Material Selection and Compatibility Considerations For Rosemount Pressure Transmitters
Material Selection and Compatibility Considerations For Rosemount Pressure Transmitters
Material Selection and Compatibility Considerations For Rosemount Pressure Transmitters
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Rosemount Pressure Transmitters Technical Note
September 2018 00840-0100-3045, Rev CB
1.0 Introduction
The potential for damage due to corrosion is an important concern in the design of instrumentation for
most process control systems. Rosemount™ pressure transmitters are available with several choices of
materials of construction that can be expected to perform well in a wide range of applications. This
technical data sheet briefly discusses some of the reasons why incompatibilities occur and the problems
that can result. References are given to assist the user in making the appropriate material choices for an
application.
The information presented here is intended only as a guide to the selection of material options. Any
material will behave differently under the influence of such variables as temperature, pressure, flow rate,
abrasives, and contaminants. All of the components of a process fluid should be considered when
selecting materials. Fluids of a homogeneous chemical composition may react differently with a material
than fluids of a heterogeneous composition. Additionally, even the presence of trace amounts of a
chemical will impact material selection. It is the user's responsibility to make a careful analysis of all
process parameters when specifying materials. Emerson™ cannot guarantee that a material is suited to a
particular application under all possible process conditions.
If materials other than the standard materials discussed here are needed, contact your local Emerson
sales office for assistance.
Metals with the lowest potentials are at the cathodic end of the series. However, the level of potential can
vary with different conditions and with different environments. In general, the farther apart the metals
are positioned on the galvanic chart, the more likely they are to corrode when placed together in a
solution.
Fe (OH)3 Fe ++
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OH–
Fe
H2O
Electron Flow
Fe Cathode
3.2 Pitting
One of the most destructive forms of corrosion is pitting. It is a form of localized attack that causes small
holes to form in the metal. It is promoted by low-velocity, stagnant-type conditions where concentrated
“bubbles” of corrosives could form. Pitting is often difficult to detect because the pits may be covered by
corrosion by-products. Pitting may take months to years before its effects are visible.
However, once started, a pit penetrates the metal at an ever increasing rate. Pitting also has a tendency
to undercut the surface. This makes detection even more difficult and subsurface damage more severe
than the surface condition appears.
3.4 Erosion-corrosion
Erosion-corrosion is the increase in rate of attack on a metal from abrasive effects. It can be characterized
by grooves, holes, and waves, but usually exhibits a directional pattern. This form of corrosion is more
common in the softer metals, and usually occurs after the protective film on the surface of the metal has
been stripped away.
Table 1-1. Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys(1)(2)
Note
Table 1-1 on page 4 was adapted from ASTM G82-98 (2014).
A hydrogen atom is said to diffuse by the vacancy mechanism when it passes through an unoccupied
lattice site that occurs within all crystals. It gets it name because these unoccupied sites are called
vacancies. When one of the atoms on an adjacent site jumps into the vacancy, the atom is said to have
diffused by a vacancy mechanism (see Figure 1-3).
Because transmitter diaphragms are thinner than other parts of the transmitter, hydrogen atoms can
permeate through the diaphragm and unite to form molecular hydrogen. Because molecular hydrogen
is too large to permeate back through the diaphragm, it gets trapped and forms hydrogen bubbles in the
fill fluid. The presence of hydrogen gas bubbles can severely affect transmitter performance.
Care must be taken to prevent placing certain dissimilar metals that would cause molecular hydrogen to
dissociate near transmitter isolating diaphragms. Positioning cadmium or cadmium-plated parts near
nickel containing isolating diaphragm materials, such as SST or Alloy C-276, in the presence of an
electrolyte such as water, can result in the creation of a Ni Cad battery effect where atomic hydrogen is
released. This atomic hydrogen can then permeate through the isolating diaphragm.
In general, in applications where atomic hydrogen is present, materials that are not susceptible to
permeation should be chosen. Because of the loose lattice structure, nickel based alloys are more
susceptible to permeation. See “Materials of construction” on page 7 for more information.
Increased hydrogen activity occurs when the gas pressure reaches above 1000 psi or the process
temperatures rise above 350 °F (176 °C) increasing the risk of permeation.
