GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF PEKING DUCKS SUPPLEMENTED WITH

VARYING LEVELS OF ENZYME AMYLASE

________________________________

A Thesis Outline
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Agriculture Systems and Technology
Pampanga State Agricultural University

_______________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
(Animal Science)

By:

ZARA, JAYSON C.
 INTRODUCTION

Importance of the Study

Poultry is one of the most profitable, rapid growing, vital human agricultural economic

investments that contribute to providing high-quality animal protein, lipids, vitamins, and

minerals (FAO, 2013). Several attempts have been made to increase the return of poultry

investment including intensification, hybridization, and selection. These approaches may lead to

some undesirable consequences such as disease outbreaks, increased stress, fat accumulation, leg

problems, and metabolic disorder.

Pekin ducks are a domesticated duck breed primarily used for meat and egg production. It

was said to have originated and bred from the mallard in China, then later brought to the West in

1873. As of 01 July 2021, the total inventory of duck in the country was estimated at 13.05

million birds. This was an increase of 5.1 percent from the previous year’s same period level of

12.42 million birds. Stocks in backyard farms expanded by 10.2 percent while commercial duck

inventory contracted by -3.7 percent. About 66.3 percent of duck population was raised in

backyard farms while the remaining 33.7 percent was from commercial farms.

In terms of inventory, Central Luzon recorded the highest duck population with 4.62

million birds. This was followed by SOCCSKSARGEN with 1.45 million birds and Western

Visayas with 1.42 million birds. These regions shared 57.4 percent of the country’s total duck

inventory.

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of into sugars. Amylase is present

in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of

digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes,
may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their

starch into sugar. The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse

dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to

glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Specific

amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside hydrolases

and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Generally, this study aims to determine the Growth Performance of Pecking Duck

Supplemented with Varying Levels of Enzyme Amylase.

Specifically, it aims to find out the following:

1. Initial weight

2. Final weight

3. Gain in weight

4. Average daily gain

5. Average feed consumption

6. Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

7. Average water consumption

8. Cost and return analysis

According to Ahmad M.A (2019) they started an overview of the enzyme: Amylase and

its industrial potentials. Amylases are a group of enzymes that are produced by plants, animals,

and microbes. They are one of the most helpful enzymes for enterprises that employ starch in

their manufacturing processes because they can hydrolyze or degrade starch molecules into

polymers containing units of glucose. Food, fermentation, textiles, and medicines are among the

industries that use the enzyme. In general, microbial amylase .The study looked at the various

types of amylase based on hydrolase classification, their sources, mainly microorganisms,

production methods, and the effects of amylase on the body.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2020), they stated the Intestinal starch

and energy digestibility in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with a amylase. The goal of

this study was to assess the intestinal starch and energy digestibility of broiler chickens fed

amylase-supplemented diets. 240 day-0 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of

three nutritionally appropriate experimental diets with three levels of amylase supplementation.

When supplementation of -amylase was increased, the birds' overall body weight growth and

feed efficiency also improved. By supplementing a larger amount of amylase on birds' feed, their

overall tract digestibility of starch will also increase.

According to Cordova-Noboa, H. A. (2020) they stated that Corn drying temperature,

particle size,and amylase supplementation influence growth performance digestive tract

development, and nutrient utilization of broilers.Exogenous amylase supplementation may

total of 1,920 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 96 floor pens and 480 chicks to

four battery brooder units. In a randomized complete block design, data was analyzed using a

three-way ANOVA. Both studies found that feeding fine corn-based diets improved live

performance.

According to Kaczmarek S.K. (2014), they stated: The effect of protease, amylase, and

non starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and growth

performance of broiler chicken fed corn soybeans meal based diets.Amylase and protease

addition had no effect on the growth performance of chickens fed a conventional corn-containing

diet. A control corn-soybean meal-based diet and diets improved with either amylase or amylase

plus protease were used in the study. Chickens fed a diet containing conventionally ground corn

showed higher BW gain and a lower feed conversion ratio. This was further substantiated by a

lower AMEn content.

