Basic Cal Module
Basic Cal Module
Basic Cal Module
Basic Calculus
Quarter 3: Week 5 - Module 5
Derivative of an Algebraic, Exponential, Logarithmic,
Trigonometric Functions and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Basic Calculus
Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 5 - Module 5: Derivative of an Algebraic, Exponential,
Logarithmic, Trigonometric Functions and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Continuity of a Function
First Edition, 2021
Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I
All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.
Management Team:
Before going on, find out how much you already know about this topic.
Answer the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.
Pre-Test
Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item.
Jumpstart
Continuity
A function is continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every point of the
interval.
Intuitively, a function is continuous if its graph can be drawn without ever
needing to pick up the pencil. This means that the graph of y = f (x) has no
“holes”, no “jumps” and no vertical asymptotes at x = a. When answering free
response questions on the AP exam, the formal definition of continuity is
required.
Continuity and Differentiability
Differentiability implies continuity (but not necessarily vice versa) If a function
is differentiable at a point (at every point on an interval), then it is continuous
at that point (on that interval). The converse is not always true: continuous
functions may not be differentiable.
Differentiability and continuity are the two fundamental concepts of
differential calculus. As a step toward this understanding, we should recall
first the following definitions:
𝒇(𝒄 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒄)
𝒇′ (𝒄) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
exist.
1 1
Since 𝑓’(𝑥 ) = 3 = , then 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1. On the other hand, 𝑓’(0)
3 √12 3
does not exist. Hence 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Since the one-sided limits exist and are equal to each other, the limit exists
and equals 5. So,
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5 = 𝑓 (1).
𝑥→1
Since the one-sided limits at 𝑥 = 1 do not coincide, the limit at 𝑥 = 1 does not
exist. Since this limit is the definition of the derivative at 𝑥 = 1, we conclude
that 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
Note that the absolute value function is defined differently to the left and right
of 0 so we need to compute one-sided limits. Note that if ℎ approaches 0 from
the left, then it approaches 0 through negative values.
|ℎ | −ℎ
lim− = lim− = lim− −1 = −1.
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
Similarly, if h approaches 0 from the right, then ℎ approaches 0 through
positive values.
Since ℎ > 0 ⟹ |ℎ| = ℎ,, we obtain
|ℎ | ℎ
lim+ = lim+ = lim+ 1 = 1.
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
Hence, the derivative does not exist at 𝑥 = 0 since the one-sided limits do not
coincide.
The previous two examples prove that continuity does not necessarily imply
differentiability. That is, there are functions which are continuous at a point,
but is not differentiable at that point. The next theorem however says that the
converse is always TRUE.
Remark 1:
(a) If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean that 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 =
𝑎.
(b) If 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(c) If 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean that 𝑓 is not continuous
at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(d) A function 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if one of the following is true:
i. 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
ii. the graph of 𝑓 has a vertical tangent line at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
iii. the graph of 𝑓 has a corner or cusp at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Discover
Let us start computing the derivatives of the following functions using the limit
definition (formal definition):
3𝑥 2 +4
(a) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 4 (b) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥−1
After a few minutes, (using your answers) did you observe that computing the
derivative of a given function from the definition is usually time consuming.
Thus, this lesson will help them compute the derivative of a given function more
easily.
Let’s begin…
We first recall the definition of the derivative of a function.
𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
if the limit exists.
= 6𝑥
We see that computing the derivative using the definition of even a simple
polynomial is a lengthy process. What follows next are rules that will enable us
to find derivatives easily. We call them DIFFERENTIATION RULES.
The graph of a constant function is a horizontal line and a horizontal line has
zero slope. The derivative measures the slope of the tangent, and so the
derivative is zero.
Proof:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = lim = lim 0 = 0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
Example 8:
Example 9
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (d) 𝑝(𝑥) = 4√𝑥
1
(c) ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 (f) 𝑠(𝑥) =
𝑥8
The definition of the derivative discussed in the previous lesson can be used to
find the derivatives of many power functions. For example, it can be shown that
Example 10:
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 2𝑥.
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 .
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 , then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 .
If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 , then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 .
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 , then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 6𝑥 5 .
Notice the pattern in these derivatives. In each case, the new power of 𝑓
becomes the coefficient in 𝑓’ and the power of 𝑓’ is one less than the original
power of 𝑓. In general, we have the following rule:
Example 11:
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , then 𝑓’(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3−1 = 3𝑥 2 .