When installing the pressure transmitters in hydrogen applications, some suggestions to consider are:
In aqueous applications, avoid installation with dissimilar metals near the diaphragm
Distance the diaphragm from elevated temperatures to reduce permeation risk
For gas applications, install the diaphragm above the vessel/pipe to avoid condensation from collecting
against the diaphragm. If the installation is below the vessel/pipe, consider the application suggestion
for Aqueous Solutions with Hydrogen (Table 1-2).
The presence of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) can reduce the recombination of monatomic hydrogen to
diatomic hydrogen (H2) and increase the risk of permeation. Additionally, the presence of water can
increase the risk of permeation. In aqueous applications, avoid dissimilar metals near the diaphragm to
prevent galvanic corrosion.
In applications with chlorides combined with H2S and hydrogen, there is a high risk of permeation.
Contact Rosemount to discuss the best solution.
Table 1-2. Material Selection Guide for Pressure Transmitters in Hydrogen Applications
Type 316 SST (16-18Cr and 10-14Ni) belongs to the group of austenitic stainless steels. This group is
essentially nonmagnetic and cannot be hardened by heat treatment. The nickel content contributes to
the improved corrosion resistance, and it is also responsible for the retention of the austenitic structure.
Type 316 SST has a high resistance to corrosion. It is rust resistant in the atmosphere and is resistant to
most concentrations of nitric acid. However, it is attacked by nonoxidizing acids such as sulfuric and
hydrochloric acid in most concentrations.
Most salt solutions have little effect on type 316 SST, although the halide salts (fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine) can cause severe pitting and possibly stress-corrosion cracking.
Type 316 SST performs very well against hydrogen diffusion and is a good choice as a diaphragm material
when the process is hydrogen gas.
Type 316 SST has good resistance to alkaline solutions, organic acids, and other organic compounds.
Alloy-400
Alloy-400 (67Ni-33Cu) has good resistance at ambient temperatures to most of the nonoxidizing acids,
such as hydrofluoric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. It also resists nonoxidizing salts. The nickel in the
alloy improves its resistance toward alkalies.
One challenge with Alloy-400 material is that it is more susceptible to hydrogen permeation. Therefore,
Alloy-400 should not be used as a diaphragm material when the process is hydrogen gas or when
hydrogen atoms are present unless other protection mechanisms, such as gold plating, are used (see
“Gold-plated materials” on page 9). Gold-plated Alloy-400 may be a good choice for Hydrofluoric Acid
service.
Alloy C-276
In Alloy C-276 (54Ni-16Mo-16Cr), chromium and molybdenum are added to nickel to improve the alloy's
resistance to oxidizing conditions. This alloy also retains a considerable degree of resistance to
nonoxidizing conditions. For example, Alloy C-276 withstands oxidizing acids and also the acid salts such
as ferric and cupric chlorides. Hydrochloric and sulfuric acids in most concentrations do not affect Alloy
C-276 at moderate temperatures. Alloy C-276 is well suited to provide protection against alkalies,
organic acids, and other organic compounds.
C-276 can be susceptible to hydrogen permeation and is thus not the best fit for hydrogen rich
applications. If hydrogen permeation is a risk, gold-plated 316 SST or gold-plated Alloy-400 should be
considered (see “Gold-plated materials” on page 9).
Both Alloy-400 and Alloy C-276 have excellent corrosion resistance against atmospheric conditions and
fresh water. In addition, Alloy C-276 is resistant to stagnant seawater.
4.3 Tantalum
Tantalum has proven to be a useful material in corrosive applications involving hydrochloric acid and
acidic ferric chloride solutions. This accounts for the wide acceptance of tantalum in the chemical
industry. Tantalum has a high melting point and good strength even at elevated temperatures. Its high
strength allows thin sections to be used. This is important because tantalum is very expensive.
Tantalum has superior corrosive resistance to most acids, chemical solutions, and organic compounds. In
general, tantalum has good resistance to hydroiodic, hydrobromic, boiling hydrochloric, nitric,
phosphoric, and sulfuric acids. Liquid metals generally do not affect tantalum. In addition, it has good
resistance to most other acids. However, tantalum can be attacked severely by hydrofluoric acid,
fluosilicic acid, hot fuming sulfuric acid, and fluorine. Also, it is attacked by strong alkaline solutions and
by fused alkalies.
Tantalum can suffer severe embrittlement if in service with high-temperature oxygen or nitrogen, or
with hydrogen at any temperature.
Implications
There are several items to consider when selecting a material for the process isolating diaphragm.
