CONTENTS

AREA UNDER CURVE

KEY CONCEPT..................................................................... Page –2
EXERCISE–I ......................................................................... Page –3
EXERCISE–II ....................................................................... Page –4
EXERCISE–III ...................................................................... Page –5

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
KEY CONCEPT..................................................................... Page –7
EXERCISE–I ......................................................................... Page –11
EXERCISE–II ....................................................................... Page –12
EXERCISE–III ...................................................................... Page –12
EXERCISE–IV ...................................................................... Page –13
EXERCISE–V........................................................................ Page –14
EXERCISE–VI ...................................................................... Page –16

BINOMIAL
KEY CONCEPT..................................................................... Page –18
EXERCISE–I ......................................................................... Page –20
EXERCISE–II ....................................................................... Page –22
EXERCISE–III ...................................................................... Page –23

ANSWER KEY ....................................................................... Page–25 to 28

 KEY CONCEPTS (AREA UNDER THE CURVE)
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. The area bounded by the curve y = f(x) , the x-axis and the ordinates
at x = a & x = b is given by,
b b
A=  f (x) dx =  y dx.
a a

2. If the area is below the xaxis then A is negative. The convention is

to consider the magnitude only i.e.
b
A=  y dx in this case.
a

3. Area between the curves y = f (x) & y = g (x) between the

ordinates at x = a & x = b is given by,
b b b
A=  f (x) dx   g (x) dx =  [ f (x)  g (x) ] dx.
a a a
4. Average value of a function y = f (x) w.r.t. x over an
interval a  x  b is defined as :
b
1
y (av) =
ba  f (x) dx.
a

d A xa
5. The area function Axa satisfies the differential equation = f (x) with initial condition A aa = 0.
dx
Note : If F (x) is any integral of f (x) then ,
A xa =  f (x) dx = F (x) + c Aaa = 0 = F (a) + c  c =  F (a)
hence A xa = F (x)  F (a). Finally by taking x = b we get , Aab = F (b)  F (a).

6. CURVE TRACING :
The following outline procedure is to be applied in Sketching the graph of a function y = f (x) which in
turn will be extremely useful to quickly and correctly evaluate the area under the curves.
(a) Symmetry : The symmetry of the curve is judged as follows :
(i) If all the powers of y in the equation are even then the curve is symmetrical about the axis of x.
(ii) If all the powers of x are even , the curve is symmetrical about the axis of y.
(iii) If powers of x & y both are even, the curve is symmetrical about the axis of x as well as y.
(iv) If the equation of the curve remains unchanged on interchanging x and y, then the curve is symmetrical
about y = x.
(v) If on interchanging the signs of x & y both the equation of the curve is unaltered then there is symmetry
in opposite quadrants.
(b) Find dy/dx & equate it to zero to find the points on the curve where you have horizontal tangents.
(c) Find the points where the curve crosses the xaxis & also the yaxis.
(d) Examine if possible the intervals when f (x) is increasing or decreasing. Examine what happens to ‘y’
when x   or  .

7. USEFUL RESULTS :
(i) Whole area of the ellipse, x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 is  ab.
(ii) Area enclosed between the parabolas y2 = 4 ax & x2 = 4 by is 16ab/3.
(iii) Area included between the parabola y2 = 4 ax & the line y = mx is 8 a2/3 m3.
 EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Find the area bounded on the right by the line x + y = 2, on the left by the parabola y = x2 and below by the x-axis.
Q.2 Find the area of the region bounded by the curves, y = x 2 + 2 ; y = x ; x = 0 & x = 3.
Q.3 Find the area of the region {(x , y) : 0  y  x2 + 1 , 0  y  x + 1 , 0  x  2}.
Q.4 Find the value of c for which the area of the figure bounded by the curves y = sin 2x, the straight lines
x = /6, x = c & the abscissa axis is equal to 1/2.
Q.5 The tangent to the parabola y = x 2 has been drawn so that the abscissa x0 of the point of tangency
belongs to the interval [1 , 2]. Find x0 for which the triangle bounded by the tangent, the axis of ordinates
& the straight line y = x 20 has the greatest area.
Q.6 Compute the area of the region bounded by the curves y = e . x. ln x & y = ln x/(e. x) where ln e=1.
x
Q.7 A figure is bounded by the curves y = 2 sin , y = 0, x = 2 & x = 4. At what angles to the positive
4
xaxis straight lines must be drawn through (4 , 0) so that these lines partition the figure into three parts
of the same size.
Q.8 Find the area of the region bounded by the curves, y = loge x , y = sin4x & x = 0.
Q.9 Find the area bounded by the curves y = 1  x 2 and y = x3  x. Also find the ratio in which the y-axis
divided this area.
Q.10 If the area enclosed by the parabolas y = a – x2 and y = x2 is 18 2 sq. units. Find the value of 'a'.
Q.11 The line 3x + 2y = 13 divides the area enclosed by the curve,
9x2 + 4y2  18x  16y  11 = 0 into two parts. Find the ratio of the larger area to the smaller area.
Q.12 Find the area of the region enclosed between the two circles x 2 + y2 = 1 & (x  1)2 + y2 = 1
Q.13 Find the values of m (m > 0) for which the area bounded by the line y = mx + 2 and
x = 2y – y2 is , (i) 9/2 square units & (ii) minimum. Also find the minimum area.
Q.14 Find the ratio in which the area enclosed by the curve y = cos x (0  x  /2) in the first quadrant is
divided by the curve y = sin x.
Q.15 Find the area enclosed between the curves : y = loge (x + e) , x = loge (1/y) & the xaxis.
Q.16 Find the value (s) of the parameter 'a' (a > 0) for each of which the area of the figure bounded by the
a2  a x x2  2 a x  3a 2
straight line, y = & the parabola y = is the greatest.
1  a4 1  a4
Q.17 For what value of 'a' is the area bounded by the curve y = a2x2 + ax + 1 and the straight line y = 0,
x = 0 & x = 1 the least ?
Q.18 Find the positive value of 'a' for which the parabola y = x 2 + 1 bisects the area of the rectangle with
vertices (0, 0), (a, 0), (0, a2 + 1) and (a, a2 + 1).
Q.19 Compute the area of the curvilinear triangle bounded by the y-axis & the curve, y = tan x & y=(2/3)cos x.
Q.20 Consider the curve C : y = sin 2x  3 sin x, C cuts the x  axis at (a, 0) , a  (, ).
A1 : The area bounded by the curve C & the positive x  axis between the origin & the ordinate at x = a.
A2 : The area bounded by the curve C & the negative x  axis between the ordinate x = a & the origin.
Prove that A1 + A2 + 8 A1 A2 = 4.
Q.21 Find the area bounded by the curve y = x e–x ; xy = 0 and x = c where c is the x-coordinate of the curve's
inflection point.
Q.22 Find the value of 'c' for which the area of the figure bounded by the curve, y = 8x2  x5, the straight lines
x = 1 & x = c & the abscissa axis is equal to 16/3.
Q.23 Compute the area included between the straight lines , x  3 y + 5 = 0 ; x + 2 y + 5 = 0 and the circle
x2 + y2 = 25.
 2
x
Q.24 Find the area bounded by the curve y = x e , the x-axis, and the line x = c where y(c) is maximum.
Q.25 Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = x2 & y = 2/(1 + x2). Find its area.
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 In what ratio does the x-axis divide the area of the region bounded by the parabolas y = 4x  x2 & y = x2  x?
Q.2 A polynomial function f (x) satisfies the condition f (x + 1) = f (x) + 2x + 1. Find f (x) if f (0) = 1. Find
also the equations of the pair of tangents from the origin on the curve y = f (x) and compute the area
enclosed by the curve and the pair of tangents.
Q.3 Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = 5  x 2 & y = x  1 & find its area.
Q.4 Find the equation of the line passing through the origin and dividing the curvilinear triangle with vertex at
the origin , bounded by the curves y = 2 x  x2 , y = 0 and x = 1 into two parts of equal area.
Q.5 Consider the curve y = xn where n > 1 in the 1st quadrant. If the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis
and the tangent line to the graph of y = xn at the point (1, 1) is maximum then find the value of n.
Q.6 Consider the collection of all curve of the form y = a – bx2 that pass through the the point (2, 1), where
a and b are positive constants. Determine the value of a and b that will minimise the area of the region
bounded by y = a – bx2 and x-axis. Also find the minimum area.
Q.7 In the adjacent figure, graphs of two functions y = f(x) and
y = sinx are given. y = sinx intersects, y = f(x) at A (a, f(a));
B(, 0) and C(2, 0). Ai (i = 1, 2, 3,) is the area bounded by
the curves y = f (x) and y = sinx between x=0 and x= a; i = 1,
between x = a and x = ; i = 2, between x =  and x = 2;
i = 3. If A1 = 1 – sina + (a – 1)cosa, determine the function f(x).
Hence determine ‘a’ and A1. Also calculate A2 and A3.
Q.8 Consider the two curves y = 1/x² & y = 1/[4 (x  1)].
(i) At what value of ‘a’ (a > 2) is the reciprocal of the area of the fig. bounded by the curves, the lines x = 2
& x = a equal to ‘a’ itself ?
(ii) At what value of ‘b’ (1 < b < 2) the area of the figure bounded by these curves, the lines x = b &
x = 2 equal to 1 – 1/b.
ln x  c
Q.9 Show that the area bounded by the curve y = , the x-axis and the vertical line through the
x
maximum point of the curve is independent of the constant c.
Q.10 For what value of 'a' is the area of the figure bounded by the lines,
1 1 4
y= ,y= , x = 2 & x = a equal to ln ?
x 2x  1 5
Q.11 Compute the area of the loop of the curve y2 = x2 [(1 + x)/(1  x)].
Q.12 Let 'c' be the constant number such that c > 1. If the least area of the figure given by the line passing through
the point (1, c) with gradient 'm' and the parabola y = x2 is 36 sq. units find the value of (c2 + m2).
Q.13 Let An be the area bounded by the curve y = (tan x)n & the lines x = 0, y = 0 & x = /4. Prove that for
n > 2 , An + An2 = 1/(n  1) & deduce that 1/(2n + 2) < An < 1/(2n  2).
Q.14 If f (x) is monotonic in (a, b) then prove that the area bounded by the ordinates at x = a ; x = b ; y = f (x)
ab
and y = f (c), c  (a, b) is minimum when c = .
2
x3
Hence if the area bounded by the graph of f (x)=  x 2  a , the straight lines x = 0, x = 2 and the
3
x-axis is minimum then find the value of 'a'.
Q.15 Consider the two curves C1 : y = 1 + cos x & C2 : y = 1 + cos (x ) for  0,  2 ; x [0, ]. Find
the value of , for which the area of the figure bounded by the curves C1, C2 & x = 0 is same as that of
the figure bounded by C2 , y = 1 & x = . For this value of , find the ratio in which the line y = 1 divides
the area of the figure by the curves C1, C2 & x = .
Q.16 Find the area bounded by y² = 4 (x + 1), y² =  4 (x  1) & y = x above the axis of x.
Q.17 Compute the area of the figure which lies in the first quadrant inside the curve
x² + y² = 3 a² & is bounded by the parabola x² = 2 ay & y² = 2 ax (a > 0).
Q.18 Consider a square with vertices at (1 , 1), ( 1 , 1), (1 , 1) & (1 , 1). Let S be the region consisting of all
points inside the square which are nearer to the origin than to any edge. Sketch the region S & find its area.
Q.19 Find the whole area included between the curve x² y² = a² (y²  x²) & its asymptotes (asymptotes are the
lines which meet the curve at infinity).
Q.20 For what values of a  [0 , 1] does the area of the figure bounded by the graph of the function y = f (x)
and the straight lines x = 0, x = 1 & y = f(a) is at a minimum & for what values it is at a maximum if
f (x) = 1 x 2 . Find also the maximum & the minimum areas.
Q.21 Find the area enclosed between the smaller arc of the circle x2 + y2  2 x + 4 y  11 = 0 & the parabola
y =  x2 + 2x + 1  2 3 .
Q.22 Draw a neat and clean graph of the function f (x) = cos 1 (4x3  3x) , x  [1 , 1] and find the area
enclosed between the graph of the function and the xaxis as x varies from 0 to 1.
Q.23 Let C1 & C2 be two curves passing through the origin as shown in the figure.
A curve C is said to "bisect the area" the region between C1 & C2, if for each
point P of C, the two shaded regions A & B shown in the figure have equal
areas. Determine the upper curve C2, given that the bisecting curve C has
the equation y = x2 & that the lower curve C1 has the equation y = x2/2.