1
2. Find 𝑔’(𝑥) where 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥2
1 1
ℎ’(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1
2
1 −1 1
ℎ’(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 =
2 2√𝑥
Example 12:
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
3
1
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 (b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3 3√𝑥 (c) ℎ(𝑥 ) = −√3(𝑥)
Solution: Solution. We use Rule 3 in conjunction with Rule 2.
3 1
3 15
(a) 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 5 ⋅ 𝑥 4 −1 = 𝑥 −4
4 4
1 1 2
1 1 1 1
(b) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3 𝑥 3 ′(
⟹ 𝑔 𝑥) = ⋅ 𝑥 3 −1 = 𝑥 −3
3 3 9
(c) ℎ′(𝑥) = −√3 𝑥 1−1 = −√3
Example 13:
(b) Use Rules 3 and 4 to differentiate the following: (Hint: 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) +
(−1)𝑔(𝑥).)
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥) (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)
3 3
13 1
= 5𝑥 4 − √𝑥 = 3 3√𝑥 − (−√3(𝑥)) = 5𝑥 4 − (−√3(𝑥))
3
3 3
13 1
= 5𝑥 4 − √𝑥 = 3 3√𝑥 + √3 𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 + √3 𝑥
3
The derivative of the product is NOT the product of their derivatives! Indeed, if
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , then
Example 14:
Solution:
𝐷𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔’(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓’(𝑥).
𝑓’(𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 − 4)𝐷𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥) + (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)𝐷𝑥(3𝑥 2 − 4)
= (3𝑥 2 − 4)(2𝑥 − 3) + (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)(6𝑥)
= 6𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12 + 6𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2
= 12𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12.
Remark: In the given function 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥), we could have also
multiplied the two factors and get
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥.
Then, by the Rules 2,3 and 4, the derivative of 𝑓 is
𝑓’(𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12
which is consistent with the one derived from using the product rule.
(b) Find the derivative of the function 𝑦 = (1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑥).
Solution.
By the product rule, 𝐷𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔’(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓’(𝑥).
𝑦′ = (1 − 2𝑥)′(2 − 𝑥) + (1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)′
= −2 ⋅ (2 − 𝑥) + (1 − 2𝑥) ⋅ (−1)
= −4 + 2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥
= 4𝑥 − 5.
The rule above states that the derivative of the quotient of two functions is the
fraction having as its denominator the square of the original denominator, and
as its numerator the denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus
the numerator times the derivative of the denominator.
Example 15:
3x + 5
(a) Let ℎ(𝑥 ) =
x2 + 4
3x + 5
Solution. Let ℎ(𝑥 ) = , then 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4 and
x2 + 4
therefore
𝑓’(𝑥) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔’(𝑥) = 2𝑥. Thus,
2x 4 + 7𝑥 2 − 4
𝑔 (𝑥 ) =
3x 5 + x 4 − x + 1
Solution:
(3x5 + x4 − x + 1)𝐷𝑥 (2x4 + 7𝑥2 − 4) − (2x4 + 7𝑥2 − 4) 𝐷𝑥 (3x5 + x4 − x + 1)
ℎ(𝑥) = 2
(3x5 + x4 − x + 1)
(3x5 + x4 − x + 1)(8x3 + 14𝑥) − (2x4 + 7𝑥2 − 4) (15x4 + 4x3 − 1)
ℎ(𝑥) = 2
(3x5 + x4 − x + 1)
−6𝑥 8 − 63𝑥 6 − 14𝑥 5 + 54𝑥 4 + 24𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 8
ℎ(𝑥) = 2
(3x5 + x4 − x + 1)
(c) Use the Quotient Rule to find the derivative of
6x 2
( )
𝑔 𝑥 =
2−𝑥
Solution:
The proof of (a) will be presented below. Statement (b) can be proven similarly.
Statements (c) - (f) can be proved using Statements (a) and (b) and the Quotient
Rule. We only present the proof of (c) below.
Proof. Using Quotient Rule and Statements (a) and (b) above, we have
1
Using the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1, we get 𝐷𝑥 (tan 𝑥) = = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2
Remarks:
(a) Whenever Rule 7 is applied to problems where the trigonometric
functions are viewed as functions of angles, the unit measure must be
in radians.
Solution. Applying Rule 5 to the first two terms and Rule 3 to the third
term, we
have
𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = [(−4𝑥 2 )(𝑒𝑥 ) + (𝑒𝑥 )(−8𝑥 )] + [(5𝑥 )(𝑒 ) + (𝑒𝑥 )(5) − 10 ⋅ 𝑒𝑥 ]
= −4𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 3x𝑒𝑥 − 5𝑒𝑥
Explore
1. Let f(x) = mx+b, the line with slope m and y-intercept b. Use the rules of
differentiation to show that f(x) = m. This again proves that the derivative
of a line is just the slope of the line.