The relative thickness of the process isolating diaphragm is considerably less than other wetted
parts. It is critical to select a material that is compatible with the process.
Gold plating options are available to help prevent hydrogen permeation through the sensor
modules isolating diaphragm and into the fill fluid.
Tantalum process isolating diaphragms are most commonly used in applications that are highly
corrosive or acidic.
Drain/vent valves
Drain/vent valves are located on the flange or manifold attached to the transmitter and are used to drain
or vent the process from the transmitter. Rosemount pressure transmitters are available with drain/vent
valves in the following materials, although not all materials are available with all transmitters:
316L SST (UNS S31603)
Alloy C-276 (UNS N10276)
Alloy 400/K-500 (Drain vent seat: Alloy 400; Drain vent stem: Alloy K-500)
Implications
When selecting a drain/vent valve there are several implications to keep in mind.
316L SST drain/vent valves are not compliant with NACE® MR0175/ISO 15156 and MR0103.
For NACE applications, 316 SST flanges with Alloy C-276 drain/vent valves are commonly used.
Alloy 400/K-500 drain/vent valves are not compliant with NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 and
MR0103.
Alloy 400/K-500 drain/vent valves are only available with flange material Cast Alloy 400; they are
not available with Level transmitter or direct-mount configurations.
Implications
Cast Alloy 400 flanges are only available with drain/vent material Alloy 400/K-500.
Wetted O-rings
The wetted O-rings are used to seal the sensing diaphragms to the flange or manifold, as well as sealing
flange adapters to flanges. Rosemount pressure transmitters are available with wetted O-rings in the
following materials:
Glass-filled PTFE
Graphite-filled PTFE
Graphite (available as a special option)
Implications
There are some things to consider when choosing a material for the wetted O-rings.
Glass-filled PTFE wetted O-rings adds wear resistance and offers good compression strength.
They should not be used in applications containing Fluorine or Hydrofluoric Acid.
Graphite-filled PTFE wetted O-ring is supplied with gold-plated Alloy 400 isolating diaphragm.
Temperature limits are identical for graphite-filled and glass-filled PTFE.
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Bolts
Bolts are used to attach the transmitter to the flange or manifold. Although bolting is not process
wetted, environmental conditions can impact material selection. Rosemount pressure transmitters are
available with bolts in the following materials:
ASTM A449, Type 1 (zinc-cobalt plated carbon steel)–standard material
ASTM F593G, Condition CW1 (Austenitic 316 SST)
ASTM A453, Grade 660, Class D, SST
ASTM A193, Grade B7M alloy steel
ASTM A193, Grade B8M, Class 2, SST
Alloy K-500, ASTM F468
Implications
In applications requiring compliance with NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 and NACE MR0103, bolting
must meet requirements if they are directly exposed to the H2S environment either directly or
because of insulation. Bolting compliant with NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 and NACE MR0103 are
listed below.
ASTM A453, Grade 660, Class D, SST
ASTM A193, Grade B7M alloy steel
Electronics housing
The electronics housing is the enclosure surrounding the electronics board and terminal block to ensure
they are protected from the environment and can function reliably. Rosemount pressure transmitters
are available with electronics housings in the following materials:
Low-copper aluminum alloy
CF-8M (Cast 316 SST)
Engineered Polymer
Implications
The standard painted aluminum housing is suitable for the majority of industrial environments. SST
is typically used in marine environments.
The aluminum housing uses polyurethane paint.
Engineered Polymer is only available on wireless transmitters with internal antennas and has no
conduit entries.
Implications
It is important to select a fill fluid that is compatible with the process fluid should the sensor module
isolating diaphragm become damaged. If this occurs, fill fluid can contact the process.
Silicone fill fluid is standard. Inert fill fluids are typically used in applications where silicone fill
fluid may be reactive with the process.
Inert fill fluid has reduced operating limits compared to silicone fill fluid. Inert fill fluids are not
available with coplanar absolute pressure measurement types.
Inert fill fluids are not available with wireless transmitters.
Implications
When choosing the materials for each of the transmitter components with NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 or
NACE MR0103 in mind, there are several things to consider.
The standards only apply to the process wetted materials. NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 does not apply
when the hydrogen sulfide content is less than 15 mol% and the partial pressure is less than 10 psia
(0.07 MPa abs). Thus, components such as the transmitter housing do not need to comply.
