Workbook 2

STUDENT WORKBOOK
A message from the President of

YOUNG DRIVERS® of Canada
Congratulations on having chosen the Young Drivers of Canada Driver Training Program. You can expect many benefits from
taking this professional driver training course, including:
• An improvement in your driving techniques resulting in greater safety

• A significantly lower risk of ever being involved in a collision while driving
• Lower vehicle operating costs
• Greater fuel economy
• Lower insurance premiums in the future
• Improved cognitive abilities related to driving
Driving a vehicle can bring a great deal of pleasure and convenience, but at the same time expose you to serious hazards. As
a driver, you have several responsibilities: to yourself, to your family, and to other road users. Young Drivers of Canada, through
more than 145 training centres across Canada, will help you meet these responsibilities, and prepare you for many years of safe
and enjoyable driving. You will gain knowledge in the classroom and practical skills in the vehicle.
To help you learn to drive collision-free, we have prepared this workbook for you. It is designed to serve two purposes:

First: It will serve as your personal text book and note book for all the classroom and in car sessions
throughout the course.
Second: It will introduce you to the Collisionfree!™ Approach, the professional way to drive.
This workbook, together with the notes you make during class, will serve as an excellent reminder of the defensive driving habits
you will learn in this program, and help you to achieve the goal of driving collision-free for the rest of your life.
The CogniFit® assessment and training will improve your reaction time, memory and visual skills.
Your challenge is to use these techniques to avoid every collision.
Peter Christianson, President

Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
Attention Co-Drivers:
As the parent, friend, or spouse of a YD student you are eligible to take our on-line training for Co-Drivers. It can be taken in
small increments of 15 to 20 minutes, section by section or all at once if you prefer.
The YD Co-Driver program explains the risk, some of the YD solutions, and how to stay safe while co-driving with your new driver.
There will be techniques you may not have heard of and some of that will be considered a refresher. The knowledge you gain
will help make the time spent co-driving more effective. At this time in your new driver’s life there is probably nothing more
important.
The code to access the YD Co-Driver program will be provided to your YD student at the beginning of the course.
Thank you for choosing Young Drivers.
Young Drivers of Canada Corporation Copyright © 1981 Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
- revised 1986, through 2019.
951 Rowntree Dairy Road, Suite 100
Woodbridge ON L4L 8Z5 CANADA Printed in Canada. All rights reserved.
905.529.5501 (Voice), 905.851.0018 (Fax)
www.yd.com • [email protected] This book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, in any form,
without the written permission of Young Drivers of Canada Corporation.
® ™ Young Drivers, YD logo and Collisionfree!™ are all registered
trademarks of Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
Index
Administrative 2
Course Evaluation 3-4
Keys to Better Driving 5
• The Driving Environment 5-6
• The Psychology of Learning 7
• CogniFit® Program 8
• The Collisionfree!™ Approach 9
Introduction 9
Habit #1 - Look Well Ahead 10
Habit #2 - Move Your Eyes 14
Habit #3 - Keep Space 18
Habit #4 - Spot the Problems 22
• Highway and Freeway Driving 26
• Vehicle Care 27
• Insurance 28
• Economy Driving 29
• Handling Adverse Conditions 30
• Impairment 31
• Handling Emergencies 32
• At the Scene of a Crash 33
• Risk Perception 34
• Traffic Psychology 35
• Running Commentary 36
• Occupant Restraint Systems 37
• Driver Licensing 38
• Driver Responsibility 39
Classroom Worksheet 40
In-Vehicle Worksheets 41
YD Defensive Driving Evaluation (DCE-4) 47
Appointment Record 48
Performance Evaluation Inside back cover
This workbook is used in all provinces. Not all material is included in every provincial variation of the YD Program.
IMPORTANT: Bring your WORKBOOK to all classroom and in-vehicle sessions.
Ensure your instructor records your progress for each in-vehicle lesson.
(see inside back cover)
1
In-Vehicle Driving Lessons
Administrative Course Completion /Certification
To ensure the Collisionfree!™ Approach is fresh in your mind The YOUNG DRIVERS of Canada program MUST be com-
when you start taking in-vehicle lessons, please call to arrange pleted within one year of the course start date in order to
your first lesson right after your second class (session 2). qualify for a certificate.
How Many Lessons Will You Need? This includes attending all classes and in-vehicle lessons,
In Japan the average student takes 30 lessons. This number passing all class tests, the final in-vehicle evaluations, and
is also true in Britain and most of Europe. YOUNG DRIVERS® completing the CogniFit® assessment to qualify for a
is a comprehensive course containing both classroom and certificate. In some provinces there is also an online e-Learning
in-vehicle sessions. The knowledge you gain in class will help component which must be completed. Upon completion,
to reduce the number of in-vehicle lessons you will need. Provincial Government certificates may also be issued
Everyone learns new skills at their own pace, and that pace according to Provincial Regulations.
varies not only from person to person but from skill to skill. Refunds are not available after 12 months. The YD course fee
Even identical twins learn the same skills at different rates, will be honoured for 12 months from the date of the course
and the length of time it takes to master a skill is not related start. Replacement certificates may be requested within seven
in any way to how proficient the student is at the end of the years of course start date.
learning process. Driving Tests
Please don’t aim to learn in as short a time as possible. Aim Because of our reputation at the testing centres, it is to your
instead to be a confident, safe driver able to handle the advantage to use a YD vehicle for your road test. YD passing
emergencies that are bound to crop up on our crowded roads. rates are higher than the provincial average and examiners
YD Instructors are trained to teach you at the fastest rate at tend to be more relaxed when testing YD graduates. In order to
which you can learn, and we go as far as determining your attempt the governments driver’s test in a vehicle from YD you
individual learning style to help us achieve this. You may be must have completed all the theory, have taken all in-vehicle
auditory, visual or kinesthetic. lessons and be judged by your instructor to be ready and safe
Every year thousands of students elect to take a few extra by passing two driving evaluations: one to measure your ability
lessons in order to protect themselves and their vehicles, and to avoid collisions, the other to measure your ability to pass the
to ensure they pass the driver’s test on the first attempt. It’s driver’s test.
up to you, but remember that we’re here to help you learn to Transfers
drive safely. If you move during your training with YD the original Centre will
Winter Driving be pleased to transfer your records, and any remaining lessons,
If you’re just learning to drive, and the weather is beautiful, to the YD Centre closest to your new home. This initial
then you should plan to pay us a visit when it turns miserable. transfer is free of charge. If you require to be transferred again,
Controlling a vehicle on ice and snow is tricky. A short course an administrative fee will be charged. Please contact the
on braking and skid prevention could save you from a collision transferring YD Centre for details. Not all provinces recognize
and will certainly make winter driving much more enjoyable. training completed in other provinces.
Give your YD Centre a call when the snow is likely to fly (within Administrative Notes
reason of course). If in the opinion of YD Centre management, the weather might
We Need Your Help interfere with the lesson, you will be notified and the lesson will
Most YD graduates appreciate the effort that goes into be rescheduled for a later date. Driving in a little rain or snow
producing the best driver training program in North America. should be good experience for a new driver. Therefore lessons
We know because they write to us at Head Office with their are not generally cancelled because of weather (unless safety is
comments. It’s this kind of feedback that keeps us updating at risk). If you have any reason to feel you have not been given
our course materials and re-training and re-certifying all our good instruction and courteous service please inform your YD
Teachers and Instructors every year. Centre Director immediately. If he or she is unable to resolve
Over eighty percent of our students are referred by satisfied the problem, please contact YD Head Office at the address
YD graduates in over 145 YD Training Centres across inside the front cover.
Canada. Please help us spread the word about Young Drivers
and maybe someday we won’t have to worry so much about
“the other driver”.
Thank you for choosing Young Drivers of Canada
2
Course Evaluation
Your honest evaluation of the YOUNG DRIVERS® program will be invaluable in helping us improve.
Please be as specific as possible, and while we like to know how well we did, we need to know when we could
have done better.
1. How easy was it for you to learn the Collisionfree!™ Approach Habits and Sub-Habits?
Totally baffling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very easy
What could we have done to make it easier?
2. Please rate our classroom facility as a learning environment.

Extremely uncomfortable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very comfortable
How can we improve it?
3. Please rate your overall interest level during the classroom sessions.
Bored to tears 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Totally hooked
How could we have kept you more interested?
4. What was the most interesting thing you learned?
5. How interesting was it?

A major yawn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Blew me away
6. What was the least interesting topic we taught?
7. How interesting was it?

Like watching paint dry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I still found it interesting
How could we make it more interesting?
8. How much of what you expected to learn was covered in the course?
Absolutely nothing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Everything
Anything missing?
9. How useful were our videos?

Made no sense to me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extremely useful
How can we make it more useful?
10. How useful was the CogniFit® Program? □ Check if you have not started the program
How can we make it more useful?
11. How useful was this workbook?

A waste of paper 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extremely useful
How can we improve it?
3
12. How useful were the visual aids on Blu-ray?
How can we improve them?
13. What is your classroom teacher’s name?
14. How do you rate his/her performance?

Worst teacher I’ve ever had 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Best teacher I’ve ever had
What could he/she improve?
15. Overall, how punctual was he/she (starting and ending on time, length of breaks, etc)?
Never on time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Always on time
If you have not yet started your in-vehicle training, please skip to question 20. (You will have other opportunities to evaluate
the in-vehicle portion of the training). If you have started in-vehicle, please be assured that your in-vehicle instructor will not
see any of your comments until after you have completed your training.
16. What is your in-vehicle instructor’s name?
17. Please rate his/her ability as an instructor.