According to Noziere, N (2014), they stated that Amylase addition increases starch

ruminal digestion in first lactation cows fed high and low starch diets. Amylase reduced the

proportion of acetate and butyrate and increased that of propionate. Other effects were a higher

amylase activity in the solid-associated microbial community and a tendency for lower numbers

of protozoa. In particular, the amylase supplement reduced the proportion of acetate and butyrate

and increased that of propionate, particularly in the high-starch diet, where it tended to increase

the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Rumen and total-tract nutrient

digestibility with 28-d periods using four first-lactation cows cannulated at the rumen and

duodenum.
 According to Stefanello C. (2017), they stated the Effect of energy, amylase, and B

xylanase on growth performance of broiler chickens. From day 1 to 21, and 22 to 40, broilers

were fed starter and finisher diets. The NC diet was supplemented with amylase, xylanase, or

both enzymes combined at the same supplementation levels. Increasing AMEn resulted in a

linear increase in BWG and a linear decrease in FCR. Increasing AMEn resulted in a linear

increase in BWG and a linear decrease in FCR from 1 to 40 d.

According to Yuan J. (2017), they stated the Effect of different amylases on the

utilization of cornstarch in broiler chickens.The study compared the effects of different amylases

on the utilization of cornstarch in broiler chickens fed a corn-based diet. Results indicated that

1,500 U/kg of -amylase improved the digestibility of energy and decreased the feed conversion

rate compared to alpha-1,6 amylase. Different sources and concentrations of isylases had varying

effects on broilers. Supplemental 3,000 U/kg-amylase A and 1,6isoamylase increased the liver's

relative weight. However, 200 U/kg-1,6isoamylase increased glucose transporter 2 (GLUCT2) in

the duodenum.

According to Senthilkumar P.K.(2011) they started the: Amylase Production by Bacillus

sp. Using Cassava as Substrate .Amylases are enzymes that hydrolyze starch molecules to

produce a variety of compounds, such as dextrin and smaller polymers made up of glucose units.

These enzymes are extremely important in modern biotechnology, with uses ranging from food

to fermentation to textiles and paper. Although amylases can come from a variety of places,

including plants, animals, and microorganisms, microbial enzymes are most commonly used in

industry. The bacteria were obtained from soil samples in this research. Bacillus sp. was

identified as the bacteria isolated.

with an aspergillus oryzaea amylase. The present state of knowledge on feeding an Aspergillus

oryzae extract with amylase activity to calf, dairy, and beef cattle diets is discussed in this

review. Supplemental-amylase may influence the ruminal fermentation process by increasing the

availability of starch hydrolysis products in the rumen. Supplemental-amylase did not boost

ruminal starch digestion in experiments using nursing dairy cows, steers, or rumen-simulating

continuous cultures, but it did consistently raise butyrate and diminish propionate molar

proportions in the rumen. Experiments with pure cultures of ruminal bacteria revealed that

additional-amylase aided in the rapid development of bacteria that cannot or grow slowly on

starch, such as animal performance.d.

According to Dilorenzo, N. (2011) they started the : Effects of grain processing and

supplementation with exogenous amylase on nutrient digestibility in feedlot diets. Grain

processing is the most common method for improving ruminal starch digestion. Although

exogenous amylase has been recommended as a strategy to improve total tract starch digestion,

there has been little research on its advantages in feedlot diets. To test the addition of amylase to

feedlot diets, 32 Angus and Angus-crossbred steers were used in a randomized full block design

with replication of treatments within the block

Experimental Animals

A total of ninety (90) heads of 2months Pecking Duck will be mixed sex used in this

study. Enzyme Amylase is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates in animals. The

enzyme is found in greatest quantities in the pancreas, liver, and small intestine. It is filtered by

the glomerulus and resorbed by the renal tubular epithelium.

Experimental Design and treatments

A single-factor experiment in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) is the experimental

design that will be used in the study. The birds will be randomly divided into three (3) treatments

and will be replicated three (3) times with 30 birds per treatment.

The Experimental Treatments will be as follow

T1- Pure water (Control)

T3- 5g of enzyme amylase /L of water

Experimental Layout

T1R2 T3R3 T2R1

T2R3 T1R1 T3R2

T3R1 T2R2 T1R3

Number of treatments = 3

Number of replications= 3

Number of birds/treatment = 30

Total number of birds/replication= 10

Total number of birds= 90

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Experimental Housing/Pens

The housing of duck open and in a quiet, cool place and near as possible to a stream or

pond. Local materials like bamboo, nipa and cogon are cool. Provide each duck with at least 3 to

4 square feet of floor space.

Preparation and Cleaning Pens

Clean and disinfect the poultry house, feeders, and waterers at least two weeks before the

arrival of the ducklings. Use detergent soap and water to clean the house. After that, apply a

commercial disinfectant designed for poultry houses. Prepare the ducklings at least two days

ahead of time. Place at least 4 inches of litter on the dry, cleaned, and disinfected house's floor.

Turn on the heat source to warm up the brooding space, ensuring that the litter and room

temperatures are suitable when the ducklings come.