Q.24 For what values of a  [0 , 1] does the area of the figure bounded by the graph of the function y = f (x)
& the straight lines x = 0, x = 1, y = f(a) have the greatest value and for what values does it have the least
value, if, f(x) = x + 3x, ,   R with > 1,  > 1.
x

 e (ln sec t  sec t ) dt ; g (x) = – 2ex tan x. Find the area bounded by the curves
Q.25 Given f (x) = t 2

0

y = f (x) and y = g (x) between the ordinates x = 0 and x = .
3
EXERCISE–III
Q.1 Let f (x) = Maximum {x2, (1  x)2, 2x(1  x)}, where 0  x  1. Determine the area of the region
bounded by the curves y = f (x) , x axis , x = 0 & x = 1.
Q.2 Indicate the region bounded by the curves x2 = y , y = x + 2 and xaxis and obtain the area enclosed by
them.
Q.3 Let C1 & C2 be the graphs of the functions y = x 2 & y = 2x,
0  x  1 respectively. Let C3 be the graph of a function y = f (x),
0  x  1, f(0) = 0. For a point P on C1, let the lines through P,
parallel to the axes, meet C2 & C3 at Q & R respectively (see
figure). If for every position of P (on C1), the areas of the shaded
regions OPQ & ORP are equal, determine the function f(x).
[JEE '98, 8]
Q.4 Indicate the region bounded by the curves y = x ln x & y = 2x  2x2 and obtain the area enclosed by
them.
Q.5(a) For which of the following values of m, is the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x  x2 and the
line y = mx equals 9/2 ?
(A)  4 (B)  2 (C) 2 (D) 4
 2x for x  1
(b) Let f(x) be a continuous function given by f(x) =  2
x  ax  b for x  1
Find the area of the region in the third quadrant bounded by the curves, x =  2y2 and
y = f(x) lying on the left of the line 8x + 1 = 0.
Q.6 Find the area of the region lying inside x2 + (y  1)2 = 1 and outside c2x2 + y2 = c2 where c = 2  1 .

Q.7 Find the area enclosed by the parabola (y  2)2 = x  1 , the tangent to the parabola at (2, 3) and the
x-axis.
Q.8 Let b  0 and for j = 0, 1, 2,.........n, let Sj be the area of the region bounded by the y axis and the curve
j ( j  1) 
xeay = sinby, y . Show that S0, S1, S2,............Sn are in geometric progression. Also,
b b
find their sum for a = –1 and b = .
Q.9 The area bounded by the curves y = | x | – 1 and y = – | x | + 1 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 2 (D) 4
Q.10 Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2 , y = | 2– x2 | and y =2 , which lies to the right
of the line x = 1.
Q.11 If the area bounded by y = ax2 and x = ay2 , a > 0, is 1, then a =
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) –
3 3 3
Q.12(a) The area bounded by the parabolas y = (x + 1)2 and y = (x – 1)2 and the line y = 1/4 is
(A) 4 sq. units (B) 1/6 sq. units (C) 4/3 sq. units (D) 1/3 sq. units

(b) Find the area bounded by the curves x 2 = y, x2 = – y and y2 = 4x – 3.

 4a 2 4a 1 f (1) 3a 2  3a 
(c) If 4b 4b 1  f (1)  = 3b 2  3b  , f (x) is a quadratic function and its maximum value occurs at
2
  2 
2
4c 1  f (2) 
 4c  3c  3c 
a point V. A is a point of intersection of y = f (x) with x-axis and point B is such that chord AB subtends
a right angle at V. Find the area enclosed by f (x) and chord AB.
Q.13 Match the following
2

 (sin x )
cos x
(i) (cos x cot x  ln (sin x )sin x ) dx (A) 1
0
(ii) Area bounded by – 4y2 = x and x – 1 = – 5y2 (B) 0
(iii) Cosine of the angle of intersection of curves
y = 3x – 1 ln x and y = xx – 1 is (C) 6 ln 2
(D) 4/3
 KEY CONCEPTS (DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE

DEFINITIONS :
1. An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the
dependent variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
2. A differential equation is said to be ordinary , if the differential coefficients have reference to a
single independent variable only and it is said to be PARTIAL if there are two or more
independent variables. We are concerned with ordinary differential equations only.
u u u
eg.   = 0 is a partial differential equation.
x y z
3. Finding the unknown function is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential equation. The solution
of the differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE, because the differential equation can be regarded
as a relation derived from it.
4. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient occuring in it.
5. The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a polynomial in the derivatives is the
degree of the derivative of the highest order occuring in it , after it has been expressed in a form
free from radicals & fractions so far as derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation :
p q
 dmy   d m 1 ( y ) 
f(x , y)  m  + (x , y)  m 1  + ....... = 0 is order m & degree p.
d x   dx 
Note that in the differential equation ey  xy + y = 0 order is three but degree doesn't apply.

6. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant is given ,
then a differential equation is obtained as follows :
 Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x) as many times
as the number of arbitrary constants in it .
 Eliminate the arbitrary constants .
The eliminant is the required differential equation . Consider forming a differential
equation for y² = 4a(x + b) where a and b are arbitary constant .
Note : A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common properties.
This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.

7. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS :

The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary constants equal
to the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION (OR COMPLETE INTEGRAL OR
COMPLETE PRIMITIVE) . A solution obtainable from the general solution by giving particular values to the
constants is called a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
Note that the general solution of a differential equation of the nth order contains ‘n’ & only ‘n’ independent
arbitrary constants. The arbitrary constants in the solution of a differential equation are said to be
independent, when it is impossible to deduce from the solution an equivalent relation containing fewer
arbitrary constants. Thus the two arbitrary constants A, B in the equation y = A ex + B are not independent
since the equation can be written as y = A eB. ex = C ex. Similarly the solution y = A sin x + B cos (x + C)
appears to contain three arbitrary constants, but they are really equivalent to two only.
8. Elementary Types Of First Order & First Degree Differential Equations .
TYPE1. VARIABLES SEPARABLE : If the differential equation can be expressed as ;
f (x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 then this is said to be variable  separable type.

A general solution of this is given by  f(x) dx +  g(y) dy = c ;

where c is the arbitrary constant . consider the example (dy/dx) = e xy + x2. ey.
Note : Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates separation of variables.
In this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials.
If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  then,
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2 d2 (iii) x dy  y dx = r2 d
If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then x dx  y dy = r dr and x dy  y dx = r2 sec d .
dy
TYPE2 : = f (ax + by + c) , b  0.
dx
To solve this , substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation reduces to separable type in the
variable t and x which can be solved.

Consider the example (x + y)2 d y = a2 .

dx
TYPE3. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :
dy f (x , y )
A differential equation of the form =
d x  (x , y )
where f (x , y) &  (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called
dy  
HOMOGENEOUS . This equation may also be reduced to the form = g  x  & is solved by
dx  y
putting y = vx so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v, where v is some
unknown function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation with variables separable.
dy y (x  y )
Consider + = 0.
dx x2
TYPE4. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE HOMOGENEOUS FORM :
a x  b1y  c1 a1  a 2
If d y = 1 ; where a1 b2  a2 b1  0, i.e. 
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c2 b1 b2
then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new
variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary constants to be chosen so as to make the given
equation homogeneous which can be solved by the method as given in Type  3. If
(i) a1 b2  a2 b1 = 0 , then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential equation to an equation
with variables separable. and
(ii) b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d (xy) for x dy + y dx & integrating
term by term yields the result easily.

x  2y  5 2 x  3y  1 dy 2x  y  1
Consider d y = ; dy = & =
dx 2x  y  1 dx 4x  6y  5 dx 6 x  5y  4
(iii) In an equation of the form : y f (xy) dx + xg (xy)dy = 0 the variables can be separated by the substitution
xy = v.
IMPORTANT NOTE :
(a) The function f (x , y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if for any real number
t ( 0) , we have f (tx , ty) = tn f(x , y) .
For e.g. f(x , y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 . y1/3 + by2/3 is a homogeneous function of degree 2/3 .
dy
(b) A differential equation of the form = f(x , y) is homogeneous if f(x , y) is a homogeneous
dx
function of degree zero i.e. f(tx , ty) = t° f(x , y) = f(x , y). The function f does not depend on
y x
x & y separately but only on their ratio or .
x y
LINEAR DIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential coefficients occur
in the first degree only and are not multiplied together .
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ;
dn y d n 1 y
a0 (x) + a (x) + ...... + an (x) . y =  (x) . Where a0(x) , a1(x) ..... an(x) are called the
d xn 1
d x n 1
coefficients of the differential equation.
Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differental equation of the
3
d2 y  d y 
first degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential equation 2    + y2 = 0 is not linear, though
dx  d x
its degree is 1.
TYPE  5. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER :
dy
The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is + Py = Q , where P & Q are
dx
functions of x .

To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e 

Pdx
.
NOTE :

The factor e 
Pdx
(1) on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation becomes the
differential coefficient of some function of x & y , is called integrating factor of the differential
equation popularly abbreviated as I. F.
(2) It is very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor , the left hand side becomes
the derivative of the product of y and the I. F.
(3) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable
and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ;
dy dx
(x + y + 1) = y2 + 3 can be written as (y2 + 3) = x + y + 1 which is a linear differential
dx dy
equation.
TYPE6. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR FORM :
dy
The equation + py = Q . yn where P & Q functions of x , is reducible to the linear form by
dx
dividing it by yn & then substituting yn+1 = Z . Its solution can be obtained as in Type5. Consider
the example (x3 y2 + xy) dx = dy.
dy
The equation + Py = Q . yn is called BERNOULI’S EQUATION.
dx
9. TRAJECTORIES :
Suppose we are given the family of plane curves.
 (x, y, a) = 0
depending on a single parameter a.
A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle  with the curve of the family passing through that point
is called an isogonal trajectory of that family ; if in particular  =/2, then it is called an orthogonal
trajectory.
Orthogonal trajectories : We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves. Let it be of
the form
F (x, y, y') = 0
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
 1
F  x , y,    = 0
 y
The general integral of this equation
1 (x, y, C) = 0
gives the family of orthogonal trajectories.
Note : Following exact differentials must be remembered :
xdy  ydx  y
(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii)  d 
x 2
 x

ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx

(iii)  d  (iv)  d (ln xy)
y 2
 y xy

dx  dy x dy  y d x  y
(v) = d (ln (x + y)) (vi)  d  ln 
xy xy  x

y d x  xd y  x xdy  ydx  y
(vii)  d  ln  (viii)  d  tan 1 
xy  y 2
x y 2
 x

ydx  xdy  x xdx  ydy

(ix)  d  tan 1  (x)  d ln x 2  y 2 
2
x y 2
 y x2  y2  

 1  x dy  y dx  e x  y e x dx  e x dy
(xi) d    (xii) d  
 x y x2 y2  y y2

 e y  x e y dy  e y dx
(xiii) d  
 x x2
 EXERCISE–I
[FORMATION & VARIABLES SEPARABLE]
Q.1 State the order and degree of the following differential equations:
3/ 2
d 2y   d y  
3 4 2
 d 2x  dx
(i)  2      xt = 0 (ii)  1    
d t  dt  d x2   d x  
 

Q.2 Form a differential equation for the family of curves represented by ax2 + by2 = 1, where a & b are
arbitary constants.
Q.3 Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles x 2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0;
where g , f & c are arbitary constants.
Q.4 Form the differential equation of the family of curves represented by,
c (y + c)2 = x3 ; where c is any arbitrary constant.
n (sec x  tan x) n (sec y  tan y)
Q.5 dx = dy Q.6 (1  x²) (1  y) dx = xy (1 + y) dy
cos x cos y

Q.7
dy
+
x 2

 1 y2  1  =0 Q.8 yx
dy 
 a  y2 
dy

dx xy dx  dx
dy dy x (2 ln x  1)
Q.9 = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y) Q.10 =
dx dx sin y  y cos y
Q.11 It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly proportional to its quantity at each given instant. Find
the law of variation of a mass of radium as a function of time if at t = 0 , the mass of the radius was m0
and during time t0  % of the original mass of radium decay.
dy xy xy dy 
Q.12 + sin  sin Q.13 Sin x . = y . lny if y = e, when x =
dx 2 2 dx 2

