Week 5

PROBLEMS FOR
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Week 5 lecture 5
BEN520 FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOENGINEERING II
ASST. PROF Betul Gurunlu
c)
Conservation of Energy (First Part)
Asst. Prof. Betül Gürünlü

After completing this chapter, you should be able to perform the following:
• List and explain the types or forms of energy.
• Explain how heat and work relate to energy.
•Write the algebraic, differential, and integral forms of the conservation of energy equation.
• Appropriately apply the first law of thermodynamics.
• Describe the concepts of enthalpy and heat capacity.
• Calculate changes in enthalpy due to mixing and from temperature, pressure, and phase changes.
• Apply the conservation of total energy equation to open, nonreacting systems.
• Calculate the heat of reaction using heats of formation and heats of combustion data.
• Apply the conservation of total energy equation to open, reacting systems.
• Apply the conservation of total energy equation to dynamic systems.
 Energy accounting and conservation equations are used widely by engineers to
design systems to harness and conserve energy. To track or monitor the energy of
a particular system or process, you often will need to apply energy balance
equations. To fully understand the human body, biomedical equipment,
bioprocessing applications such as biofuels, and many other bioengineering
systems, you need to be facile in manipulating the conservation of energy
equation.
 Energy accounting and conservation equations are prevalent in systems involving
chemical reactions, as well as pressure and temperature changes.
 If we assume an individual basal metabolic rate of 70
kcal/hour and a World population of 6.3 billion, the total
energy requirement of all people on Earth is about 5.1 *
1011 watts. This figure is less than 0.5% of the energ y
provided by photosynthesizing plants. Thus, stored
energ y from plants can meet the metabolic needs of
humans. However, the human population consumes about
1.4 * 1013 watts in daily activities like cooking,
transportation, and lighting and heating homes and
buildings. Photosynthetic organisms do not supply most
of humans’ nonmetabolic energy requirements. Instead,
humans have developed methods of harnessing energy
from other sources.
The following issues associated with bioenergy systems face bioengineers today:
•Source evaluation: Engineers must use analytical methods to evaluate and compare the relative
availability of various renewable energy sources, the economical and political ease with which they
can be exploited for practical uses, their efficiencies, and their impacts on the environment.
Material and energy balances help quantify resource depletion, emissions, and energy
consumption in all steps of the process.
• Design: Processes and equipment must be designed, built, and operated.
•Sustainable development: Biomass and bioenergy technologies can move the United States and
world economy to a more sustainable basis by reducing our dependence on nonrenewable fossil
fuels. Government policies and business practices must reflect long-term commitment to
sustainable development.
•Land use: Land must support and preserve agricultural, forestry, biomass production, biota, and
human populations. Biomass production raises concerng regarding soil erosion control, nutrient
retention, and carbon sequestration. Changing the land use to support increased biomass
production may destroy some species’ native habitat and cause changes in biodiversity.
•Water conservation: Bioenergy technologies may impact watershed stability, ground-water
quality, surface-water runoff and quality, and local water supplies.
•Safety: All aspects of alternative energy production must be engineered to ensure the highest
level of safety. All steps of each process must undergo stringent design and testing. Codes and
standards for equipment and procedures must be outlined and stricty followed.
 An open system allows the Exchange of an extensive property through bulk
material transfer with its surroundings. In an open system, energy is exchanged
through movement of material; an example is the net loss of energy from the body
as air is exhaled from the lungs.
 A closed system allows for the transfer of an extensive property through means
other than bulk material transfer. Heat and work are forms of energy that transit
across the system boundary in the absence of any physical material. Removing
heat by placing a cold pack on a person’s forehead is an example of energy
transfer in a closed system through direct contact. A closed system can also
experience an energy change through indirect contact such as an electromagnetic
field.
 An isolated system is enclosed by a boundary that does not allow the transfer of any
extensive property by any means. Some types of calorimeters mimic isolated
systems.
 All mass possesses energy. Energy is possessed by mass due to its motion, position
in space, and the state at which it exists. The dimension of energy is [L2Mt-2].
Energy is a scalar quantity, meaning it has no direction. Common units of energy
are joule, cal, Btu (British thermal unit), ft . lbf, and kw. hr. The dimension of the rate
of energy is [L2Mt-3]. Common units of rate of energy are watt, cal/s, and Btu/s. The
total energy of a system is the sum of three different forms of energy: potential,
kinetic, and internal.
 The gravitational potential energy (EP) of an object of mass m must be defined
relative to a reference plane. The absolute potential energy is rarely needed or
calculated; more commonly the change in potential energy is used, and the change
is easily incorporated into the conservation of energy equation. To consider the
change in potential energy of a mass between two different positions or heights,
the following equation is used:
where g is the gravitational acceleration constant, h is the height relative to a
reference plane, and 1 and 2 denote the two different positions in space. An example
of gravitational potential energy in the body is blood in the aorta before it flows
down the femoral artery in the leg.
 Gravitational potential energy can also move into and out of a system at a mass flow
rate described by 𝑚ሶ . The change in the rate of gravitational potential energy (𝐸ሶ
p) can be calculated when material crosses the system boundary as:
 The change in electromagnetic potential energy (EE) is given as:
 where q is the net charge, v is the electric potential energy per unit charge, and 1
and 2 denote two different positions in space. The difference in potential energy
per unit charge is commonly called voltage and has the dimension of energy per
charge [L2Mt-3I-1].
 A body or mass possesses kinetic energy as a result of its translational or
rotational motion. In other words, kinetic energy is the energy of motion (in terms
of velocity) and can be seen as the energy an object possesses while in motion.
Translational motion is the movement of the center of mass of a rigid body as a
whole or the movement of a fluid relative to a reference frame (usually the Earth’s
surface). Rotational motion is the rotational movement of a body relative to an axis
or the center of mass of an object.
Problem: Blood travels from the heart to the body’s tissues and organs
through blood vessels that continuously branch off each other and
become smaller in diameter. In the capillaries, the smallest blood
vessels, the exchange of nutrients, and other substances between the
blood and interstitial fluid takes place. Oxygenated blood from the
heart starts in the aorta, which has a diameter of about 2 cm and
through which blood travels at a velocity of 33 cm/s. In contrast, an
average capillary has a diameter of 8 mm, and blood travels through it
at a velocity of about 0.3 mm/s. What is the order of magnitude
difference in the rate of kinetic energy of blood between the aorta and
a capillary? Calculate the rates of kinetic energy for blood in these
vessels in units of W and Btu/s. The density of blood is 1.056 g/cm 3 .
 The total heat, Q, that acts on a system during the time period is defined as:

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PROBLEMS FOR

Asst. Prof. Betül Gürünlü

 The change in electromagnetic potential energy (EE) is given as:

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