Most local feed stores carry high-quality commercially produced duck feed. It may be

less expensive to mix the full feed on the farm than to buy it from a commercial supplier for

some large duck operations. To avoid contamination and mold growth, feed must be stored away

from rodents and insects in a clean, dry environment, whether purchased or mixed on the farm.

In a year, a pair of rats can consume or contaminate nearly 100 pounds of grain. To avoid

vitamin loss and mold formation, use the feed within 3 weeks of the manufacturer's date,

preferably sooner in hot, humid weather. Stale or foul-smelling feed indicates deterioration and

may indicate mold contamination. Moldy feed should never be used. Because some molds

produce toxins which could cause serious health problems or poor growth. Ducks are extremely

sensitive to mold toxins. For example, ducks are sensitive to as little as 30 of ppb aflatoxin. Mold

toxins can cause damage to the ducks’ digestive organs, liver, kidneys, muscles, and plumage,

and can also reduce growth and/or reproductive performance.

Grouping and weighing of birds

The initial weight of the experimental birds will be taken using weighing scale and will

be recorded before the start of the study, followed by the distribution of the birds to their

respective pens. Grouping of birds to their respective treatment will be done by random picking.

The final weight of the birds will be taken and recorded at the end of the study.
Provision of drinking water

The birds under treatment 1 will be given pure water. Birds in Treatment 2 will be given

3g of enzyme amylase/L of water and Treatment 3 will be given 5g of enzyme amylase/L of

water.

Data to be Gathered

The following parameters will be gathered:

a. Average Initial Weight – this will be taken by individual weighing on the start of the

supplementation.

b. Average Final Weight – this will be taken by individual weighing of the birds on the last

days of the study.

c. Average Gain in Weight – the initial weight will be subtracted to the final weight to get

the gain in weight of the birds.

Final Weight – Initial Weight = Gain in Weight

dividing the gain in weight to the number of feeding days of the study.

Gain in Weight

ADG = -------------------------

No. of Feeding Days

e. Average Feed Conversion Ratio – to get the FCR, the average feed consumption will be

divided to the gain in weight.

Average Feed Consumption

FCR = ----------------------------------

Gain in Weight

Cost and Return Analysis

All expenses that were incurred were recorded in determining the cost of production.

Gross income, net income, and return on investment were also computed.
Statistical Analysis of Data

The data collected will be analyzed following the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and

treatment differences will be compared by applying the Least Significant Difference (LSD).

LITERATURE CITED

Ahmed A.A. Dietary probiotics as a strategy for improving growth performance, intestinal
efficacy, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of white Pekin ducks fed with different levels of CP
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7936136/#!po=0.454545

Duck Situation Report, April-June 2021 https://psa.gov.ph/content/duck-situation-report-april-

Aderibigbe, 2020, Intestinal starch and energy digestibility in broiler chickens fed diets
supplemented with
α-amylasehttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579120305757
Hernan A. Córdova-Noboa 2020, Corn drying temperature, particle size, and amylase
supplementation influence growth performance, digestive tract development, and nutrient
utilization of broilers

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579120304715

J.M. Tricarico 2008 Dietary supplementation of ruminant diets with an Aspergillus oryzae α-
amylase.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037784010700301X

S.A. Kaczmarek 2014 The effect of protease, amylase, and nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading
enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed
corn-soybean meal-based diets
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579119323491

P. Nozière 2014 Amylase addition increases starch ruminal digestion in first-lactation cows fed
high and low starch diets

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030214001131

C. Stefanello 2017 Effects of energy, α-amylase, and β-xylanase on growth performance of

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377840116303820

Jianmin Yuan 2017 Effect of different amylases on the utilization of cornstarch in broiler
chickens

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579119312830

LianghuaXie 2020 Structure-based design of human pancreatic amylase inhibitors from the
natural anthocyanin database for type 2 diabetes
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/fo/c9fo02885d/unauth

M.A. Ahmad, U. Isah 2019, An overview of the enzyme: Amylase and its industrial potentials
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/bajopas/article/view/194746
N. DiLorenzo 2011,Effects of grain processing and supplementation with exogenous amylase on
nutrient digestibility in feedlot diets
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871141310005664

Taculao P. (2020) Philippine’s Pekin duck authority believes that quality comes from proper care

https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2020/03/19/philippines-pekin-duck-authority-believes-that-
quality-comes-from-proper-care/#:~:text=Pekin%20ducks%20are%20a%20domesticated,duck
%20farm%20in%20the%20country.