The standards only ensure an appropriate resistance to sulfide stress corrosion, not total immunity.
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 does not apply specifically to low-pressure environments. Refer to the
standard for details.
Implications
Regardless of which materials are selected, material traceability offers several benefits when ordering a
transmitter.
It provides proof that each component is constructed from the specified materials.
It ensures the materials provided meet the specifications set for that material.
Certification - Q8
Rosemount pressure transmitters are available with a Material Inspection Certificate, compliant with ISO
10474 3.1B/EN 10204 3.1, to document the material traceability. The included documentation is unique
to each unit, and contains the follow items:
Customer Information
Manufacturer Information
Rosemount Model Number
Referenced Component and Corresponding Heat Number
Certificate Issue Date
Material Test Reports
Material Compliance Statement
The Material Inspection Certificate is provided with the product shipment for all models containing the
option code Q8. Documentation provided is retained for five years and can be re-created upon request.
Implications
PMI has several implications for the selection of component materials.
PMI confirms that the chemical composition of the material meets the applicable specifications.
PMI only confirms chemical composition, it does not measure physical performance properties, such
as hardness or strength.
Emerson provides PMI on process wetted, pressure containing components upon request.
Material Traceability Certification (Q8) must be ordered as an option if PMI testing is required.
Certification - Q76
Rosemount transmitters are available with a PMI Certificate, compliant with ISO 10474 3.1B/EN 10204
3.1, to document the PMI testing that has been performed. This document can be ordered as a separate
line on an order applicable to the entire order.
Implications
When ordering special service cleaning there are several items to consider.
After cleaning, components are visually inspected to look for moisture, debris, or organic materials.
Once special service cleaning has been performed, all cleaned parts are sealed in a plastic bag and
should remain sealed until installation.
It is common practice to use inert sensor module fill fluids in applications requiring special service
cleaning.
When a transmitter and manifold assembly receives special service cleaning, both items must be
purchased with this option. Graphite-packed manifolds are not available with special service cleaning.
Certification - Q6
Rosemount pressure transmitters are available with a Certificate of Special Service Cleaning that states
the compliance with ISO 10474 3.1B/EN 10204 3.1, and that the cleaning has been performed. The
documentation is unique to each order and contains the following items:
Customer information
Manufacturer information
Rosemount model number
Issue date
Compliance statement
special service cleaning can be ordered using option codes P2, P3, or PA in the product model code.
Documentation provided is retained for five years and can be re-created upon request.
Implications
Emerson commitment to quality has several implications to consider when ordering the materials for a
pressure transmitter.
The quality management system applies to the entire organization, so all products and services
offered by Emerson meet the high quality standards.
ISO 9001 requires frequent audits by an independent organization, which ensures continuous
compliance with all stated quality systems.
Certification - Q1, Q2
Rosemount transmitters are available with a certification that confirms the products shipped meet all
applicable standards and contracts, in accordance with ISO 9001. This certification is available with
option code Q1. It is also available notarized with option code Q2.
Schweitzer, Philip A., P.E. Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mortars, Plastics,
Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics. Third Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1991.
National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Corrosion Data Survey, Metals Section, 6th Edition, 1985.
ASM Metals Handbooks, Volume 13 (Corrosion), 9th Edition, American Society of Metals, Sept. 1987.
Cor-sur and Cor-sur2, personal computer software versions of Corrosion Data Survey for Metals and
Non-metals, National Association of Corrosion Engineers and National Bureau of Standards. PO Box
218340, Houston, TX 77218.
Corrosion Data Survey for Metals and Non-metals, National Association of Corrosion Engineers and
National Bureau of Standards. PO Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218.
Note
All data is based on a temperature of 70 °F (20 °C) unless noted otherwise.
Since a material’s resistance to corrosion can vary greatly due to many factors such as impurities, temperature,
pressure, velocity, etc., this chart should be used only as a general guide.
Emerson makes no guarantee for the suitability of any transmitter material. The responsibility for material selection
rests with the user.
