Republic of the Philippines

Pampanga State Agricultural University

Magalang, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

Effect Velbet Bean on the growth performance of upgraded goats

SUBMITTED BY

LAZATIN KIER F.

SUBMITTED TO:

MR. RICARDO HERNANDEZ

 INTRODUCTION

Goat production in smallholder production systems is highly dependent on range land resources.
However, rangeland resources vary spatially and temporally, resulting in nutritional bottlenecks
during the dry season (Homann et al, 2007). Feed shortages can be alleviated by using feed
supplements such as cultivated forages and crop residues. However less than 3% of smallholder
farmers grow forages and the available crop residues are of low quality and quantity (Mhere,
Maasdorp and Titterton, 2002; Homann et al, 2007). Limited use of cultivated forages by farmers
is mainly due to unavailability of seed, processing equipment and storage structures as well as
limited knowledge on how to formulate feeds (Homann et al, 2007, Mativavarira et al 2011).
Crop residues, which are derived mainly from cereals, are generally fed untreated and hence are
of low nutritive value to animals. A significant amount of work has been done on forage
production on station and on farm studies and results show that forage legumes and dual purpose
sorghums have potential to improve feed quantity and quality in small holder farming systems
(Mativavarira et al, 2011). Goats require five major classes of nutrients namely, energy, protein,
vitamins, water and minerals. Goats consume a wide variety of grasses, weeds and small
branches of bushes and trees. They can consume leaves, peelings and roots of vegetables, husks
of corn,citrus and banana peeling and other waste plant residues. Goats are ruminants and
aretherefore able to utilise roughage with high fibre content. Rumen microbes produceprotein,
vitamin B and K in the rumen. Goats are fastidious feeders as a result they arethe last animals to
die from drough.

The plant M. pruriens , widely known as “velvet bean,” is a vigorous annual climbing legume
originally from southern China and eastern India, where it was at one time widely cultivated as a
green vegetable crop (Duke, 1981). It is one of the most popular greencrops currently known in
the tropics; velvet beans have great potential as both food and feed as suggested by experiences
worldwide. The velvet bean has been traditionally used as a food source by certain ethnic groups
in a number of countries. It is cultivated in Asia,America, Africa, and the Pacific Islands, where
its pods are used as a vegetable for human consumption, and its young leaves are used as animal
fodder. The plant has long, slender branches; alternate, lanceolate leaves; and white flowers with
a bluish- purple, butterfly-shaped corolla. The pods or legumes are hairy, thick, and leathery;
averaging 4 inches long; are shaped like violin sound holes; and contain four to six seeds. They
are of a rich dark brown color, and thickly covered with stiff hairs. In India, the mature seeds of
Mucuna bean are traditionally consumed by a South Indian hill tribe, the Kanikkars, after
repeated boiling to remove anti-nutritional factors. Most Mucuna spp. exhibit reasonable
tolerance to a number of abiotic stresses, including drought, low soil fertility, and highsoil
acidity, although they are sensitive to frost and grow poorly in cold, wet soils (Duke, 1981). The
genus thrives best under warm, moist conditions, below 1500 m above sea level, and in areas
with plentiful rainfall. Like most legumes, the velvet bean has the potential to fix atmospheric
nitrogen via a symbiotic relationship with soil microorganism.

OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH

This study would like determine the dietary of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves in Goat

