Qr. 3 Science 8 Matter

SCIENCE 8
RD
3 QUARTER
MATTER- is anything that has mass and volume
- Matter is made up of tiny particles

- Particles of matter are moving all the time
- These particles have spaces between them
- The particles of matter attract each other
- involves dealing with very small “particles” beyond what your eyes can see.
Democritus- believed that nature consisted of two things “atoms and the void that surrounds them”
- “atoms are physically, but not geometrically, invisible.”
For Democritus- atoms are indestructible and completely full, so there is no empty space.
Both Leucippus and Democritus- had the idea that there are many different kinds of atoms and each
of them had specific shape and size and that all atoms move randomly around in space.
“atomos”- a Greek word which means indivisible particle
John Dalton- “all matter is made of very small particles called atoms”
Atom- is the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of the element.
- Atoms are small to observe

- The size of an atom measured in angstroms.
- One angstroms is a unit of length equal to one ten millionth of a millimetre
Molecule- is a particle consisting of two or more atoms combined together in a specific

arrangement. It is an electrically neutral particle. It is the smallest particle of an element or
compound that can exist independently.
4 STATES OF MATTER
 SOLID - Based upon particle arrangement

 LIQUID - Based upon energy particles
 GAS - Based upon distance between particles
 PLASMA
SOLIDS
- Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed point.

- Solids have a definite shape and definite volume.
SCIENCE 8
RD
3 QUARTER
LIQUID
- Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another
- Liquids have an indefinite shape and definite volume.
GAS
- Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

- Gases have an indefinite shape and indefinite volume.
PLASMA
- A plasma is an ionized gas

- A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields
- Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
- Plasma is the common state of matter
PLACES WHERE PLASMA ARE FOUND
 Flames
 Lightning
 Aurora (Northern lights)
 The sun is an example of a star in its plasma state
PHASES CHANGES
SOLID to LIQUID - melting - Heat goes into the solid as it melts
LIQUID to SOLID- freezing - Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes
LIQUID to GAS- vaporization, - Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes

Which includes
Boiling and
Evaporation
GAS to LIQUID - condensation - Heat leaves the gas as it condenses
SOLID to GAS- sublimation - Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates
CHANGES IN MATTER
 MELTING – To melt means to change a substance from a solid to a liquid state by heating it
to the melting point. Different substances melt at different temperatures. Water melts at
0°C or 32°F.
SCIENCE 8
RD
3 QUARTER
 FREEZING- To freezing means to change a substance from a liquid to a solid state by cooling
it to the freezing point.
TEMPERATURES
 The freezing and melting temperatures for most substances are the same
 For water this is 0°C or 32°F.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF MELTING AND FREEZING
1. Temperature- the higher the temperature the faster water will melt. The lower the
temperature the faster water will freeze
2. Size and Shape- The more surface area exposed to heat the faster water will melt.
Likewise, the more surface area exposed to cold, the faster water will freeze.
3. Conduction- water containers which are good conductors of heat will cool more quickly.
Heat transfer- if you place equal amounts of hot water into two containers- a metal
container (a good conductor of heat) and a wooden container (a poor conductor of heat)
– the water in the metal container would cool faster.
Cold transfer- any time you place equal amount of water at the same temperature into
two containers- one a good conductor of heat and one a poor conductor of heat. The
container made from a good conductor heat will speed up the cooling of the water by
conduction.
4. Changing the Composition- (mixing water with other compounds such as salt will
influence the melting or freezing point.
 BOILING- The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid change to a vapor or gas.
Again, this is a different substance. For water the boiling point is 100 ° C or 212°F
 EVAPORATING- Evaporation is the change of a liquid into a vapor at a temperature below

the boiling point. This occurs at any temperature between the melting point and the boiling
point. However, the warmer the temperature the more quickly the water will evaporate.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF EVAPORATION

1. Temperature- the higher the temperature the faster the rate of evaporation
2. Wind- the more wind in air circulation the faster the rate of evaporation
3. Exposed Surface Area- The larger the exposed area the faster the evaporation
rate
4. Humidity- when humidity ( the amount of water vapor in the air ) is high,
evaporation is slower.
 CONDENSING- Condensation is the change of a gas or vapor to a liquid, either by cooling it or

by subjecting the substance to an increase in pressure. When water vapor cools in the
atmosphere, it condenses into tiny drops of water which form clouds.
 SUBLIMATING- Sublimation is the process of changing from solid to gas without passing
through a liquid phase.

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SCIENCE 8

MATTER- is anything that has mass and volume

- Matter is made up of tiny particles

- “atoms are physically, but not geometrically, invisible.”

“atomos”- a Greek word which means indivisible particle

- Atoms are small to observe

Molecule- is a particle consisting of two or more atoms combined together in a specific

 SOLID - Based upon particle arrangement

- Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed point.

- Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

- A plasma is an ionized gas

PLACES WHERE PLASMA ARE FOUND

SOLID to LIQUID - melting - Heat goes into the solid as it melts

LIQUID to SOLID- freezing - Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes

LIQUID to GAS- vaporization, - Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes

GAS to LIQUID - condensation - Heat leaves the gas as it condenses

SOLID to GAS- sublimation - Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates

 EVAPORATING- Evaporation is the change of a liquid into a vapor at a temperature below

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF EVAPORATION

 CONDENSING- Condensation is the change of a gas or vapor to a liquid, either by cooling it or

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