Lecture 2 - AI Agents
Lecture 2 - AI Agents
Lecture 2 - AI Agents
AI Agents
2. General AI
• General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual
task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea behind the general AI is to make such a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.
• Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general
AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human. General AI needs to
master human-like capabilities such as sensory perception, motor skills,
natural language understanding, human-level creativity and social and
emotional connection and problem solving skills.
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines
with General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under research, it will take lots of
efforts and time to develop such systems.
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
3. Super AI
• Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than human with cognitive
properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
• Some key characteristics of Super AI include the
ability to think, to reason, to solve puzzle, make
judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial
Intelligence. Development of such systems in reality
is still a world changing task.
Summary for Type 1 AI
AI Type-2: Based on Functionality
1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most
basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store
memories or past experiences for
future actions.
• These machines only focus on current
scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example
of reactive machines.
• Google's AlphaGo is also an example
of reactive machines.
AI Type-2: Based on Functionality
2. Limited Memory
• Limited memory machines can store
past experiences or some data for a
short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data
for a limited time period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best
examples of Limited Memory systems.
These cars can store recent speed of
nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limit, and other
information to navigate the road.
AI Type-2: Based on Functionality
3. Theory of Mind
• In Psychology, “theory of mind” refers to the ability to attribute
mental state — beliefs, intent, desires, emotion, knowledge — to
oneself and others.
• Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions,
people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not developed, but
researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for
developing such AI machines.
• For example, you could yell angrily at Google Maps to take you in
another direction. However, it’ll neither show concern for your
distress nor offer emotional support. Instead, the map application
will return the same traffic report and ETA.
AI Type-2: Based on Functionality
4. Self-Awareness
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial
Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness,
sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human
mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality and it
is still a hypothetical concept.
Summary for Type 2 AI
Intelligent Agents
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Agent Function
• a = F(p)
where p is the current percept, a is the action carried out,
and F is the agent function
• F maps percepts to actions
F: P → A
where P is the set of all percepts, and A is the set of all
actions
• In general, an action may depend on all percepts
observed so far, not just the current percept
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Agent Function Refined
• ak = F(p0 p1 p2 …pk)
where p0 p1 p2 …pk is the sequence of percepts
observed to date, ak is the resulting action carried out
• F now maps percept sequences to actions
F: P* → A
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Structure of Agents
• Agent = architecture + program
– architecture
• device with sensors and actuators
• e.g., A robotic car, a camera, a PC, …
– program
• implements the agent function on the architecture
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Specifying the Task Environment
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The PEAS Model
• i. Stochastic – For a given current state and action executed by agent, the next
state or outcome cannot be exactly determined, for e.g., if agent kicks the ball in
a particular direction, then the ball may or may not be stopped by other players,
or the soccer field can change in many different ways depending on how players
move.
• ii. Sequential – The past history of actions in the game can affect the next action
in the game.
• iii. Dynamic – The environment can change while the agent is making decision,
for e.g., soccer field (environment) changes when a player moves.
• iv. Continuous – Location of the ball or players is continuous. The speed or the
direction (angle) at which the agent hits the ball is continuous.
• v. Partially observable – An agent cannot detect all the things on soccer field that
can affect its action, for e.g. it cannot determine what other players are thinking.
• vi. Multi-agent – There are many agents involved in soccer game.
Types of Agents
• Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their
degree of perceived intelligence and capability.
• All these agents can improve their performance and generate
better action over the time.
– Simple Reflex Agent
– Model-based Reflex Agent
– Goal-based Agent
– Utility-Based Agent
– Learning Agent
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Simple Reflex Agent
• The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents.
• These agents take decisions on the basis of the
current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept
history.
• These agents only succeed in the fully observable
environment.
• The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part
of percepts history during their decision and action
process.
• The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action
rule, which means it maps the current state to action.
Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there
is dirt in the room.
• Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
o They have very limited intelligence
o They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual
•Condition-Action Rule − It is a rule that maps a parts of the current state
state (condition) to an action. o Mostly too big to generate and to store.
•Ex: if hand is in fire then pull away hand o Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
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Simple Reflex Agent
The vacuum promises to sense dirt
and debris on your floors and clean
those areas accordingly. This is an
example of a simple reflex agent that
operates on the condition (dirty floors) to
initiate an action (vacuuming).