Q.14 e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0, y = 3

Q.15 A normal is drawn at a point P(x , y) of a curve. It meets the x axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length
dy
k, then show that the differential equation describing such curves is, y = ± k 2  y 2 . Find the
dx
equation of such a curve passing through (0, k).
Q.16 Find the curve for which the sum of the lengths of the tangent and subtangent at any of its point
is proportional to the product of the coordinates of the point of tangency, the proportionality factor is
equal to k.
Q.17 Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive ,
y = c1e3x + c2e2x + c3 ex, where c1, c2, c3 are arbitrary constants.
Q.18 Find the curve y = f (x) where f (x)  0, f (0) = 0 , bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base
[0, x] whose area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f (x). It is known that f (1) = 1.
x dx  y dy 1  x2  y2
Q.19 =
x dy  y dx x2  y2
Q.20 A curve is such that the length of the polar radius of any point on the curve is equal to the length of the
tangent drawn at this point. Form the differential equation and solve it to find the equation of the curve.
 EXERCISE–II
[HOMOGENEOUS]
2
dy x  xy
Q.1 (a) = 2 (b) (x3  3xy2) dx = (y3  3x2y) dy
dx x  y2
Q.2 Find the equation of a curve such that the projection of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to its abscissa.
Q.3 The light rays emanating from a point source situated at origin when reflected from the mirror of a search
light are reflected as beam parallel to the x  axis. Show that the surface is parabolic, by first forming the
differential equation and then solving it.
Q.4 The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the point
of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which passes through (1, 1).
Q.5 Find the equation of the curve intersecting with the x- axis at the point x = 1 and for which the length of
the subnormal at any point of the curve is equal to the arthemetic mean of the co-ordinates of this point
(y – x)2(x + 2y) = 1.
dy
Q.6 Use the substitution y2 = a – x to reduce the equation y3 . + x + y2 = 0 to homogeneous form and
dx
hence solve it.

 y y  y y dy
Q.7 x cos x  y sin x  y = y sin x  x cos x  x d x
   
Q.8 Find the curve for which any tangent intersects the yaxis at the point equidistant from the point of
tangency and the origin.
dy dy yx1
Q.9 (x  y) dy = (x + y + 1) dx Q.10 = x  2y  3 Q.11 =
dx 2x  y  3 dx yx5
2
dy xy1 dy 2 (y  2)
Q.12 = Q.13 =
dx 2x  2y  3 dx (x  y  1) 2
dy cos x (3 cos y  7 sin x  3)
Q.14 + = 0
dx sin y (3 sin x  7 cos y  7)
Q.15 Show that the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is
equal to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point,
 tan 1 x
y
x2  y2 = c e

EXERCISE–III
[ LINEAR ]
Q.1 (x + tan y) dy = sin 2y dx
Q.2 Show that the equation of the curve whose slope at any point is equal to y + 2x and which pass through
the origin is y = 2 (ex  x  1).
dy x 1 dy
Q.3 + y= Q.4 (1  x²) + 2xy = x (1  x²)1/2
dx 1 x 2 2
2x(1  x ) d x
Q.5 Find the curve such that the area of the trapezium formed by the coordinate axes, ordinate of an
arbitrary point & the tangent at this point equals half the square of its abscissa .
dy
Q.6 x (x  1)  (x  2) y = x3 (2x  1) Q.7 (1 + y + x²y) dx + (x + x3) dy = 0
dx
Q.8 Find the curve possessing the property that the intercept , the tangent at any point of a curve cuts off on
the yaxis is equal to the square of the abscissa of the point of tangency.
 dy dy
Q.9 sin x + 3y = cos x Q.10 x(x² + 1) = y (1  x²) + x3 . lnx
dx dx
dy
Q.11 x  y = 2 x² cosec 2 x Q.12 (1 + y²) dx = (tan1 y  x)dy
dx
Q.13 Find the curve such that the area of the rectangle constructed on the abscissa of any point and the initial
ordinate of the tangent at this point is equal to a2. (Initial ordinate means y intercept of the tangent).
Q.14 Let the function ln f(x) is defined where f(x) exists for x 2 & k is fixed positive real number, prove
d
that if (x . f (x))  k f (x) then f(x) A x 1 k where A is independent of x.
dx x x
Q.15 Find the differentiable function which satisfies the equation f (x) = –  f ( t ) tan t dt   tan( t  x ) dt
0 0
where x    2 ,  2
Q.16 y  x Dy = b(1 + x²Dy)
  
Q.17 Find all functions f (x) defined on   ,  with real values and has a primitive F(x) such that
 2 2
sin 2 x
f (x) + cos x · F(x) = . Find f (x).
(1  sin x ) 2
dy
Q.18 If y1 & y2 be solutions of the differential equation + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x
dx
alone, and y2 = y1 z, then prove that
Q
  y 1 dx
z=1+ ae , 'a' being an arbitrary constant .
dy y y dy
Q.19 + ln y = 2 (ln y)2 Q.20 + xy = y²ex²/2 . sin x
dx x x dx
dy dy
Q.21 2  y sec x = y3 tan x Q.22 x2 y  x3 = y4 cos x
dx dx
Q.23 y (2 xy + ex) dx  ex dy = 0
Q.24 Find the curve for which the area of the triangle formed by the xaxis, the tangent line and radius vector
of the point of tangency is equal to a2.

Q.25 A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution containing 1 gm/litre of soluble lawn fertilizer runs
into the tank at the rate of 1 lit/min, and the mixture is pumped out of the tank at the rate of 3 litres/min.
Find the time when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum.

EXERCISE–IV
(GENERAL  CHANGE OF VARIABLE BY A SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION)
Q 1. (x  y²) dx + 2xy dy = 0 Q 2. (x3 + y2 + 2) dx + 2y dy = 0
dy dy tan y
Q 3. x + y lny = xyex Q 4.  = (1 + x) ex sec y
dx dx 1 x
2
dy ey 1  dy dy
Q 5. = 2  Q 6.    (x  y)  xy  0
dx x x  dx dx
2
dy y x
Q 7. = Q 8. (1  xy + x2 y2) dx = x2 dy
dx 2 y (x  1)
dy
Q 9. = exy (ex  ey) Q 10. y y sin x = cos x (sin x  y2)
dx
 EXERCISE–V
(MISCELLANEOUS)
dy
Q.1  y ln 2 = 2sin x . (cos x  1) ln 2 , y being bounded when x  + .
dx

1
dy
Q.2
dx
=y+  y dx given y = 1 , where x = 0
0

Q.3 Given two curves y = f(x) passing through the points (0, 1) & y =  f (t)dt passing through the points

(0, 1/2). The tangents drawn to both curves at the points with equal abscissas intersect on the x  axis.
Find the curve f(x).

dy
Q.4 Consider the differential equation, + P(x)y = Q(x)
dx
(i) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) and v(x) are known, find the general solution of the
same equation in terms of u(x) and v(x).
(ii) If  and  are constants such that the linear combinations  · u(x) + ·v(x) is a solution of the given
equation, find the relation between  and .
v(x)  u(x)
(iii) If w(x) is the third particular solution different from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio .
w(x)  u(x)
dy
Q.5 x3 = y3 + y2 y2  x2
dx

Q.6 Find the curve which passes through the point (2, 0) such that the segment of the tangent between the
point of tangency & the y  axis has a constant length equal to 2 .

xdy  ydx
Q.7 x dy + y dx + =0
x2  y2

y dx  x dy dx
Q.8  , given that y = 2 when x = 1
x  y  2
2 1 x2

Q.9 Find the equation of the curve passing through the orgin if the middle point of the segment of its normal
from any point of the curve to the x-axis lies on the parabola 2y2 = x.

x x
Q.10 Find the continuous function which satisfies the relation,  t f ( x  t ) dt =  f ( t ) dt + sin x + cosx – x –1,
0 0
for all real number x.

dy
Q.11 (x2 + y2 + a2)y + x(x2 + y2  a2) = 0
dx

Q.12 (1  x2)2dy +  y 1  x 2  x  1  x 2  dx = 0.

 dy
Q.13 3x2y2 + cos(xy) – xy sin(xy) + {2x3y  x2 sin (xy)}= 0.
dx
dy  1
Q.14 Find the integral curve of the differential equation, x (1  x l n y). + y = 0 which passes through 1,  .
dx  e

Q.15 Find all the curves possessing the following property; the segment of the tangent between the point of
tangency & the x-axis is bisected at the point of intersection with the y-axis.

Q.16 y2(y dx + 2x dy)  x2(2y dx + x dy) = 0.

Q.17 A perpendicular drawn from any point P of the curve on the x-axis meets the x-axis at A. Length of the
perpendicular from A on the tangent line at P is equal to 'a'. If this curve cuts the y-axis orthogonally, find
the equation to all possible curves, expressing the answer explicitly.

Q.18 Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family of curves when 'a' is the parameter.
(i) y = ax2 (ii) cos y = a e– x (iii) xk + yk = ak
(iv) Find the isogonal trajectories for the family of rectangular hyperbolas x2 – y2 = a2 which makes
with it an angle of 45°.

Q.19 A curve passing through (1 , 0) such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent off the y-axis
to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of the product of the co-ordinates of the point of tangency to the product
of square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at the same point. Determine all such possible curves.