Awful/dreadful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Awesome/delightful
What could he/she improve?
18. Please rate your satisfaction with his/her vehicle.

Total lemon/old clunker 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Just perfect
How could the vehicle have been better?
19. How practical is the Collisionfree!™ Approach (how much of it will you use when you drive alone)?
Impractical/none 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very practical/all
Which parts will you not use?
20. Is there anything else you’d like to tell us?
Your Name: Course No: Date:
Signature: YD Centre:
This evaluation is usually collected by the classroom Teacher Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
at the end of the final classroom session. If you prefer you may
send it directly to: 951 Rowntree Dairy Road, Suite 100
Woodbridge ON L4L 8Z5 CANADA
905.529.5501 (Voice), 905.851.0018 (Fax)
www.yd.com • [email protected]
4
Keys to Better Driving
The Driving Environment
Learning to drive is like the first day at a new job or the first Knowledge of these problems, and strategies for dealing with
day at a new school. The surroundings are strange and them, will provide you with the confidence you need to drive
unfamiliar. There are rules and regulations; signs, signals downtown safely.
and pavement markings; and conventions of behaviour
Assume always that driving in city traffic will be more time
everyone else seems to understand but which can confuse
consuming than other trips of the same distance. Allow
and overwhelm the novice.
yourself more time so you won’t be tempted to take chances
At the end of this segment you will know what to do in because you’re late for an appointment.
response to common traffic signs; how to behave at inter-
Assume also that it will take you twice as long as you
sections; how to interpret pavement markings; and you
estimated to find a place to park, and the parking space will
will know the basic rules of the road that apply in your
be twice as far from your destination as you expected.
jurisdiction
If there is any aspect of city driving that confuses you, signs or
A major fear, for many new drivers, is driving downtown. City
regulations you don’t understand, or specific local situations
streets with endless signs and signals, heavy vehicular and
you’d like explained, ask your Classroom Teacher. If we
pedestrian traffic, multiple-lanes, bicycle couriers, buses,
don’t have an immediate answer, we will investigate, and get
taxis and parked cars, together with store-front advertising
you an answer as soon as possible.
and glittering neon can seem very confusing.
Colours: Colours: Colours:

Means: Means: Means:
Response: Response: Response:




5
The Driving Environment (Continued)
6
The Psychology of Learning
Although we all learn at our own pace (even identical twins Almost every skill you learn becomes the foundation for
will learn the same skill at a different rate), everyone goes another skill that comes later, so we have to be sure each
through the same four stages while learning. foundation is solid before we begin to build on it.
When we start to learn a new skill, it takes a long time before At the end of every in-vehicle session, we evaluate and score
we can see or feel any progress. It’s like building a house; everything you’ve done. This lets you see how well you’re
the foundation has to be perfect, and that takes time, so for moving through the four learning stages for every skill you
a while there’s not much to see. But once we begin building need to master.
on that foundation the work goes faster and the results are
immediately apparent. This detailed feedback is important to anyone who is helping
you learn to drive. It tells them exactly what to work on during
Because all the in-vehicle lessons are private - just you and your practice time.
the instructor - we can tailor the way we teach to match the
way you prefer to learn, which saves you a lot of time and
eliminates all frustration.
7
See, react, avoid, escape...
quicker, clearer, sharper, safer!
The training on your computer will help you accomplish more in-vehicle, in less time!
Help is here! Now you can train your brain between your The training that follows the assessment puts you on your way
in-vehicle training sessions. How can spending time on a to being a safer, more confident driver, who has an extra edge
computer help you with driving? when going for a test.
Research has shown that by training mental skills it is
possible to significantly improve the following areas: judging
distance and speed, concentration, memory, avoiding
distractions and reacting more quickly to hazards.
When you have completed the CogniFit training program you

can take a second assessment to confirm your improvements.
Your brain is a work in progress.
It all starts with an assessment of your current abilities.

The assessment allows your instructor to develop your own
personalized training program.
Imagine what a 30 percent improvement in visual memory