Gauge
Post Test
Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item.
_____ 1. If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 7, which of the following must be true
𝑥→3
I: 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
II: 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 3
III: 𝑓 (3) = 7,
A. None B. I and III C. I only D. II only
_____ 2. Which of the following functions does NOT satisfy the statement “If a
function is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then it is differentiable at 𝑥 = 0”?
4 1 1
−
B. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −3
C. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 D. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3
𝒙𝟐 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
_____ 3. At 𝑥 = 3, the function given by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
6𝑥 − 9, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
A. undefined
B. continuous but not differentiable
C. differentiable but not continuous
D. both continuous and differentiable
𝑥 2 −4
_____ 4. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers and if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥+2
when 𝑥 ≠ −2, then 𝑓(2) = _________.
A. 0 B. -2 C. -1 D. 2
_____ 5. Which functions are continuous for all real numbers?
2
I: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
II: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
III: 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
A. none B. I only C. II only D. I and II
_____ 6. The definition of the first derivative is
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)+𝑓(𝑥)
E. 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
F. 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ )+𝑓(𝑥)
G. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ )−𝑓(𝑥)
H. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
_____ 7. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1, what is the 𝑓’(𝑥)?
A. 𝑥 2 + 2 B. 2𝑥 2 + 2 C. 2𝑥 + 2 D. 2𝑥
1
_____ 8. Find the derivative of the following function: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
1 1 1
A. 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = − 2 𝑥 B. 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 C. 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = D.
√ √ 2√𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = √𝑥
_____ 9. Given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥, find 𝑓′(𝑥) + 𝑔′(𝑥)
1 1
1 1
A. 12𝑥 3 + √𝑥 B. 12𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 −2 C. 12𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 D. 12𝑥 3 + 𝑥
E.A. Cabral, M.L.A.N. De Las Pen˜as, E.P. De Lara-Tuprio, F.F. Francisco, I.J.L.
Garces, R.M. Marcelo, and J.F. Sarmiento, Precalculus, Ateneo de
Manila University Press, 2010.
M.L. Lial, J. Hornsby, and D.I. Schneider, College Algebra and Trigonometry
and Precalculus, Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher, Inc., 2001.
C. Young, Algebra and Trigonometry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
Website
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Solutions/CalcI/ProductQuotientRule/Prob
4.aspx
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/productquotientrule.aspx
https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/mth251/cq/Stage6/Lesson/linear.html
Activity 5:
𝑥+1 −𝑒 𝑥
a. 2 e.
2𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 +2)2
b. 2𝑥 + 𝜋𝑥 𝜋−1 + f. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑒−1
c. 𝑥 sec(𝑥 )[𝑥 tan(𝑥 ) + 2] g.−x 2 sin2 (x) + 2x cos(x)sin(x) + x 2 cos 2 (x)
1−sin 𝑥 −8 sec 𝑥
d. h.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝑥) 𝑥2
k a
g
L j m f
i d h e
c o b n
Activity 4: BINGGO
Activity 3: Activity 2:
1. 6x2 +6
2. 28x3 -6x
1. Continuous but not
3. 12x2-36x+6 differentiable at x = 0
4. 18x+24 2. Continuous and
6 1 differentiable
5. 3 + 4 3
√𝑥 2 √𝑥
Activity 1 KEY ANSWER
Activity 1.
a. Neither The red graph is the one that is Pre-Test
b. Neither 1. A 6. D 11. C
continuous, and the blue graph,
c. Continuous discontinuous, then you are 2. C 7. C 12. B
and 3. D 8. C 13. D
absolutely right. Do you see how
differentiable 4. A 9. B 14. A
d. Continuous the blue graph is split into two
parts? You can't draw this graph 5. D 10. A 15. B
e. Neither
f. Continuous without lifting your pen.
g. Continuous
h. Continuous
Activity 6:
The first basic differentiation formula involves the linear function f(x) =
mx + b. Here m and b are arbitrarily chosen but fixed real numbers. The
graph of f is a nonvertical line of slope m. It should come as no surprise
that the tangent line to a straight line is the line itself. Knowing that the
derivative computes the slope of the tangent line, it follows that a
function whose graph is a line of slope m should have a derivative that is
constant at m.
The limit calculation with difference quotients reveals that this intuitive
conclusion is correct.
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
(𝒎 (𝒙 + 𝒉) + 𝒃 − (𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃))
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝒎𝒉
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝒇 ′ (𝒙 ) = 𝒎