Q.20 A & B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir
B. Both the reservoirs are filled completely with water, their inlets are closed and then the water is
released simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any
instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time. One hour after the
water is released, the quantity of water in reservoir A is 1.5 times the quantity of water in reservoir B.
After how many hours do both the reservoirs have the same quantity of water ?

Q.21 A tank consists of 50 litres of fresh water. Two litres of brine each litre containing 5 gms of dissolved salt
are run into tank per minute; the mixture is kept uniform by stirring, and runs out at the rate of one litre per
minute. If 'm' grams of salt are present in the tank after t minute, express 'm' in terms of t and find the
amount of salt present after 10 minutes.

Q.22 Find the curve such that the segment of the tangent at any point contained between the x-axis and the
straight line y = ax + b is bisected by the point of tangency.

Q.23 Find the curve such that the ratio of the distance between the normal at any of its point and the origin to the
distance between the same normal and the point (a , b) is equal to the constant k. Interpret the curve. (k > 0)

Q.24 Let f (x, y, c1) = 0 and f (x, y, c2) = 0 define two integral curves of a homogeneous first order differential
equation. If P1 and P2 are respectively the points of intersection of these curves with an arbitrary line,
y = mx then prove that the slopes of these two curves at P1 and P2 are equal.

Q.25 Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis cut-off between the origin and the tangent varies
as cube of the absissa of the point of contact.
 EXERCISE–VI
(PROBLEMS ASKED IN JEE & REE)
y
Q.1 Solve the diff. equation; y cos xdy  ydx   x sin y xdy  ydx   0 , when y (1) =  .
x x 2
[REE '97, 6]

du dv
Q.2 Let u (x) & v (x) satisfy the differential equations + p (x) u = f (x) & + p (x) v = g(x) where p(x),
dx dx
f(x) & g(x) are continuous functions. If u(x 1) > v(x 1) for some x 1and f (x)>g (x) for all
x > x1, prove that any point (x, y) where x > x1 does not satisfy the equations y = u(x) & y = v (x).
[JEE '97, 5]

Q.3(i) The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by
x  C5
y = (C1 + C2) cos(x + C3)  C4 e where C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 are arbitrary constants, is
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
(ii) A curve C has the property that if the tangent drawn at any point P on C meets the coordinate axes at A
and B, then P is the mid-point of AB. The curve passes through the point (1, 1). Determine the equation
of the curve. [JEE '98, 2 + 8]

Q.4 Solve the differential equation (1 + tany) (dx  dy) + 2x dy = 0 [ REE '98 , 6 ]

2
 dy  dy
Q.5(a) A soluton of the differential equation,    x + y = 0 is :
 dx  dx
(A) y = 2 (B) y = 2x (C) y = 2x  4 (D) y = 2x2  4
 
(b) The differential equation representing the family of curves, y2 = 2 c x  c , where c is a positive
parameter, is of :
(A) order 1 (B) order 2 (C) degree 3 (D) degree 4
(c) A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin
from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the x  axis . Determine the
equation of the curve . [ JEE '99, 2 + 3 + 10, out of 200 ]

Q.6 Solve the differential equation, (x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) dy = (2x + 4y + 1) dx . [ REE '99, 6 ]

Q.7 A country has a food deficit of 10 % . Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3 %. Its annual food
production every year is 4 % more than that of the last year . Assuming that the average food requirement
per person remains constant, prove that the country will become self-sufficient in food after ' n ' years,
n 10  n 9
where 'n' is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to, . [JEE '2000 (Mains)10]
n (104
. )  0.03

Q.8 A hemispherical tank of radius 2 metres is initially full of water and has an outlet of 12 cm2 cross sectional
area at the bottom. The outlet is opened at some instant. The flow through the outlet is according to the
law V(t) = 0.6 2gh(t) , where V(t) and h(t) are respectively the velocity of the flow through the outlet
and the height of water level above the outlet at time t, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the
time it takes to empty the tank. [ JEE '2001 (Mains) 10 ]
Q.9 Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and the tangent to which at every point
x 4  2xy  1
(x, y) has slope equal to .
1  x2
x

Q.10 Let f(x), x > 0, be a nonnegative continuous function, and let F(x) =  f (t )dt , x > 0. If for some c > 0,
0
f(x) < cF(x) for all x > 0, then show that f(x) = 0 for all x > 0.

Q.11(a) A right circular cone with radius R and height H contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional
to its surface area in contact with air (proportionality constant = k > 0). Find the time after which the
cone is empty.
dP ( x )
(b) If P(1) = 0 and > P(x) for all x > 1 then prove that P(x) > 0 for all x > 1.
dx

 2  sin x  dy 
Q.12(a) If   = – cos x, y (0) = 1, then y   =
 1  y  dx 2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/4

( x  1) 2  y  3
(b) A curve passes through (2, 0) and the slope of tangent at point P (x, y) equals . Find the
( x  1)
equation of the curve and area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis in the fourth quadrant.

Q.13(a) The solution of primitive integral equation (x2 + y2)dy = xy dx, is y = y(x). If y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = e, then
x0 is

2 2
e2  1
(A) 2(e  1) (B) 2(e  1) (C) 3e (D)
2
(b) For the primitive integral equation ydx + y2dy = xdy; xR, y > 0, y = y(x), y(1) = 1, then y(–3) is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5

(c) If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f (x) intercepted between the point and the x–axis is of
length 1. Find the equation of the curve.

Q.14 A tangent drawn to the curve, y = f (x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively such
that BP : AP = 3 : 1, given that f (1) = 1, then
dy dy
(A) equation of the curve is x – 3y = 0 (B) equation of curve is x + 3y = 0
dx dx
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8) (D) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4
 KEY CONCEPTS (BINOMIAL)
BINOMIAL EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC SERIES
1. BINOMIAL THEOREM :
The formula by which any positive integral power of a binomial expression can be expanded in the form
of a series is known as BINOMIAL THEOREM.
If x, y  R and n  N, then;
n
(x + y)n = nC
0 xn + nC
1 xn1 y+ nC
2 xn2y2 + ..... + nC
r xnryr + ..... + nC
n yn =  nCr xn – r yr.
r 0
This theorem can be proved by Induction.
OBSERVATIONS:
(i) The number of terms in the expansion is (n + 1) i.e. one or more than the index .
(ii) The sum of the indices of x & y in each term is n.
(iii) The binomial coefficients of the terms nC0, nC1 .... equidistant from the beginning and the end are
equal.
2. IMPORTANT TERMS IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION ARE :
(i) General term (ii) Middle term
(iii) Term independent of x & (iv) Numerically greatest term
(i) The general term or the (r + 1)th term in the expansion of (x + y)n is given by ;
Tr+1 = nCr xnr . yr
(ii) The middle term(s) is the expansion of (x + y)n is (are) :
(a) If n is even , there is only one middle term which is given by ;
T(n+2)/2 = nCn/2 . xn/2 . yn/2
(b) If n is odd , there are two middle terms which are :
T(n+1)/2 & T[(n+1)/2]+1
(iii) Term independent of x contains no x ; Hence find the value of r for which the exponent of x is zero.
(iv) To find the Numerically greatest term is the expansion of (1 + x)n , n  N find
n
Tr 1 Cr x r n  r 1
 n r 1
 x . Put the absolute value of x & find the value of r Consistent with the
Tr C r 1x r
Tr 1
inequality > 1.
Tr
Note that the Numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1  x)n , x > 0 , n  N is the same
as the greatest term in (1 + x)n .
3. If  A B  n
= I + f, where I & n are positive integers, n being odd and 0 < f < 1, then
(I + f) . f = Kn where A  B2 = K > 0 & A  B < 1.
If n is an even integer, then (I + f) (1  f) = Kn.
4. BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS :
(i) C0 + C1 + C2 + ....... + Cn = 2n
(ii) C0 + C2 + C4 + ....... = C1 + C3 + C5 + ....... = 2n1
(2 n) !
(iii) C0² + C1² + C2² + .... + Cn² = 2nCn =
n! n!
( 2n )!
(iv) C0.Cr + C1.Cr+1 + C2.Cr+2 + ... + Cnr.Cn =
( n  r ) ( n  r )!
 REMEMBER :
(i) (2n)! = 2n . n! [1. 3. 5 ...... (2n  1)]

5. BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR NEGATIVE OR FRACTIONAL INDICES :

n (n  1) 2 n (n  1) (n  2) 3
If n  Q , then (1 + x)n = 1  n x  x  x ...... Provided | x | < 1.
2! 3!
Note :
(i) When the index n is a positive integer the number of terms in the expansion of
(1 + x)n is finite i.e. (n + 1) & the coefficient of successive terms are :
nC , nC , nC , nC ..... nC
0 1 2 3 n
(ii) When the index is other than a positive integer such as negative integer or fraction, the number of
terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n is infinite and the symbol nCr cannot be used to denote the
Coefficient of the general term .
(iii) Following expansion should be remembered (x < 1).
(a) (1 + x)1 = 1  x + x2  x3 + x4  ....  (b) (1  x)1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + .... 
2
(c) (1 + x) = 1  2x + 3x  4x + .... 
2 3 (d) (1  x)2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..... 
(iv) The expansions in ascending powers of x are only valid if x is ‘small’. If x is large i.e. | x | > 1 then
1
we may find it convinient to expand in powers of , which then will be small.
x
6. APPROXIMATIONS :
n ( n  1) n ( n  1) ( n  2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x² + x .....
1 .2 1 . 2 .3
If x < 1, the terms of the above expansion go on decreasing and if x be very small, a stage may be
reached when we may neglect the terms containing higher powers of x in the expansion. Thus, if x be
so small that its squares and higher powers may be neglected then (1 + x)n = 1 + nx, approximately.
This is an approximate value of (1 + x)n.
7. EXPONENTIAL SERIES :
x x2 x3
n
 1
(i) ex =1+    ....... ; where x may be any real or complex & e = Limit
n 
1  
1! 2! 3! n

x x2 2 x3 3
(ii) ax =1+ l n a  l n a  ln a  ....... where a > 0
1! 2! 3!
Note :
1 1 1
(a) e=1+   .......
1! 2! 3!
(b) e is an irrational number lying between 2.7 & 2.8. Its value correct upto 10 places of decimal is
2.7182818284.
 1 1 1 
(c) e + e1 = 2 1     ....... 
 2! 4! 6! 
 1 1 1 
(d) e  e1 = 2 1     ....... 
 3! 5! 7! 
(e) Logarithms to the base ‘e’ are known as the Napierian system, so named after Napier, their inventor.
They are also called Natural Logarithm.
8. LOGARITHMIC SERIES :
x 2 x3 x 4
(i) ln (1+ x) = x     .......  where 1 < x  1
2 3 4

x 2 x3 x 4
(ii) ln (1 x) =  x     .......  where 1  x < 1
2 3 4

(1  x )  3 5 
(iii) ln =2  x  x  x  ......  x < 1
(1 x )  3 5 
 
1 1 1
REMEMBER : (a) 1   +...  = ln 2 (b) eln x = x
2 3 4
(c) ln2 = 0.693 (d) ln10 = 2.303

EXERCISE–I
11 11
 2 1   1 
Q.1 Find the coefficients : (i) x7 in  a x   (ii) in  ax  2 
x7
 bx   bx 
(iii) Find the relation between a & b, so that these coefficients are equal.

Q.2 If the coefficients of the rth, (r + 1)th & (r + 2)th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)14 are in AP,
find r.
10 8
 x 3  1 1 / 3 1 / 5 
Q.3 Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (a)   2 (b)  x  x 
 3 2x  2 

n  1 3r 7 r 15r 
Q.4 Find the sum of the series  (  1) r n
. C r  r
 2r
 3r
 4r  .....up to m terms
r0 2 2 2 2 
Q.5 Given that (1 + x + x²) n = a0 + a1x + a2x² + .... + a2nx2n , find the values of :
(i) a0 + a1 + a2 + ..... + a2n ; (ii) a0  a1 + a2  a3 ..... + a2n ; (iii) a02 a12 + a22  a32 + ..... + a2n2
Q.6 If a, b, c & d are the coefficients of any four consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n, n  N,
a c 2b
prove that   .
a  b c d b  c
8
 2 log 4 x  44 1 
Q.7 Find the value of x for which the fourth term in the expansion,  5 5 5   is 336.
 log 5 3 2 x 1  7 
 5 
Q.8 Prove that : n1 n2 n3 r
Cr + Cr + Cr + .... + Cr = Cr+1. n

Q.9 (a) Which is larger : (9950 + 10050) or (101)50.

4n
(b) Show that 2n–2C + 2.2n–2Cn–1 + 2n–2Cn > , nN , n  2
n–2 n 1
11
 7
Q.10 In the expansion of  1  x   find the term not containing x.
 x
Q.11 Show that coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (1 + x²)5 . (1 + x)4 is 60.
Q.12 Find numerically the greatest term in the expansion of :
3 1
(i) (2 + 3x)9 when x = (ii) (3  5x)15 when x =
2 5
2 n
q 1  q  1  q  1
Q.13 Given sn= 1 + q + q² + ..... + qn & Sn = 1 + +  2  + .... +  2  , q  1,
2
prove that n+1C + n+1C2.s1 + n+1C3.s2 +....+ n+1Cn+1.sn = 2n . Sn .
1
10
 2
Q.14 Prove that the ratio of the coefficient of x10 in (1  x²)10 & the term independent of x in  x  
  x
is 1 : 32.
9
 3x2 1
Q.15 Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (1 + x + 2x 3)    .
 2 3x 
Q.16 In the expansion of the expression (x + a)15 , if the eleventh term is the geometric mean of the eighth and
twelfth terms, which term in the expansion is the greatest ?

n4
Q.17 Let (1+x²)² . (1+x)n = a K . x K . If a1 , a2 & a3 are in AP, find n.
K0

Q.18 If the coefficient of ar–1 , ar , ar+1 in the expansion of (1 + a)n are in arithmetic progression, prove that
n2 – n (4r + 1) + 4r2 – 2 = 0.
(1  x n )(1  x n 1 )(1  x n 2 )..................(1  x n  r 1 )
Q.19 If nJ = , prove that nJn – r = nJr..
r (1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 )..................(1  x r )
n
Q.20 Prove that  n C K sin Kx . cos(n  K) x  2n 1 sin nx .
K 0

Q.21 The expressions 1 + x, 1+x + x2, 1 + x + x2 + x3,............. 1 + x + x2 +........... + xn are multiplied

together and the terms of the product thus obtained are arranged in increasing powers of x in the form of
a0 + a1x + a2x2 +................., then,
(a) how many terms are there in the product.
(b) show that the coefficients of the terms in the product, equidistant from the beginning and end are equal.
(n  1)!
(c) show that the sum of the odd coefficients = the sum of the even coefficients =
2
Q.22 Find the coeff. of (a) x6 in the expansion of (ax² + bx + c)9 .
(b) x2 y3 z4 in the expansion of (ax  by + cz)9 .
(c) a2 b3 c4 d in the expansion of (a – b – c + d)10.
2n 2n
Q.23 If  a r (x2)  br (x3)r
r
& ak = 1 for all k  n, then show that bn = 2n+1Cn+1.
r0 r0
i k 1 n
1 x 
Q.24 If Pk (x) =  xi then prove that,  n Ck Pk (x )  2n 1 ·Pn  2 

i 0 k 1

Q.25 Find the coefficient of xr in the expression of :

(x + 3)n1 + (x + 3)n2 (x + 2) + (x + 3)n3 (x + 2)2 + ..... + (x + 2)n1
 n
 x 2
Q.26(a) Find the index n of the binomial    if the 9th term of the expansion has numerically the
 5 5
greatest coefficient (n  N).
(b) For which positive values of x is the fourth term in the expansion of (5 + 3x)10 is the greatest.

Q.27 Find x for which the (k + 1)th term of the expansion of (x + y)n is the greatest if
x + y = 1 and x > 0, y > 0.

 
n
Q.28 If x denotes 2  3 , n N & [x] the integral part of x then find the value of : x  x² + x[x].

 
2n 1
Q.29 If 6 6  14 = N & F be the fractional part of N, find the value of NF, n  N.

