dust strength values have observed. The results are tabulated and
discussions have been made.

6.1 Compressive strength

Concrete cubes are casted for design mix at M60 replacement of marble dust.
The compressive strength for M60 grade is tested for 7 and 28days age of
curing and the obtained results are tabulated in the form of table and graph.

0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder in concrete

The compressive strength of cube for 7days=43.32N/mm2
The compressive strength of Cylinder for 7days=32.05N/mm2
The compressive strength of cube for 28days=64.5N/mm2
The compressive strength of Cylinder for 28days=52.33N/mm2
20% partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder in concrete
The compressive strength of cube for 7days=39.4N/mm2
The compressive strength of Cylinder for 7days=31.65N/mm2
The compressive strength of cube for 28days=61.40N/mm2
The compressive strength of Cylinder for 28days=50.36N/mm2
40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder in concrete
The compressive strength of cube for 7days=35.85N/mm2
The compressive strength of Cylinder for 7days=30.815N/mm2
The compressive strength of cube for 28days=59.19N/mm2
The compressive strength of Cylinder for 28day=49.21N/mm2
ULTRA SONIC PLUS VELOCITY TEST
0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder in concrete
The compressive strength of cube for 7days=42.48N/mm2
Plus velocity=5792m/sec
Time=26.2sec
The compressive strength of cube for 28days=66.35N/mmw
Plus velocity=5869m/sec
Time=25.5sec
20% partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder in concrete
The compressive strength of cube for 7days=39.06N/mm2
Plus velocity=5683m/sec
Time=26.54
The compressive strength of cube for 28days=60.22N/mm2
Plus velocity=5822m/sec
Time=25.60sec
40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder in concrete
The compressive strength of cube for 7days=38.26N/mm2
Plus velocity=5477m/sec
Time=27.58sec
The compressive strength of cube for 28days=59.98N/mm2
Plus velocity=5579m/sec
Time=26.92sec

RESULTS TABLES

Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test

Figure.12 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test Grap

7 Days curing
Cube 1 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in
Rebound Compressive
Number strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
No compressive
1 40 36 40.2 38 39.1
2 37 32 34.4 31.9 33.15
3 41 40 42 45 43.5
4 45 41 49.7 46.9 48.3
5 43 40 46.2 45 45.6
6 45 43 49.7 46 47.85
7 38 36 36.5 38 37.25
8 41 39 42 43.9 42.95
9 44 41 48 46.9 47.45
10 45 40 49.7 43 46.35
Compressive strength=43.15

Cube2 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound Number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 40 40 40.2 45 42.6
2 40 41 40.2 46.9 43.55
3 42 39 44 43.9 43.95
4 44 43 48 46 47
5 44 36 48 38 43
6 46 41 51 46.9 50.45
7 36 40 33.9 45 39.45
8 40 32 40.2 31.9 36.05
9 43 40 46.2 45 45.6
10 44 36 48 38 43
Average compressive strength 43.565

Cube 1 20% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound Number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 39 36 38.9 38 38.45
2 39 38 38.9 41.9 40.4
3 40 39 40.2 43.9 42.05
4 38 37 36.5 40 38.25
5 38 36 36.5 38.2 37.35
6 39 35 38.9 36.4 37.65
7 39 33 38.9 33.7 36.3
8 40 33 40.2 33.7 36.95
9 39 32 38.9 31.9 35.4
10 40 31 40.2 30 35.1
Average compressive strength. 37.79

Cube 2 20% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 39 31 38.9 30 34.45
2 40 33 40.2 33.7 36.95
3 39 32 38.9 31.9 35.4
4 39 33 38.9 33.7 36.3
5 38 36 36.5 38.2 37.35
6 39 35 38.9 36.4 37.65
7 40 39 40.2 43.9 42.05
8 39 37 38.9 40 39.45
9 39 38 38.9 41.9 40.4
10 49 36 40.2 38.2 39.2
Average compressive strength. 37.92

Cube1 40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound Number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 38 34 36.5 34.9 35.7
2 39 33 38.9 33 35.95
3 39 33 38.9 33 35.95
4 38 34 36.5 34.9 35.7
5 37 34 34.4 34.9 34.65
6 38 37 36.5 40 38.25
7 36 33 33 33 33
8 38 34 36.5 34.9 35.7
9 36 32 33.9 31.9 32.9
10 36 34 33.9 34.9 34.4
Compressive strength 35.22

Cube2. 40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
1 39 34 38.9 34.9 36.9
2 39 32 38.9 31.9 35.4
3 39 34 38.9 34.9 36.9
4 38 33 36.5 33 34.75
5 38 37 36.5 40 38.25
6 39 34 38.9 34.9 36.9
7 40 33 40.2 33 36.6
8 38 34 36.5 34.9 35.7
9 39 33 38.9 33 35.95
10 40 34 40.2 34.9 37.55
Average compressive strength. 36.49