Initial weight

Final weight

Gain in weight

Average daily gain in weight

Feed consumption

Feed conversion ratio

Review of Related Literature

Goats are a very important source of livelihoods in the smallholder farming communities of
Zimbabwe. They have been widely used for a long time for meat, milk and manure for household
use. Their importance as a source of income has always been there, but its importance was
limited by the unavailability of markets. Over the past few years, there has been a shift towards
supporting commercialization of goat production. This means that the importance of goats as
income generators is also increasing. However the market requires goats of different grades and
characteristics. The overall quality of goat meat is a function of a number of factors such as the
genetic makeup, health, nutrition and general management. In most of goat farming
communities’ dry season feed shortages are a major issue. This means that farmers are unable to
get good income from their goats during this time. It thus becomes critical to encourage
supplementation to maintain the condition of goats. There are several feeds that can be used
ranging from natural feeds, commercial feeds and home-grown feed mixes (Homann et al, 2007).
Goats are a source of livelihood for the resource-poor smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe
providing meat, milk, manure, and income (Chikwanda 2004). Out of 2.7 million goats found in
Zimbabwe (FAOSTAT 2011), about 95 % are reared in smallholder areas where they largely
rely on natural pastures and crop residues. Availability of the feed is, however, limited due to
seasonal changes which compromise feed quantity and quality (Smith et al. 2005), especially
during the dry season. In this regard, it would be important to supplement goats, especially the
nutritionally vulnerable classes such as doelings and pregnant does to improve their performance
during the dry season. Common conventional supplements used by smallholder farmers include
soya bean meal, sunflower cake, and cotton seed meal (CSM). These protein supplements have
become increasingly expensive or unavailable due to recurrent droughts and unstable economy
(Madzimure et al. 2011). Mucuna pruriens, commonly called velvet bean, is a high-yielding and
drought-tolerant legume that readily grows in the tropics (Mapiye et al. 2007) and is a potential
cheap non-conventional protein supplement for small ruminants (Matenga et al. 2003; Tuleun et
al. 2008). Previous studies with ruminants revealed that inclusion of velvet bean seed meal
(VBM) in livestock diets improved dry matter intake, digestibility, and body weight gain (Pérez-
Hernandez et al. 2003). To our knowledge, there are few if any studies that have evaluated the
potential of VBM as a supplementary feed for goats, particularly for the nutritionally vulnerable
indigenous Mashona young goats (50 % mortality) raised by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe
(Chikwanda 2004). The objective of the study was to compare different levels of velvet bean
seed meal feeding on feed intake and growth in Mashona goats.

The objective of the trial was to determine the impact of supplementation with Mucuna bean
(Mucuna spp.) on milk production of goats during a 28-day period. Experimental goats were in
their third and fourth month of lactation and on average weighed 36.00 ± 5.15 kg. Supplements
offered were ramon (Brosimum alicastrum) or Mucuna bean. Basal diet was chopped Napier
grass. Both forage and supplements were offered ad libitum. Each treatment had five replications
(i.e., animals). The forage and supplement consumption and milk production were recorded on a
daily basis. At the end of the trial, a sample of milk was taken to determine total solids, protein,
fat and lactose. Regressions between supplement consumption and total dry matter intake and
milk production were carried out. At the start of the trial, total dry matter intake was high, but
declined with time in both treatments. Mucuna bean intake was 872 ± 361 g DM a -1 d-1 and
that of ramon foliage was 1144 ± 38 g DM a -1 d-1. Mucuna bean supplementation increased the
total dry matter intake in a linear fashion (DMI = 402 + 1.228X, R2 = 0.72). The
supplementation with ramon foliage also increased the total DM intake, but in a quadratic
fashion (DMI = 64531 - 113.83x - 0.0489X2 , R2 = 0.74). Contents of protein, fat, total solids
and lactose in milk were very similar between the treatments. No signs of detrimental effects
were observed in the animals supplemented with Mucuna bean.

Methodology

Experimental Animals

The most-prized Boer goats are large, stocky animals with a white body and a red head, brown
eyes, lop (downward-hanging) ears, backward-curving horns, and strong, well-placed legs. Adult
males often reach 160 kg (350 pounds), and females can weigh as much as 110 kg (about 250
pounds).

Experimental design

The study use completely randomize design, it minimize biases and other prejudice, by
identifying if the data gathered were significant or not. The treatments that will be used are as
follows: T1=commercial feeds T2 velbet beans ; T3= 50 % of fresh Velbet bean with 50 %
commercial feeds.

Experimental Layout

T1R3 T2R3 T3R3

T2R2 T3R2 T1R2

T2R1 T1R1 T3R1

There are 9 Boer gaot t in total of 3 replication and 3 treatment

Housing

For good drainage, locate your goat house on a slight slope or on sandy soils; ideally, near the
feed source. The goat house should be oriented in such a way that the greatest amount of
sunshine and air enter the house.

Housing specifications

Use indigenous materials available in the locality, such as round Umber, bamboo and cogon or
nipa.