would do for your marks at school or work performance.
Imagine what improved eye-hand co-ordination would do for
your performance in sports.
Take the assessment as soon as possible. Not only can Imagine having a faster reaction time when avoiding a
your instructor begin creating your personalized training problem you have just seen on the road.
program in-vehicle, you also begin improving those vital Test your brain and find out!
cognitive skills.
8
Collisionfree!™ Approach
Introduction
Our streets and highways are in use twenty-four impending danger, and how to plan your moves to
hours a day. The volume of traffic can sometimes avoid hazards. You will also learn how to position your
be overwhelming and the presence of many other vehicle in traffic so you always have an escape route
vehicles increases the risk of a collision. available.
Once you have learned to handle the vehicle, to The Collisionfree!™ Approach will ensure that you are
operate the controls and to maneuver smoothly, the capable of driving for many years without a collision.
task of “learning to drive” has only just begun. You will seldom be startled by the actions of another
By using the Collisionfree!™ Approach you will learn road user and you will rarely have to brake hard to
where to look, how to recognize the warning signs of avoid a crash.
Concepts
The Collisionfree!™ Approach is built upon four All other drivers need space too, and we must time
underlying concepts: our maneuvers in traffic to avoid taking away another
driver’s space forcing them to brake or take evasive
As drivers we need effective seeing habits. The action. We must drive co-operatively with others
Collisionfree!™ Approach provides simple techniques by leaving them space to see, space to escape and
which help us to use our vision to its greatest effect space to merge or turn.
and allows us time to process what we see.
Finally, in the Collisionfree!™ Approach we strive to
As drivers we need space in front, behind and, drive proactively. That is, we attempt to predict the
wherever possible, on both sides. The space allows actions of other road users and then act before they
us to see effectively and provides us with an escape do to avoid conflict. Ninety-five percent of the
route in case of trouble. Collisionfree!™ Approach is proactive.
Habits and Sub-Habits

To make the Collisionfree!™ Approach easier to learn Habits are behaviours that have been repeated so often
and use, the Habits and Sub-Habits are presented in that they are now done without any conscious thought.
the order they will be needed when driving.
The Habits and Sub-Habits which make up the
The Collisionfree!™ Approach alone can’t save lives Collisionfree!™ Approach all work together to advance
unless you use it all of the time you drive. The only the four concepts. As you examine each Habit and
way this can be accomplished is if all of the techniques Sub-Habit in detail, look for the ways these four
described on pages 10 through 24 become habits. concepts are supported.
9
HABIT #1 - Look Well Ahead
Plan your route before starting off: this involves

choosing the safest route and making the correct lane
choices well in advance.
Circle Check before entering your vehicle.
Minimum Eye Lead Time of 12 - 15

seconds in the city, 20 - 30 seconds on the highway or
freeway, and before putting your vehicle in motion,
in any direction.
10
Notes
11
Maintain flow up to the speed limit - safe following

distance. Preserve other drivers’ following distances.
1. Maintain a minimum following distance of 2, 3 or 4
seconds, depending on the situation.
2. “Maintain Flow” must be within reason and with
consideration for the weather.
Respond to anticipated problems ahead by

moving to the lane of least resistance or risk, by
adjusting speed or by covering the brake and /or horn.
1. The Lane of Least Resistance or Risk is whichever
lane offers you the best view ahead, the best flow of
traffic and the least risk.
2. Covering the brake involves releasing the accelerator

and resting your right foot on the brake pedal gently.
[This warns the drivers behind and reduces the time
needed to stop.]
3. Covering the horn involves moving one hand to the
horn control and touching it. [It will take less time to
communicate with the horn covered.]
4. Change lanes early for bicycles.
5. Co-operate with other road users by anticipating their
needs, adjusting speed and providing the space they
will need.
6. When you see traffic slowing well ahead, slow early
to allow traffic to keep moving slowly and to avoid
fuel wasting stops.
12
Notes
13
HABIT #2 - Move Your Eyes
Move your eyes every two seconds. Quickly glance

around the vehicle and at the instruments. Don’t stare at
problems. Avoid distractions.
Check Mirror and / or side mirrors every 5 - 8

seconds. Also check before slowing, before and after
turning, and while stopped.
Scan inside parked vehicles. Look for occupants

who could open a door or put the vehicle in motion.
14
Notes
15
Ground View to detect movement of vehicles

or to look for feet.
1. Ground View the front wheel as you approach a parked
vehicle with a driver behind the steering wheel.
2. Ground View as you approach any vehicle you cannot
see through. Look for the feet of a pedestrian about
to walk in front of you or for the wheels of a bicycle.
3. Ground View as you approach and pass any moving
vehicle, when other vehicles pass you and when
oncoming vehicles approach. Glance repeatedly at
the distance between the other vehicle’s front wheel
and the lane marking.
4. Ground View when vehicles approach on a side road.

Glance repeatedly to compare the movement of the
vehicle passing buildings, fenceposts or trees in the
background.
Left, Centre, Right scan on approach

and before entering an intersection from a stopped
position, even if second, third or fourth in line.
16
Notes
17
HABIT #3 - Keep Space
Lights On at all times to protect your space,

both in front and behind.
1. Manually turn on the low beam headlights to make
it easier for other road users to see your vehicle.
Studies have shown that this can reduce your chance
of a collision by 20%. [Although vehicles sold in some
countries are equipped with automatic Daytime
Running Lights, these are usually far dimmer than
low beam headlights and often do not activate rear
lights.]
2. After dark, use high beam headlights whenever

practical to avoid over-driving your headlights and to
protect your space by helping other road users see
you sooner.
Stagger your vehicle in moving traffic. Establish

and maintain space beside your car to allow you an
escape route on or off the road.
1. Always drive next to open space.