Cylinder 1. 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 36 32 32.9 31.9 32.4
2 37 32 34.2 31.9 33.05
3 37 36 34.2 38 36.1
4 35 31 31.9 30 30.95
5 35 32 31.9 31.9 31.9
6 34 32 30 31.9 30.95
7 34 30 30 28.2 29.1
8 34 32 30 31.9 30.95
9 35 32 31.9 31.9 31.9
10 36 33 32.9 32.8 32.85
Average compressive strength. 32.015

Cylinder 2 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 36 33 32.5 32.8 32.65
2 35 32 31.9 32 31.95
3 36 34 32.9 34.2 33.55
4 36 32 32.9 32 32.45
5 35 31 31.9 30 30.95
6 36 31 32.9 30 31.45
7 37 33 34.2 32.8 33.5
8 37 32 34.2 31.9 33.05
9 36 35 32.9 36.2 34.55
10 37 37 34.2 38 32.6
Average compressive strength. 32.99

Cylinder 1. 20% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength

1 34 32 29.9 31.9 35.9

2 35 32 31.9 31.9 31.9
3 33 30 29 28.2 28.2
4 34 32 29.9 31.9 30.9
5 35 32 31.9 31.9 31.9
6 36 32 33.9 31.9 32.9
7 36 32 33.9 31.9 32.9
8 35 31 31.9 30 30.95
9 36 32 33.9 31.9 32.9
10 37 36 34.7 38 36.35
Compressive strength. 32.48

Cylinder 2. 2 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in

concrete
Rebound Number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 37 36 34.7 38 36.35
2 35 32 31.9 31.9 31.9
3 36 31 33.9 30 31.95
4 36 32 33.9 31.9 32.9
5 35 32 31.9 31.9 31.9
6 34 32 29.9 31.9 30.9
7 33 32 29 31.9 30.45
8 35 30 31.9 28.2 30.05
9 34 32 28.2 31.9 30.9
10 35 31 31.9 30 30.95
Compressive strength. 31.825

Cylinder 1 40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 34 30 29.9 28.2 29
2 34 29 29.9 26.2 28.1
3 33 32 29 31.9 30.5
4 34 30 29.9 28.2 29.1
5 34 31 29.9 30 30.1
6 36 32 33.9 31.9 33
7 36 31 33.9 30 32
8 35 29 31.9 26.2 29.1
9 34 30 29.9 28.2 29.1
10 33 30 29.9 28.2 29.1
Compressive strength. 29.995

Cylinder 2 40%partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 35 31 31.9 30 30.95
2 36 31 33.9 30 31.95
3 34 32 29.9 31.9 30.9
4 36 33 33.9 32.8 33.35
5 34 32 29.9 31.9 30.95
6 34 31 29.9 30 29.95
7 35 30 31.9 28.2 30.05
8 34 29 29.9 26.2 29.05
9 36 31 33.9 30 31.95
10 34 30 29.9 28.2 29.05
Compressive strength 30.815

28 days Curing

Cube 1 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound Compressive
Number strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Average
No compressive
1 53 51 66.02 66.01 66.015
2 53 51 66.02 65 65.51
3 53 50 66.02 64 65.03
4 52 49 64.9 61 63.5
5 53 50 66.02 64 65.01
6 54 51 67.5 65 66.25
7 53 52 66.02 64.9 65.49
8 52 50 64.9 64 64.45
9 51 49 61.5 61 61.25
10 51 50 64.9 64 62.75
Compressive strength 64.382

Cube 2 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound Number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 51 50 61.5 61 62.75
2 52 49 64.9 61 62.95
3 53 50 66.02 64 65.01
4 54 52 67.5 64.9 66.02
5 52 51 64.9 65 64.95
6 53 50 66.02 64 65.01
7 52 49 64.9 61 62.95
8 53 51 66.02 65 65.51
9 54 52 67.5 64.9 66.2
10 51 51 61.5 65 63.25
Average compressive strength 64.46

Cube 1 20% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound Number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 50 48 61.49 56.79 59.14
2 51 49 61.49 61.73 61.61
3 50 48 61.497 58.69 60.09
4 51 49 61.49 60.49 60.99
5 52 49 62.5 61.58 62.04
6 52 49 62.5 62.18 62.34
7 54 52 63.5 69.98 66.74
8 52 50 62.5 65.78 64.14
9 53 51 62.9 67.28 65.09
10 52 50 61.49 66.29 63.89
Average compressive strength 62.607