3  5 
n
Q.30 Let I denotes the integral part & F the proper fractional part of where n  N and
if  denotes the rational part and  the irrational part of the same, show that
1 1
 = (I + 1) and  = (I + 2 F  1).
2 2

EXERCISE–II
(On combinatorial coefficients)
If C0 , C1 , C2 , ..... , Cn are the combinatorial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x) n, n  N, then
prove the following:
Q.1 C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 +.....+ n . Cn = n . 2n1
Q.2 C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 +.....+ (n+1)Cn = (n+2)2n1
Q.3 C0 + 3C1 + 5C2 +.....+ (2n+1)Cn = (n+1) 2n
C 0 . C1 . C 2 .... C n 1 (n  1) n
Q.4 (C0+C1)(C1+C2)(C2+C3) ..... (Cn1+Cn) =
n!
C1 2 C2 3C3 n .C n n (n  1)
Q.5    .......  
C0 C1 C2 C n 1 2

C1 C 2 C 2n 1  1
Q.6 C0 +   ......  n 
2 3 n 1 n 1

2 2 . C1 2 3 . C 2 24 .C3 2n 1 . C n 3n  1  1
Q.7 2 . Co +    ...... 
2 3 4 n 1 n 1

C C C 1
Co  2  3  ......  ( 1) n  1  n  1
1 2 n n
Q.8
(n  1) (2 n)!
Q.9 1 . Co² + 3 . C1² + 5 . C2² + ..... + (2n+1) Cn² =
n! n !
Q.10 If a0 , a1 , a2 , ..... be the coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x + x²)n in ascending
powers of x , then prove that:
(i) a0 a1  a1 a2 + a2 a3  .... = 0.
(ii) a0a2  a1a3 + a2a4  ..... + a2n  2 a2n = an + 1 or an–1.
(iii) E1 = E2 = E3 = 3n1; where E1= a0 + a3 + a6 + ..... ; E2 = a1 + a4 + a7 + ..... &
E3 = a2 + a5 + a8 + .....
n
Q.11 Given p + q = 1, show that r 2
. n C r . p r . q n  r  n p (n  1) p  1
r0
 n
22 . C 0 2 3 . C1 2 4 . C 2 2n  2 . C n 3n  2  2n  5
Q.12 If (1+x)n =  Cr . xr then prove that;
1. 2

2.3

3. 4
 ......  
(n  1) (n  2) (n  1) (n  2)
r0

C0 C C 2n
Q.13  2  4  ........ 
1 3 5 n 1

C0 C C C Cn 1 n .2n 1
Q.14  1  2  3  ........  
2 3 4 5 n  2 (n  1) (n  2)

C1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 1 1 1 1
Q.15     .......  ( 1) n  1 . n = 1     ....... 
1 2 3 4 n 2 3 4 n

Q.16 If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x² + ..... + Cn xn, then show that:

C2 C 1 1 1 1
C1(1x)  (1x)² + 3 (1x)3 ....+ (1)n1 (1x)n = (1x) + (1x²) + (1x3) +......+ (1xn)
2 3 n 2 3 n

n n n n
C0 C1 C2 Cn n!
Q.17 If n  N ; show that x
 
x 1 x  2
 ......  (1) n 
x  n x (x  1) (x  2) .... (x  n)

(4 n  1)!
Q.18 Prove that , (2nC1)²+ 2 . (2nC2)² + 3 . (2nC3)² + ... + 2n . (2nC2n)² =
(2 n  1) !2
2n
Q.19 If (1 + x + x2)n =  ar xr , n  N, then prove that
r0
(r + 1) ar + 1 = (n  r) ar + (2n  r + 1) ar1. ( 0 < r < 2n)
C 0 C1 C 2 C 3 Cn 4 n . n!
Q.20     ........(1) n 
1 5 9 13 4 n  1 1. 5 . 9 .13..... ( 4 n  3) (4 n  1)

EXERCISE–III

 
10
Q.1 The sum of the rational terms in the expansion of 2  31/ 5 is ___ .
n
1 n
r
Q.2 If an =  n C , then  n equals
r0 r C r0 r
(A) (n1)an (B) n an (C) n an / 2 (D) None of these

Q.3 If in the expansion of (1 + x)m (1  x)n, the co-efficients of x and x2 are 3 and  6 respectively, then
m is :
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 24

 n  n   n 
Q.4 For 2  r  n ,   + 2   +   =
 r  r  1  r  2

 n  1  n  1  n  2  n  2
(A)   (B) 2   (C) 2   (D)  
 r  1  r  1  r   r 
  n
Q.5 For any positive integers m , n (with n  m) , let   = nCm. Prove that
 m
 n  n  1  n  2  m  n 1
  +   +   + ........ +   =  
 m  m   m   m  m  1
Hence or otherwise prove that ,
 n  n  1  n  2  m  n2
  + 2   + 3   + ........ + (n  m + 1)   =  .
 m  m   m   m  m  2

Q.6 Find the largest co-efficient in the expansion of (1 + x) n , given that the sum of
co-efficients of the terms in its expansion is 4096 .
a
Q.7 In the binomial expansion of (a – b)n, n > 5, the sum of the 5th and 6th terms is zero. Then equals
b
n5 n4 5 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 5 n4 n5

Q.8 Find the coeffcient of x49 in the polynomial

 C   2 C   2 C   2 C 
 x  1   x  2  2   x  3  3  .................  x  50  50  where Cr = 50Cr .
 C0   C1   C2   C 49 

The sum  i m  i ,

m
Q.9
10 20

i0
(where   = 0 if P < q ) is maximum when m is
p
q

(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20

Q.10(a) Coefficient of t24 in the expansion of (1+ t2)12 (1 + t12) (1 + t24) is

(A) 12C6 + 2 (B) 12C6 + 1 (C) 12C6 (D) none

 n  n   n  n  1   n  n  2   n  n  K   n 
(b) Prove that : 2K .  0  K  – 2K–1 1  K  1 + 2K–2  2  K  2  ...... (–1)K  K  0    K  .
             

Q.11 n–1C
r = (K2 – 3).nCr+1, if K 
(A) [– 3 , 3 ] (B) (–, – 2) (C) (2, ) (D) ( 3 , 2]

 30   30   30   30   30   30   30   30  n
Q.12 The value of  0   10  –  1   11  +  2   12  ........ +  20   30  is, where  r  = nCr.
             
 30   60   31
(A)  10 
30
(B)  15  (C)  30  (D) 10 
       
 ANSWER KEY
AREA UNDER THE CURVE
EXERCISE-I
Q.1 5/6 sq. units Q.2 21/2 sq. units Q.3 23/6 sq. units Q.4 c = – /6 or /3
2 2
Q.5 x0 = 2, A(x0)=8 Q.6 (e2  5)/4 e sq. units Q.7   tan 1 ;   tan 1 4 2
3 3
11   1 3  2 2 3
Q.8 sq. units Q.9 ; Q.10 a = 9 Q.11 Q.12  sq. units
8 2  1 2 3 2
Q.13 (i) m = 1, (ii) m =  ; Amin= 4/3 Q.14 2 Q.15 2 sq. units Q.16 a = 31/4
1  3
Q.17 a= 3/4 Q.18 3 Q 19.  n   sq. units Q 21. 1 – 3e–2
3  2 
5 2

1

1/ 3
Q.22 C =  1 or 8  17 Q.23 (5 + 14) sq. units Q 24. (1 – e–1/2 ) Q.25  
4 2 3
EXERCISE-II
2
Q 1. 4 : 121 Q 2. f (x) = x2 + 1 ; y = ± 2x; A = sq. units Q.3 (5 2)/4 sq. units Q.4 y = 2x/3
3
Q 5. 2  1 Q 6. b = 1/8, Aminimum = 4 3 sq. units
Q 7. f(x) = x sinx, a = 1; A1 = 1 – sin1; A2 =  – 1 – sin1; A3 = (3 – 2) sq. units

Q 8. a = 1 + e2 , b = 1 + e 2 Q.9 1/2 Q.10 a = 8 or

2
5
6  21  Q 11. 2  (/2) sq. units

   
2 8 8 3/ 2 2
Q 12. 104 Q.14 a= Q 15.  = /3 , ratio = 2 : 3 Q 16.  3 2 2  2 22
3 3 3

Q 17. 
 2 3
 . arc sin
1 2
 a sq. units Q 18.
1
3

16 2  20  Q 19. 4a2
 3 2 3

 1 3 3 
Q 20. a = 1/2 gives minima, A   = ; a = 0 gives local maxima A(0) = 1  ;
 2 12 4
a = 1 gives maximum value , A(1) = /4
Q 21.
32
3
4 3
8
3
Q 22. 3  
3  1 sq. units Q 23. (16/9) x2
Q 24. for a = 1, area is greatest, for a = 1/2, area is least Q25. e  3 log 2 sq. units
EXERCISE-III
Q.1 17/27 Q.2 5/6 sq. units Q.3 f(x) = x3  x2 Q.4 7/12
   2
Q.5 (a) B, D (b) 257/192 ; a = 2 ; b =  1 Q.6    sq. units
 2 2
a
a 
Sj b( e b  1) (e  1)
Q.7 9 sq. units Q.8 e b ; S0  for a = –1, b = , S0 = and r = 
S j1 2
a b 2 2  1