Graphite-filled
Cast Alloy 400
Alloy C-276
Glass-filled
Cast C-276
Tantalum
Alloy 400
316L SST
Graphite
316 SST
PTFE
PTFE
Process fluid
Acetic acid (<50%)* E G/E E P/F E F/E E E E E E
Acetic acid (>50%)* E G/E E P/F E/G F/E E E E E E
Acetic acid (<50%, <200 °F)* E P/E E P E P/E E E E E E
Acetic acid (>50%, <200 °F)* E P/E E P G P/E E E E E E
Acetic acid (>50%, >200 °F)* F/– –/E –/E P P/– –/E –/E E E E E
Acetylene (100%, <250 °F)* E E E E E E E E E E E
Alcohols E E E G E E E E E E E
Air E E E E E E E E E E E
Aluminum sulfate (<50%, <200 °F) E G E P E1 F E E E E E
Aluminum sulfate (>50%, <200 °F) F F E P P1 P E E E E E
Ammonia (anhyd., <500 °F) E E E E E E E – E E E
Ammonium acetate (<200 °F) E E E E E E E E E E E
Ammonium bicarbonate (<175 °F) E P E P E P G E E E E
1. Data for material selection guide compiled from NACE publication Corrosion Data Survey, metals section, sixth edition.
18 Rosemount Pressure Transmitters
Technical Note Rosemount Pressure Transmitters
00840-0100-3045, Rev CB September 2018
Graphite-filled
Cast Alloy 400
Alloy C-276
Glass-filled
Cast C-276
Tantalum
Alloy 400
Graphite
316L SST
316 SST
PTFE
PTFE
Process fluid
Ammonium bromide (<20%) E E E G G2 G G E E E E
Ammonium chloride (<10%, <200 °F) E E E G E1,2 G E E E E E
Ammonium chloride (10–20%, <200 °F) E E E G G1,2 G E E E E E
Ammonium hydroxide (<40%) E F E F E P E P E E E
Ammonium nitrate (<200 °F) E F E F E P G E E E E
Ammonium oxalate (<40%, <200 °F) E E E P G G G E E E E
Ammonium phosphate (mono basic) E G E F E F E E E E E
Ammonium phosphate (di basic) E G E – E F E – E E E
Ammonium phosphate (tri basic) E E E – E G E – E E E
Ammonium sulfate (<40%, <200 °F) E F E G G F G E E E E
Aniline (100%, <200 °F) E E E G E G G E E E E
Beer E E E E E E E E E E E
Benzene E E E E E E G E E E E
Black liquor (sulfate) E G E – G1,2 G E E E E E
Brines (calcium, dil.) G G E G P2 F E E E E E
Bromine (dry) F F F G P P P E E E P
Bromine (wet) F F F F P P P E E E E
Calcium carbonate (100%, <200 °F) E E E E E G G E E E E
Calcium chloride (<50%) E E E E G1,2 G E E E E E
Calcium chloride (>50%) E – E G G1,2 G1,2 E E E E E
Calcium sulfate (sat.) E E E E G G G E E E E
Carbon dioxide (gas) E E E E E E E E E E E
Carbonic acid (100%, <500 °F) E E E E E E E E E E E
Carbon tetrachloride (dry–wet) E E E E G E E E E E E
Cellulose acetate (100%, <100 °F) E E E G E G E E E E E
Cellulose nitrate (100%, <200 °F) E E E G G G sG E E E E
Chloric acid (<20%) P P E P P P E E E E G
Chlorinated water (sat.) P G E F P1,2 F E E E E E
Chlorine gas (dry) G G E G F G G E E E E
Chlorine gas (wet) P G G P P1,2 G F E E E E
Chlorine gas (liq. anhydrous) F G E – P G G E E E E
Chloroform (80–100%, <200 °F) E E E E G E G E E E E
Citric acid (<50%, <200 °F) E E E G E G E E E E E
Rosemount Pressure Transmitters 19
Rosemount Pressure Transmitters Technical Note
September 2018 00840-0100-3045, Rev CB
Graphite-filled
Cast Alloy 400
Alloy C-276
Glass-filled
Cast C-276
Tantalum
Alloy 400
Graphite
316L SST
316 SST
PTFE
PTFE
Process fluid
Citric acid (>50%, <200 °F) P E E G P G E E E E E
Crude oil (sour) E E E – G E E – E E E
Ethylene dichloride (100%, <200 °F) E E E G G1,2 G G E E E E
Ferric chloride (<10%) P F E P P1,2 P E E E E E