Cube 2 20%partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 51 49 61.49 60.27 60.88
2 52 50 62.5 63.56 62.83
3 54 50 63.5 65.3 64.48
4 50 48 61.49 59.87 60.68
5 50 48 61.49 58.07 59.78
6 50 49 61.49 58.67 60.08
7 49 47 60.5 56.96 58.73
8 50 48 61.49 57.27 59.38
9 49 48 60.5 55.16 57.83
10 49 48 60.5 54.56 57.53
Average compressive strength. 60.21

Cube 1 40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound Number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 50 48 59.5 59.84 59.64
2 51 48 60.9 59.84 59.92
3 52 49 60 59.84 59.92
4 50 48 59.5 59.84 59.67
5 48 49 59.4 57.84 58.62
6 53 50 62.2 62.84 62.22
7 50 48 59.4 59.94 56.99
8 48 46 56.22 57.52 59.61
9 50 48 58.10 58.64 59.99
10 50 48 58.10 58.64 59.99
Compressive strength 59.19

Cube 2 40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
1 51 49 60.25 61.53 60.89
2 50 48 59.29 59.51 59.39
3 51 49 60.85 60.93 60.89
4 50 48 58.65 58.85 58.75
5 52 49 62.26 ,62.22 62.24
6 51 49 61.3 60.48 60.89
7 51 49 60.82 60.36 60.59
8 50 48 59.45 59.91 59.69
9 50 48 60.12 59.76 59.94
10 51 49 62.02 61.06 61.54
Average compressive strength. 60.48

Cylinder-1. 0%partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 47 46 55.4 54.3 54.75
2 46 43 50.94 50.5 50.75
3 45 41 49.62 47 47.05
4 46 42 51.45 49.7 49.75
5 46 44 51.33 50.85 50.75
6 46 43 50.64 52.16 51.75
7 45 43 49.8 52.15 51.75
8 44 41 47.1 49.98 49.8
9 46 43 51 52.55 51.75
10 48 46 55.2 55.00 55.2
Average compressive strength 51.55

CYLINDER 2 0% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 48 46 55.2 55 53.6
2 46 43 51 52.55 51.75
3 44 42 50 49.98 54.75
4 46 43 51.5 52.15 53.4
5 46 43 50.9 52.16 51.7
6 46 43 51.4 52.15 54.6
7 45 44 55.2 50.4 53.5
8 46 43 51 53 54
9 45 42 53 52 52
10 44 43 52 53.5 52
Average compressive strength 53.05

Cylinder 1 20% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in concrete

Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength

1 48 46 55.2 54.3 54.75

2 46 43 51 50.5 50.75
3 44 41 47.1 47 51.75
4 45 43 49.8 49.7 51.75
5 46 43 50.64 50.86 49.8
6 46 44 51.34 52.16 51.75
7 46 44 51.45 52.05 55.2
8 45 43 49.62 49.98 49.75
9 46 44 50.94 52.56 47.05
10 47 45 55.4 55.00 54.02

Compressive strength 51.33

Rebound Number Compressive strength

Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Average
number compressive
strength
1 45 43 49.54 50.02 49.78
2 44 42 48.2 48.36 48.48
3 45 43 49.68 49.88 49.78
4 44 42 47.92 47.34 47.63
5 46 44 51.2 51.06 51.13
6 45 43 49.8 49.76 49.78
7 45 43 49.32 49.64 49.48
8 44 42 48.72 48.44 48.58
9 44 42 48.90 48.76 48.83
10 45 43 50.4 50.46 50.43
Compressive strength 49.39

Cylinder 1 40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in

concrete
Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength
1 44 42 47.8 47.88 47.88
2 43 41 46.9 46.93 46.93
3 45 43 49.3 49.34 49.33
4 44 42 43.9 47.9 47.93
5 44 42 48.9 48.75 48.93
6 46 44 51.8 51.82 51.83
7 46 44 50.6 51.06 50.83
8 45 43 47.9 47.9 47.93
9 45 43 47.9 47.9 47.93
10 45 42 47.9 47.9 47.93
Compressive strength 48.83

Cylinder 2 40% partial replacement of cement with marble dust in

concrete
Rebound number Compressive strength
Sample Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Total
number compressive
strength

1 45 43 48.94 50.51 49.725

2 46 44 50.45 51.025 50.725
3 45 43 49.52 49..83 49.625
4 46 44 52.2 52.05 52.125
5 45 43 49.67 49.775 49.725
6 44 42 48.74 48.704 48.725
7 44 42 48.90 48.75 48.825
8 43 41 48.90 48.75 47.825
9 46 44 50.42 51.025 50.725
10 43 41 47.47 48.175 47.825
Compressive strength 49.59
Pulse Velocity Test
7 Days curing
Sample Face Time Velocity(m/s) Concrete Compressive
no (sec) Quality strength(N/mm2)
gradeing
Cube :1 1 26.0 5769 Excellent 42.5
0%