1. Provide at least 15-20 sq. R. of floor space per adult goat. A separate housing is provided for
the buck.

2. Raise the floor at least 3 feet above the ground to facilitate cleaning and removal of manure.

3. Do not nail the floor boards or slats closely; provide slits between the boards so that manure
can fall through them. This will keep the flooring clean and dry.

4. The house should be well-ventilated. The wall around the house can be made of bamboo slats
spaced 44 inches apart.

5. Provide a sack cover on the windside of the house. This can be rolled up when not needed.

Management practices

Feeding

Feeding habits of goat

Goat are small ruminants. They are sensitive animals with distinct feeding habits. They have
actively movable upper lips and efficient prehensile tongue. They can graze on very short
grasses and browse foliages of trees and plants. They spent 5-8 hours on grazing and
browsing for their maintenance requirement. They are swift eaters and like wide variety of feeds.
Goats do not like wet, stale or foul smelling feeds. They waste a lot of feed by trampling. They
relish leguminous fodders like Lucerne, berseem, green arhar, cowpea, methi, and soybean
more than non-leguminous fodders like sorghum, maize, oats, bajra. They relish variety of
shrubs and weeds; and leaves of trees like babul, neem, subabul, ber, tamrind. They
seldom like silage or straw. Rumen is undeveloped at birth but kids start picking up soft
leaves at the age of 2-3 weeks and by 3-4 months of age rumen develops fully. Readily
availability of green shrubs, tree leaves and leguminous fodders may constitute major part in
goat ration. Goat producing good amount of milk or quick growth for more meat requires
additional amount of leguminous fodders and concentrate feeds.
 March 30 2022 - May 31 2022

Task Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

Researching

Topics

Writing
Introductio
n

Gathering

Information

For Related
literature

Finalizing
Paper

Printing
 COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS

A. COMMUNICATION COST

SOURCE OF
Unit (pcs,
Item description/ Unit Total FUNDS
pax, kilo, Quantity
Specification cost Cost PSA External
etc)
U (Name)
Load/ Internet 5 100 500
Php
TOTAL COST FOR COMMUNICATION Researcher
500

B. TRANSPORTATION COST

SOURCE OF
Unit (pcs,
Item description/ Unit Total FUNDS
pax, kilo, Quantity
Specification cost Cost External
etc) PSAU
(Name)
Gasoline for traveling to
4 75 300
market to buy feeds
Php
TOTAL COST FOR TRANSPORTATION Researcher
300
 C. HARDWARE/EQUIPMENT/ OFFICE SUPPLIES AND OTHER MATERIAL
COST

SOURCE OF
Unit (pcs, FUNDS
Item description/ Unit Total
pax, kilo, Quantity
Specification cost Cost External
etc) PSAU
(Name)

Goat pax 9 4 000 36 000

Cage 9 2 000 18 000
Feeds kls 50 34 1 700
Electricity 500 500
Php
TOTAL COST FOR HARDWARE/EQUIPMENT Researcher
56 200

GRAND TOTAL COST (A+B+C):Php

D. GROSS INCOME

Item description/ Unit (pcs, pax, Total Gross

Quantity Unit cost
Specification kilo, etc) Income

Rabbit pax 9 10 000 90 000

TOTAL GROSS INCOME Php 9000

NET INCOME = TOTAL GROSS INCOME - GRAND TOTAL COST

NET INCOME = Php 90 000 - 57 0000

NET INCOME = Php 33 000

Literature Cited

https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2225411016301195?
token=7CE38A4B54293516145CC687C961C8C89005ABB3060BB3E516A648D347ABA4284
BD86E575AAEE89C9D5F23A6E11B874F&originRegion=us-east-
1&originCreation=20220901090035

http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGAP/FRG/
MULBERRY/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
339587356_Feeding_management_of_goat

http://ir.lsu.ac.zw/handle/123456789/224

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=effectiveness
%20feeding%20mulberry%20for
%20goat&oq=&fbclid=IwAR2OsYDw3iMstwj1FVvm03h5H4V4xDKKfEKXGJ
DQI4G1dkvkyDhC_zrVNY#d=gs_qabs&t=1650896024067&u=%23p
%3DFu_U4Bewa3kJ

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/939/93911288008.pdf