 20  1 125
Q.9 B Q.10   4 2  sq. units Q.11 B Q.12 (a) D ; (b) sq. units ; (c) sq. units
 3  3 3
Q.13 (i) A, (ii) D, (iii) A
*************************************
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
EXERCISE–I
2
d 2y  dy dy
Q 1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2 Q 2. xy +x   y =0
dx 2  
d x dx
Q 3. [1 + (y)²] .y  3y(y)² = 0 Q.4 12y (y)² = x[8(y)3  27]
1 1
Q 5. ln2 (sec x + tan x)  ln2 (sec y + tan y) = c Q 6. ln x (1  y)² = c  y²  2y + x²
2 2
Q 7. x 2  1  sec1 x + y2  1 = c Q 8. y = c (1  ay) (x + a)

 xy  1   
Q.9 ln 1  tan  = x + c Q.10 y sin y = x² ln x + c Q.111 m=m0ekt where k =  ln  1  
 2  t0  100 
y x
Q.12 ln tan = c  2 sin Q.13 y = etan(x/2) Q.14 y = (x + 1) . ln (x + 1)  x + 3
4 2

Q.15 x2 + y2 = k2 Q.16 y=
1
k

n c k 2 x 2  1  Q.17
d3 y
dx 3
 6
d2 y
dx 2
 11
dy
dx
 6y = 0
c (x  y)
Q.18 y = x1/n Q.19 x2  y2 + 1  x2  y2 = Q.20 y = 2x or xy = 8
x2  y2
EXERCISE–II
 1 1 x  2y 
Q.1 (a) c(x  y)2/3 (x² + xy + y²)1/6 = exp  tan  where exp x  e (b) y²  x² = c (y² + x²)²
x
 3 x 3 
2
y2  y y2  x 2 n  y  y 2  x 2   c
Q.2
x2
=   x 3 , where same sign has to be taken. Q.4 x² + y²  2x=0

1  a y
Q.5 (x – y)2 (x + 2y) = 1 Q.6 lnx2 + a2  tan1   = c, where a = x + y2 Q.7 xy cos = c
2  x x
2y  1
Q.8 x2 + y2 = cx Q.9 arc tan = ln c x 2  y 2  x  y  1 Q.10 (x + y  2) = c (y  x)3
2x  1 2
y3 4
Q.11 tan 1
x2
+ ln c y  32  x  2 = 0
2
Q.12 x + y +
3
= ce3(x2y)
y  2
2 tan 1
x  3
Q.13 e = c . (y + 2) Q.14 (cos y  sin x  1)2 (cos y + sin x  1)5 = c
EXERCISE–III
Q 1. x cot y = c + tan y Q 2. y = 2 (ex  x  1)
1  1  1 1  x2  1
Q 3. y 1 x 2 = c + ln tan arc tan x Another form is y 1  x 2 = c + ln
2  2  2 x
Q 4. y = c (1  x²) + 1  x 2 Q 5. y = cx2 ± x Q 6. y (x  1) = x2 (x2  x + c)
1  x x
Q 7. xy = c  arc tan x Q 8. y = cx  x2 Q 9.   y tan3 = c + 2 tan  x
3  2 2
Q 10. 4 (x² + 1) y + x3 (1  2 lnx) = cx Q 11. y = cx + x ln tan x Q 12. x = cearctany + arc tan y  1
2
Q 13. y = cx ± a Q.15 cos x – 1 Q 16. y(1 + bx) = b + cx
2x
 2 cos x
Q 17. f (x) = – – Ce– sin x · cos x
(1  sin x ) 2
 1 1 x 
Q 19. x = lny  cx 2   Q 20. ex²/2 = y (c + cosx) Q 21. =  1 + (c + x) cot   
 2 y2  2 4
a 2 7
Q 22. x3 y3 = 3 Sinx + c Q.23 y1 ex = c  x² Q.24 x = cy ± Q 25. 27 minutes
y 9
EXERCISE–IV
Q 1. y² + x ln ax = 0 Q 2. y² = 3x²  6x  x3 + cex + 4 Q 3. x ln y = ex (x  1) + c
x2
Q 4. sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x) Q 5. cx² + 2xey = 1 Q 6. y = cex ; y = c +
2
1
Q 7. y2 = 1 + (x + 1) n
c
x 1
or x + (x + 1) ln
c
x 1
Q 8. y =
x

tan n cx 
2 c
Q 9. ey = c . exp (ex) + ex  1 Q 10. y2 = sin x  2
3 sin x
EXERCISE–V
1
Q.1 y = 2sin x Q.2 y = (2 ex  e + 1) Q.3 f (x) = e2x
3 e
Q.5 (i) y = u(x) + K(u(x) – v(x)) where K is any constant ; (ii)  +  = 1; (iii) constant
 2  4  x2  y
Q.5 xy = c  y  y 2  x 2  Q.6 y = ±  4  x 2  2 n  Q.7 xy + tan1 =c
 x  x
 
1
sin x y 
Q.8   2 Q.9 y2 = 2x + 1  e2x Q.10 f (x) = ex – cos x
2 xy 4  x
x 1  x2
Q.11 (x² + y²)² + 2a² (y²  x²) = c Q.12 y = + ce Q.13 x (x² y² + cos xy) = c
1  x2
ex/a  e x/a
Q.14 x(ey + ln y + 1)=1 Q.15 y² = cx Q.16 x2 y2 (y2  x2) = c Q.17 y = ± a &y=±a
2
1 1 1
Q.18 (i) x2 + 2y2 = c, (ii) siny = ce– x, (iii) y = cx if k = 2 and k  2  k  2  k 2 if k  2
x y c
(iv) x2 – y2 + 2xy = c ; x2 – y2 – 2xy = c
2 y/x
Q.19 x = e2 y/x
; x= e Q.20 T = log4/3 2 hrs from the start
 50  2
Q.21 y = 5t 1   gms ; 91 gms Q.22 y2  a xy  by = c
 50  t  3
Q.23 (k+1)x2 + (k+1)y2 – 2kax – 2kby = c (k1) or (k – 1)x2 + (k – 1)y2 – 2kax – 2kby = c (k1)
both represents a circle. If k = 1, 2nd equation represents a line Q.25 2y + Kx3 = cx
EXERCISE–VI
y 
Q.1 xy sin  Q.3 (i) C, (ii) xy = 1 (x > 0 , y > 0) Q.4 x ey (cosy + siny) = ey siny + C
x 2
Q.5 (a) C, (b) A, C, (c) x2 + y2  2x = 0
 x  2y  2  2 
3 7 x 10 5
Q.6 y = ln ((x + 2y)2 + 4(x + 2y) + 2)  ln   +c Q.8 sec.
2 2  x  2 y  2  2  135 g
Q.9 y = (x – 2tan–1x) (1 + x2) Q.11 (a) T = H/k Q.12 (a) C; (b) y = x2 – 2x, area = 4/3 sq. units

1  1  y2
Q.13 (a) C; (b) A; (c) 1  y 2  ln =±x+c Q.14 B, C
y
*************************************
 BINOMIAL
EXERCISE–I
11C a6 11C a
5
5
Q.1 (i) 5 b5 (ii) 6 b 6 (iii) ab = 1 Q.2 r = 5 or 9 Q.3 (a) (b) T6 =7
12

Q.4
2 mn

1
Q.5 (i) 3n (ii) 1, (iii) an Q.7 x = 0 or 1 Q.8 x = 0 or 2
 2  1 2 mn
n
 
5
Q.9 (a)10150 (Prove that 10150  9950 = 10050 + some +ive qty) Q.10 1 +  11C2k . 2kCk 7k
k1

7.313 17
Q.12 (i) T7 = (ii) 455 x 312 Q.15 Q.16 T8 Q.17 n = 2 or 3 or 4
2 54

n2  n  2
Q.21 (a)
2
Q.22 (a) 84b c + 630ab4c4 + 756a2b2c5 + 84a3c6
6 3 ; (b) 1260 . a2b3c4 ; (c) 12600
5 20 nk
Q.25 nCr (3nr  2nr) Q.26 (a) n = 12 (b) <x< Q.27
8 21 n
Q.28 1 Q.29 202n+1
EXERCISE–II
Q.12 Integrate the expn. of (1 + x)n. Determine the value of constant of integration by putting x = 0.
Integrate the result again between 0 & 2 to get the result.
1
Q.13 Consider [(1+x)n + (1x)n] = C0 + C2x² + C4x4 + ..... Integrate between 0 & 1.
2
Q.14 Multiply both sides by x the expn. (1+x)n. Integrate both sides between 0 & 1.
(1  x) n  1
Q.15 Note that =  C1+ C2x  C3x² +....+ Cn. xn1. Integrate between 1 & 0
x

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 41 Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.6 12C6 Q.7 B
Q.8 – 22100 Q.9 C Q.10 (a) A Q.11 D Q.12 A