Ferric chloride (<40%, hot) P P G P P1,2 P F E E E E
Freon (gas, wet) E E E F G E E E E E E
Fruit juices E E – – E G – – E E E
Glycerol (0–100%, <200 °F)* E E E G E E E E E E E
Green liquor (NaOH) E E E E E1 E E E E E E
Green liquor (sulfate, <200 °F) E E E E G G G – E E E
Hydrochloric acid (<1%) P G G G P G G E E E E
Hydrochloric acid (>2%, RT-Hot)* P P F P P P P E P E E
Hydrofluoric acid (<50%)* P E E G P G G P P E E
Hydrofluoric acid (>50%)* P E G F P G G P P E E
Hydrogen chloride (anhydrous, <500 °F) G E E E F G E E E E E
Hydrogen chloride (wet) F F F F P P – E E E E
Hydrogen fluoride (dry, <500 °F) G E E E F G G P E E E
Hydrogen gas (<500 °F) E E E E E E E E E E E
Hydrogen peroxide E F E F G P E E1 E E G
Hydrogen sulfide (dry, <200 °F) E E E G E1 G G E E E G
Hydrogen sulfide (wet, <200 °F) G F E G G1,2 P E E E E G
Isopropanol (<200 °F) E E E E E E E E – – –
Methanol E E E E G G E E E E E
Natural gas (liq.) E E E E E E E E E E E
Nitric acid (20%) E P G P E P P E E E E
Nitric acid (20%, 200 °F) E P P P G P P E E E E
Nitric acid (65%, boil.) G P P P P P P E E E E
Nitric acid (conc., hot) P P P P P P P E E E G
Nitric acid (fuming) E P G P E P G E E E P
Nitrous oxide G P G P G P G E E E E
Oxygen gas E E E E E E E E E E E
Phosgene (RT to HOT) G E E E G E G – E E E
Phosphoric acid (<50%)* E F/E –/E F/G E P/E –/E –/E E E E
20 Rosemount Pressure Transmitters
Technical Note Rosemount Pressure Transmitters
00840-0100-3045, Rev CB September 2018
Graphite-filled
Cast Alloy 400
Alloy C-276
Glass-filled
Cast C-276
Tantalum
Alloy 400
Graphite
316L SST
316 SST
PTFE
PTFE
Process fluid
Phosphoric acid (>50%)* G P/E –/E P G P/E –/E –/E E E E
Phosphoric acid (<10%, boil.)* F P/G –/G P P/G P/G –/G –/E E E E
Phosphoric acid (85%, boil.)* P/F P/G –/F P P/F P/G –/F –/E E E E
Polyethylene (100%, <200 °F) E E E E E E E E – – –
Polyvinyl-chloride E E – G E G – – E E E
Potassium chloride (<40%, <200 °F) E E E G E G E E E E E
Potassium nitrate (<200 °F) E E E E G G G – E E E
Propane (100%, <200 °F) E E E E E E E E E E E
Propylene dichloride (100%) E E E E G G G – – – –
Propylene oxide (<200 °F) E – – – E – – – E E E
Sewage E E E E E E G E E E E
Sodium chloride (<40%, <200 °F) E E E F G E E E E E E
Sodium hydroxide (50%) E E E E E1 E E P E E E
Sodium hydrox.(<40%, <150 °F) E E E E E1 E G P E E E
Sodium hydrox. (40–75%, <150 °F) E E E E G1 E G P E E E
Sodium Hydroxide (molten) F F P G P1 F P P P P P
Steam (<500 °F) E E E E E E E E E E E
Styrene E E E E E G E – – – –
Sulfur (molten, dry, 230 °F) E E E G G G E E E E G
Sulfur dioxide (dry) E P G P G P F E E E G
Sulfur dioxide (wet) E P E P G P F E E E E
Sulfuric acid (<2%)* E/G F/E E P G P/G E E E E E
Sulfuric acid (2–40%)* F/P E/G E G/P P E/G E E E E E
Sulfuric acid (conc.>95%)* E P E P G P E E E E P
Sulfuric acid (10%–conc., boil.)* P P/F P P P P P E E E –
Trichloroethylene (80–100%) E E E G E E G – E E E
Vinyl chloride (100%) E E E E G E E – E E E
Water (fresh and distilled) E E E E E E E E E E E
Water (sea) G2 E2 E G F1,2 G2 E E E E E
Water (brackish) E G E P G2 F E E E E E
White liquor E E E – E G E E E E E
Xylene (100%, <200 °F) E E E E E E E E E E E
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