2. An open lane on both sides is ideal, but never
less than an open lane on one side.
3. If another vehicle takes away your open space, adjust

your speed or change lanes as soon as possible
to regain it.
Clear Blind Spots Cover the horn, ground

view and get out of a blind spot within three seconds.
Keep your own blind spots clear.
18
Notes
19
Communicate with other road users with all the

means at your disposal, especially the horn.
Ensure a response to minimize problems.
Look for “after you” situations to keep traffic moving and

to encourage a co-operative driving culture. Leaving
space in front invites others to change lanes and make
their turn safely.
Control traffic behind to avoid rear crashes.

1. When approaching any routine stop, check the
rear-view mirror and brake early to control the
traffic behind.
2. If there is no traffic behind, wait 3 - 4 vehicle lengths
back from the vehicle in front or from the crosswalk.
3. Monitor the rear-view mirror and glance ahead every
two seconds.
4. Plan your escape. Be ready to move up or swerve
into open space if the vehicle behind cannot stop
and is about to hit you.
5. Creep forward as a vehicle approaches to make it

easier to escape.
6. As one or two vehicles are slowing down behind you,
creep forward to two vehicle lengths back. With
three or more vehicles safely stopping, creep up to a
minimum of one vehicle length.
20
Notes
21
HABIT #4 - Spot the Problems
Spot and solve the problems 360° around your

vehicle, while moving and before starting off. Predict
the outcome if other road users (motor vehicles,
motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians) start to move
or continue along their present course. Solve the
problems caused by road conditions, large animals
and trains, and predict how other road users will solve
their own problems. Think like a driver.
1. Approaching a turn very slowly, or if stopped before

turning, check your blind spot for an overtaking
bicycle, vehicle or pedestrian.
Avoid backing to spot problems more easily. Where

backing is unavoidable, back in rather than out.
1. The blind area to the rear of cars and trucks is
usually much larger than the one to the front
making it more difficult to spot problems while
driving backward. For this reason, avoid
unnecessary backing.
2. If backing cannot be avoided (a dead end driveway,
for example) always back in. [Backing in is far safer
than backing out. It is possible to see into the space
before entering it and there is no cross traffic in a
driveway.]
22
Notes
23
Use the Point of No Return at all “stale” green lights.

Check your mirror first. The exact point depends on: the
traffic following you, your speed and the road surface.
1. The Point of No Return is the point beyond which you can
no longer stop safely if the green light changes.
2. As you first approach a “stale” green light, your deci-
sion is always to stop should the light change, until you
reach the point where stopping safely becomes
impossible. Only when you pass this “Point of No
Return” does your decision change from “Stop” to
“Go”. If the light changes before you reach the
Point of No Return, YOU MUST STOP.
3. If you reach the Point of No Return before the light
changes you have passed the point from which a
SAFE stop is possible. You should not attempt to stop
if it changes.
4. The Point of No Return is a judgement call based on
your speed, the road conditions and the traffic behind.
Position your vehicle when waiting to allow yourself

and other road users to spot problems.
1. When waiting to make a turn, wait with your wheels
straight.
2. Use the “S” Approach when waiting to make a left
turn at a large, offset intersection. This will keep your
wheels straight and help you and others spot
problems more easily.
3. When slowing or stopping in traffic keep to the
appropriate side of the lane. This will allow you to
see problems from behind in one of your side mirrors,
and to allow drivers behind to see potential problems
ahead.
4. Enter intersections only when there is room to exit.
React to emergencies by “Mirror - Stop” or

“Honk - Move” immediately into available space.
1. Do not jeopardize human life to avoid a small animal.
24
Notes
25
Highway and Freeway Driving
Freeway and fuel. How will you apply the Sub-Habits differently in
Safe driving on the freeway starts before you enter the this high speed, multi-lane environment?
roadway. It starts before you leave your driveway.
Prolonged driving at high speed requires a vehicle that Highway
is in good condition. Check it out before starting the trip Almost as fast as the freeway, but with oncoming traffic,
and pay particular attention to the tire pressure and the intersections, pedestrians, slow-moving vehicles and
spare tire. railway crosssings. Driving on a highway is actually more
challenging, and potentially more dangerous than the
Plan your route. Look at the map. Check the distances, freeway. How will you adapt?
the exits and entrances, and the availability of services
Freeway Advantages Freeway Disadvantages
26
Keys to Better Driving Vehicle Care
For many Canadians, their vehicle is their second For example, if the tires are worn or poorly inflated it will
biggest purchase, after their house. A properly be very difficult to brake hard, accelerate hard or swerve.
maintained vehicle will last longer, retain its value
longer and perform better. Performing a regular routine inspection is an excellent
way to prevent problems. Fluid levels are particularly
The responses and reactions within the important since, from behind the wheel, a loss of fluid is
Collisionfree!™ Approach will only work if the often undetectable and is potentially very dangerous.
vehicle is in good mechanical condition.
Vehicle Care Check List