26.2 5747 Excellent 42.3

26.1 5747 Excellent 42.7

2 26.2 5635 Excellent 42.2

25.9 5792 Excellent 42.5
26.0 5769 Excellent 42.5

Cube 2 1 26.3 5738 Excellent 42.63

26.6 5739 Excellent 42.53
26.5 5660 Excellent 42.43

2 26.3 5703 Excellent 42.5

26.2 5725 Excellent 42.4
26.1 5747 Excellent 42.6
Average compressive strength.
=. 42.48

Cube 1 1 26.4 5680 Excellent 38.9

20%

26.3 5684 Excellent 39.01

26.4 5665 Excellent 39.3

2 27.60 5555 Excellent 39.3

26.99 5556 Excellent 39.01
26.37 5687 Excellent 38.9

Cube 2 1 26.54 5650 Excellent 39.05

26.39 5683 Excellent 39.4
26.52 5655 Excellent 39.0
 2 27.05 5543 Excellent 39.02
27.09 5536 Excellent 39 1
26.89 5576 Excellent 39.05
Average compressive strength= 39.06

Cube 1 1 26.82 5591 Excellent 37.56

40%

27.92 5505 Excellent 37.88

27.58 5437 Excellent 37.88

2 27.88 5378 Excellent 37.7

27.89 5377 Excellent 37.9
27.58 5437 Excellent 37.88

Cube 2 1 27.39 5470 Excellent 38.72

27.38 5476 Excellent 38.69
27.33 5467 Excellent 38.71

2 27.07 5401 Excellent 38.9

27.80 5395 Excellent 38.65
27.75 5404 Excellent 38.72
Average compressive strength 38.26

`28 Days curing

Sample Face Time Velocity(m/s) Concrete Compressive
no (sec) Quality strength(N/mm2)
gradeing

Cube :1 1 25.5 5869 Excellent 66.5

0%

25.49 5879 Excellent 65.3

25.63 5847 Excellent 66.2

2 26.13 5735 Excellent 66.3

25.68 5835 Excellent 66.24
25.54 5769 Excellent 66.45

Cube 2 1 25.63 5869 Excellent 66.3

25.49 5879 Excellent 66.4
25.5 5847 Excellent 66.1

2 25.54 5769 Excellent 66.4

25.68 5835 Excellent 66.2
26.13 5735 Excellent 66.2
Average compressive strength. 66.35
=

Cube 1 1 25.93 5780 Excellent 60.5

20%
25.91 5784 Excellent 60.4
26.0 5765 Excellent 602

2 26.50 5655 Excellent 59.9

26.53 5650 Excellent 60
26.04 5787 Excellent 60.1

Cube 2 1 25.60 5855 Excellent 60.3

 25.48 5883 Excellent 60.4
25.60 5855 Excellent 60.1

2 26.56 5643 Excellent 59.9

26 58 5638 Excellent 60.1
26.40 5676 Excellent 60.2
Average compressive strength= 60.22

Cube 1 1 26.33 5691 Excellent 60.1

40%
26.74 5605 Excellent 59.9
27.07 5537 Excellent 60.2

2 27.56 5437 Excellent 59.9

27.37 5476 Excellent 60.1
27.06 5537 Excellent 60.3

Cube 2 1 26.86 5579 Excellent 60.3

26.88 5576 Excellent 59 5
26.92 5567 Excellent 60.2

2 27.24 5502 Excellent 60.3

26.78 5595 Excellent 58.6
26.79 5594 Excellent 58.9
Average compressive strength 59.98
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

8.1 Summary

The need to study the role of supplementary Cementing materials like

marble dust in concrete has been justified.
Concrete cubes were cast, cured and tested for Compressive Strength with
partial replacement of Marble dust. The results have been presented in the form
of tables and graphs in detail.

8.2 Conclusion
The usage of MDP in concrete improved its quality in terms of
strength. The following conclusions were based on the study on the test result.
• The Compressive strength of Concrete increases up to 20% replacement
of cement by MDP and further increasing of percentage of MDP leads to
decrease in compressive strength of concrete.
• It is concluded that the MDP can be used as a replacement material of
cement, and 20% replacement of cement with MDP gives an excellent
result in strength, as compared to the normal concrete.
• Use of these waste material leads to sustainable development in
construction industry.
• To save the environment, MDP may be used as better partial substitute as
a replacement f cement in concrete.

CHAPTER 8
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