DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION
PART I
1. Plot the V-I characteristics curves of forward biased and reversed biased in the operation of Zener
diode.
It has plotted in the tabulation section.
2. Describe the Zener breakdown and reverse breakdown.

P-type and n-type semiconductor materials were combined to create the PN junction. The depletion region
was produced by combining the P-type and N-type areas. The width of the depletion region was depended
on the doping of the P and N-type semiconductor material. The width of the depletion region was thin if the
material was highly doped. The situation of the Zener breakdown was occurred in the very thin depletion
region. More numbers of free electrons were their region. The electric field intensity was developed in the
depletion zone as a result of the reverse bias when applied across the PN junction. The intensity of the
electric field was increased significantly. The kinetic energy of the free charge carriers was increased the
electric field's intensity. The carriers were began started to move quickly between areas. The electron-hole
pairs were created when these powerful charge carriers interacted with the p- and n-type material's atoms.
The connection was started to flow in the opposite direction, which caused the depletion region to
completely disappear. This process was introduced as the Zener breakdown.
The reverse saturation current was caused to happened the reverse breakdown mechanism. The depletion
region was developed at the junction where the P and N-type material contact. There were some impurities
in the P and N-type components of the PN junction. There were some electrons in the p-type material and
some holes in the N-type material. The depletion region's width varies, because it depended on the bias
applied to the P and N region's terminal. The electrical field across the depletion region was increased when
happened reverse bias. Minority charge carriers were crossed the depletion area more quickly when there
was a strong electric field across it. The electron-hole pair were increased when collationed. The electron-
hole were induced in the high electric field and they were quickly separated and collide with the other atoms
of the crystals. when the process was continued, the electric field was become so much higher. Then the
reverse current starts flowing in the PN junction. The process was introduced as the reversed breakdown
3. Explain the difference between Zener diode and ordinary PN junction diode.
The primary difference between PN junction and Zener diode were that the PN junction diode was allowed
to passed current only in the forward direction. Both forward and reversed current could flow via the Zener
diode. The reverse current was flowed through PN junction diode, the junction was damaged and Zener
diode was not like that. The doping level of PN junction was low and Zener diode was high. The breakdown
of PN junction diode was occurred in high voltage and Zener diode was in lower voltage. PN junction diode
was obeyed Ohms law and Zener diode was not.
4. State the applications of Zener diode.
Zener diodes were used for voltage regulation, Zener diode protects from over voltage, clipper circuits, to
shift voltage, as reference elements, surge suppressors, and in switching applications.
voltage regulation
The resistors which were connected series, limit the current through the diode when there is an excess of
voltage while the diode is conducting when the load voltage matches the breakdown voltage. By placing a
big value disconnecting capacitor across the diode, it can be to reduce the noise produced while doing this.
Zener diode protects from over voltage

The current was flowed through the diode to create a voltage drop across the resistor as the input voltage
was raised until it met the Zener breakdown point.
Clipper circuits
Clipper circuits were employed to limit the output signal to a predetermined value without modifying the
input signal in any way. The AC waveform clipping circuits were modified and shaped using Zener diodes. By
using clipping circuits, one portion of the AC waveform was shaped or protected. These kinds of circuits were
used in TV and FM transmitters for removing interference.
To shift voltage
Zener diode was converted a signal from one voltage to another. It can be maintained a steady output voltage
in breakdown region. This was a voltage shifting function.
PART II
1. Plot the graph between Vs and Vout taking Vs on X-axis and Vout on Y-axis.
It has plotted in the tabulation section.
2. Briefly explain the Zener voltage regulation operation.

Here the Zener diode WAS connected across the load resistor. A Zener breakdown voltage close to the
voltage required across the load resistor was used to select the appropriate Zener diode. Zener diode was
connected in reverse bias condition. A sizable quantity of current was started flow through the diode when
the voltage across it exceeded the Zener breakdown voltage. When the load resistor was in parallel to the
diode, the voltage drop across the load was also equal to the Zener breakdown voltage. The load is shielded
from high currents because the Zener diode was given a conduit for the current to travel. Thus, the Zener
diode was done voltage regulator.
REFERENCE
PART I
1. Circuit Globe. (2017). What is Zener Breakdown and Avalanche Breakdown? - Ideal & Actual Zener
diode - Circuit Globe. [online] Available at:
https://circuitglobe.com/zener-breakdown-and-avalanche-breakdown.html.
2. Rohith, V. (n.d.). Difference Between Zener Breakdown and Avalanche Breakdown - Tabular Form.
[online] BYJUS. Available at:
https://byjus.com/physics/difference-between-zener-breakdown-and-avalanche-breakdown/.
3. BYJUS. (n.d.). Uses of Zener Diode and Its Practical Application in Real Life. [online] Available at:
https://byjus.com/physics/uses-of-zener-diode/.
PART II
1. Electrical4U (n.d.). Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator | Electrical4U. [online]
https://www.electrical4u.com/. Available at:
https://www.electrical4u.com/zener-diode-as-voltage-regulator/.
2. Basic Electronics Tutorials. (2013). Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator Tutorial. [online] Available at:
https://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/diode/diode_7.html#:~:text=The%20zener%20voltage%20regulator%20consists
3. Amrita.edu. (2012). Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator (Theory) : Solid State Physics Virtual Lab :
Physical Sciences : Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Virtual Lab. [online] Available at:
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=282&sim=1207&cnt=1.
4. VEDANTU. (n.d.). Zener Diode. [online] Available at:

https://www.vedantu.com/physics/zener-diode-as-a-voltage-regulator

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2. Describe the Zener breakdown and reverse breakdown.

Zener diode protects from over voltage

2. Briefly explain the Zener voltage regulation operation.

4. VEDANTU. (n.d.). Zener Diode. [online] Available at:

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