Fluids Mechanical Electrical General
Engine Oil Drive Belts Headlights Bodywork
Transmission Fluid Spark Plug Leads Turn Signals Leaks / Stains on Ground
Brake Fluid Hoses and Clamps Rear Lights Windshield / Other glass
Coolant Air and Fuel Filters Brake Lights Upholstery / Carpet
Power Steering Fluid Tire Pressure (+ spare) Reverse Lights Trim (Vinyl, Wood, Leather)
Windshield Washer Fluid Tire Wear Hazard Lights Hinges (Doors, Trunk, Hood)
Steering Free Play Dashboard Warning Lights Locks (Doors, Trunk, Fuel Door)
Shock Absorbers Horn Hood Release
Battery Terminals
Colour: Colour: Colour:

Indicates: Indicates: Indicates:




27
Keys to Better Driving Insurance
Operating a motor vehicle without adequate insurance supplementary insurance for collision, fire, theft and
is foolish. Driving with no insurance at all is an vandalism from an independent insurance company.)
invitation to financial disaster, and could lead to a
lifetime loss of driving privileges if you are involved in a Shop around. Get competitive quotes. Ask friends and
collision. colleagues about their experience with their insurance
company and their broker or agent, then choose the one
In most jurisdictions, if a routine check shows you are that is best for you.
driving without insurance, you will be subject to a very
large fine. In most jurisdictions the owner of the vehicle is
responsible for arranging insurance coverage, but the
There is a minimum coverage required by law in every driver can be held responsible for driving an uninsured
province and territory. The amount varies slightly from vehicle. Always check that a current insurance liability
place to place, but one thing is always true: the slip is in any vehicle you drive. (In most jurisdictions it
statutory minimum coverage is always less than you is a legal requirement that a copy of the current liability
really need. certificate is carried in the vehicle at all times.)
If you live in a province which allows you choice, choose

the company from whom you buy insurance as you
would any other product. (Even when liability insurance
is operated by the province it is usually possible to buy
28
Economy Driving
If you habitually use the Collisionfree!™ Approach you will tachometer, use it to help you decide when to shift. With
automatically be driving economically. You will save an automatic transmission, you can fool it into shifting to
fuel and wear-and-tear on your brakes and tires by a higher gear by easing off the accelerator slightly.
driving proactively.
In either case, accelerate quickly and smoothly to
But even a defensive driver will sometimes “stomp” on cruising speed. Although it seems to contradict common
the accelerator to execute a fast start. In normal driving sense, prolonged, gentle acceleration actually increases
situations this is a tremendous waste of fuel. fuel consumption.
If it is necessary to accelerate - to pass, or to enter the
freeway - squeeze, don’t stomp, the accelerator pedal. If you are idling, turn off the engine if you have to wait for
more than ten seconds, unless you are at risk of
With a standard transmission, move through the gears collision.
quickly, without “lugging” the engine. If the vehicle has a
Which of the Sub-Habits will contribute the most to fuel conservation?
Take a few minutes to answer the quiz. If you are not sure whether something is TRUE or FALSE, take your best
guess. We’ll talk about the answers later.
TRUE or FALSE
□ □ 1. The average light-duty vehicle produces roughly 3 times its weight in CO2 every year.
□ □ 2. In general, vehicles consume more fuel in summer than in winter.
□ □ 3. Using air conditioning in hot weather decreases your vehicle’s fuel efficiency.
□ □ 4. The faster you drive, the less time you spend on the road which helps reduce harmful emissions.
□ □ 5. Using cruise control on dry, flat wide-open highways helps improve fuel efficiency.
□ □ 6. Idling your engine for more than 10 seconds wastes fuel.
□ □ 7. In winter, you should let your vehicle engine idle for 5 minutes to warm it up before driving.
□ □ 8. Using a block heater to warm your engine in cold weather uses up too much electricity to be worthwhile.
□ □ 9. You should check your tires with a pressure gauge once a month to make sure they’re properly inflated.
□ □ 10. Safe driving is fuel-efficient driving.
29
Handling Adverse Conditions
“Ideal”driving conditions exist when you are driving Darkness is another major issue. We see much less
in daylight, on a dry, straight, level, smooth road at night and even though headlights have become
with light traffic. You have unrestricted visibility increasingly effective, they do not fully compensate for
and excellent traction. In other words, most of the lack of daylight.
the time, we drive in conditions that are “adverse”
to some degree. Driving on a gravel road - or any other loose surface - is
just as difficult as driving on snow. Some gravel roads
The weather is certainly a factor, especially in winter. become worn into a washboard-like surface which
Rain and snow reduce traction and can affect visibility. may cause your wheels to “skip” and your vehicle may
Ice becomes a problem when the temperature drops dance sideways. On a gravel road, reduce speed and
below freezing. drive smoothly, just as you would on ice or snow.
30
Keys to Better Driving Impairment
According to a standard dictionary: to impair - to In jurisdictions with forms of “Graduated” or restricted
make worse by lessening strength, value, quantity or licensing, a BAC of zero is usually required.
quality; to damage.
Alcohol is a depressant drug and its action is very similar
According to federal law in Canada: It is an offence to that of the barbiturates, a group of drugs used to induce
to operate, or have control of, a motorized vehicle, sleep. Alcohol often appears to be a stimulant, since
vessel or aircraft, while impaired. people who drink alcohol sometimes become boisterous
and outgoing. This is because alcohol has depressed their
Most jurisdictions have laws that specify the inhibitions and their behaviour is less tightly controlled.
concentration of alcohol in a person’s blood that
constitutes impairment. In Canada driving with a A great deal of public attention has been centred on
Blood Alcohol Concentration [BAC] of 80 milligrams of impairment due to alcohol. However, it would be
alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood (0.08%) constitutes misleading, and irresponsible, to focus on alcohol
legal impairment. Some provinces and territories use exclusively. There are many other ways that one’s ability to
a lower BAC (typically 0.05% to 0.06%) as a threshold drive can be made worse, lessened in strength, quantity or
for imposing immediate roadside “administrative” quality, or damaged.
suspensions.
The number of fatally injured drivers in Canada found with tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly referred to as THC,
in their blood reached the 20% level in recent years. THC is the main psychoactive component in marijuana. In
2018, at the same time the federal government legalized the simple possession of marijuana for those 19 and
over, it passed legislation that toughened the law against marijuana -impaired driving. It passed regulations at
two levels, specifically prohibiting driving with just 2 and 5 nanograms (a nanogram is one billionth of a gram)
of THC is a driver’s blood. Any consumption of marijuana will cause a person’s THC level to surpass these levels
and take up to 6 hours to dissipate. Penalties are severe and, in most cases, will include a one year suspension
of a driver’s licence.
Most provincial governments went further, adopting actual zero tolerance regulations for drivers in the graduated
licencing process and for all drivers aged 21 and over.
31
Handling Emergencies
Into every life a little rain must fall - and into every some driving emergencies - steering failure and tire
driving career a heart-thumping emergency will blow outs are good examples - but many others can
eventually appear. It isn’t a question of if something easily be simulated, and practiced safely.
will go wrong while your driving. It’s more a question
of when will it go wrong? Knowing what to do - and By the end of this session you’ll have a list of the
if possible, rehearsing it in advance - can make the steps you’ll need to take in eight of the most common
difference between a nasty scare and a fatal crash. emergencies. If you can think of emergencies that
aren’t covered below, ask your classroom Teacher to
It isn’t always practical to rehearse the responses to suggest ways in which you might deal with them.
Brakes Fai l Headlights Fai l

How you will know: How you will know:
Steering Fails Hood Flies Open

How you will know: How you will know:
Tires Blow Out

How you will know: Engine Stalls
How you will know:
Accelerator Sticks
How you will know:
Bee/Bird/Bat Attack
How you will know:
Emergency Vehicles
How you will know:
Solution:
32
At the Scene of a Crash
As a YD trained driver it is unlikely that you will be involved It is also better to respond to inquiries about your
in a collision, which puts you in an excellent position to possible injuries by saying “Right now I can’t say if I’m
assist someone else. If you are involved it is hurt or not. If I start to feel any ill-effects later I’ll go
imperative that you stop and remain at the scene of the to my family doctor”.
crash. Failure to stop is the equivalent to “hit and run” in
most jurisdictions and is a very serious offence. Since you will probably have to report this collision
to your insurance company, you should make a few
You, and others, may be quite emotional at the time of the notes for yourself and include a sketch.
collision. This heightened emotional state can
sometimes mask the pain and discomfort from an injury.
It is best not to make any statements, nor any admissions
of responsibility, unless you are requested to make a
statement by the local police.
2.
What to do:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3. 4.
33
Risk Perception
Drivers must deal with risks each time they drive. risk scenarios in this topic to help you understand risk
Learning how to avoid risks will take time, but having perception and avoidance. Take the time to identify the
a basic understanding of risk perception will help to risks and then decide which Sub-Habits will reduce the
speed up the process. We’ll take a look at a variety of risks and allow you to drive collision-free!
34
Traffic Psychology
By necessity a vehicle’s engine is so powerful that its A person’s tendency to display childlike behaviour can
use is restricted to adults. But some people are quickly come to the surface when he or she gets behind
overcome by the power they control from behind the the wheel of a vehicle. In the wrong hands that vehicle
wheel, and they sometimes behave like a child with a can become a lethal weapon, because of the powerful
new toy. emotions it helps unleash.
Some use their vehicle to express anger or hostility. There is a time and a place for everything. The place for
They take corners too fast, squeal their tires pulling high speed, competitive driving, is the race track, not
away from green lights and make erratic lane changes public roads. If you are interested in competitive driving,
- just like a child who desperately wants attention. contact a local motor sport club. They’re bound to have
members with interests similar to yours who’ll help you
While this type of behaviour might be considered get started in this challenging and exacting field.
normal from children in a playground, it is completely
inappropriate from adults on a public road.
Personal Psychological Inventory

1. 2. 3. 4.
E G C
C E A
G B F
A C E D
D F G A
B D B B
F A D C
35
Running Commentary
For many new drivers, the need for constant learn how to “think out loud”, which will also allow you to
decision-making means that our brain has to process hear your thoughts. This process will help improve your
information very quickly on a regular basis. If you ability to make driver decisions and may also help your
can learn to do this at an early stage, your driving can co-driver understand what you’ve seen as a driver and
improve greatly. Running Commentary allows drivers to how you’re responding to it.
think more like a driver. When you’re driving, you will
36
Occupant Restraint Systems
The manufacturer of every vehicle sold in Canada Seat belts act as a brake for the wearer. If the
is required by law to provide a seat belt for every forward motion of your vehicle is stopped by a collision,
passener space and seat belt use is mandatory in your forward motion within the vehicle must also be
all jurisdictions. Virtually all new vehicles are also stopped. A properly adjusted shoulder harness does
equipped with a “Supplementary Restraint System” this quite well. Without a seat belt your forward motion
(air bags). within the vehicle would be stopped by the steering
wheel, the dashboard, or the windshield and you would
Many studies have been made by several different be left unconscious. You would be helpless, and if the
researchers. Statistics have been gathered both vehicle was under water, or on fire, you would die.
from real collisions and from tests. All the statistics
support only one conclusion: in the vast majority of Air bags supplement protection given by seat belts.
cases seat belts and air bags, when used together, The sudden and forceful deployment of an air bag can
reduce injuries and save lives. (The National Highway cause injuries to children and to adults who are sitting
Transportation Safety Administration and the too close. Children under twelve should not be in a
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety - both in the seat with an air bag and adults should sit as far back
U.S.A - report that air bags improve the odds of as practical.
survival for a driver wearing a seat belt by 51%)
37
Driver Licensing
Each province and territory has its own specific licensing to break the laws. Please take the time to learn how the
process. Once we learn how our local system works, it’s licensing laws work in your region and review these laws
important to continue to abide by these laws. As our regularily.
law enforcers say, “ignorance of the law is no excuse”.
38
Driver Responsibility
The responsibility of driving a vehicle is a big step for play a huge role here, so take the time to think things
most people. As the driver, you have to take in a lot of through before taking the family vehicle out for a drive.
information all at the same time, so keeping a clear This topic will help you realize what responsibility really
mind will help you to do so. Reducing distractions will means to you.
39
Classroom Worksheet
Collisionfree!™ Approach - Intermediate Level
40
In-Vehicle Worksheet
41
42
43
(with curb)
(with curb)
(without curb)
44
45
46
Driver Competency Evaluation (DCE-4)
up to the limit
R.
47
Appointment Record
CogniFit® Assessment: 1st 2nd Scheduling Telephone:
Office Contact:
Instructor: Email:
Road Test Date: Time: Learning Style:
Instructor’s Final Comments:
Score Divided Estimation Hand-Eye Focus Inhibition Obedience Response Risk Shifting Visual Visual Short- Width of Field
Attention Coordination Attention to Rules Time Avoidance Scanning Term Memory of View
YD’s 10-Point Evaluation Scale:
1. The skill was taught (introduced). 7. The skill was performed with minimal verbal help and/or three or less errors
2. The skill was re-taught. in accuracy or smoothness.
3. The skill was performed with constant verbal and/or constant physical help. 8. The skill was performed without any help but with two errors.
4. The skill was performed with constant verbal and/or minimum physical help. 9. The skill was performed without any help but with a single error.
5. The skill was performed with only moderate verbal but no physical help. 10. The skill was performed flawlessly without any help.
6. The skill was performed with only moderate verbal help and/or with four or “Constant” means more than half the time.
less errors in accuracy or smoothness. “Moderate” means between one third and half the time.
48 “Minimal” means virtually none.
Performance Evaluation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 Demonstrations
2 Pre-driving Exercises
3 Circle Check
4 Lights On
5 Smooth Hands and Feet
6 Curb Judgement
7A Right Turns
7B Left Turns
8 Plan
9 Minimum Eye Lead Time
10 Maintain
11 Respond
12 Lane Changes
13 Move
14 Mirrors
15 Scan
16 Ground View
17 Left, Centre, Right
18 React Exercise
19 Steering Exercises 2
20 Stall Parking
21 Three Point Turn
22 Park On a Hill
23 Parallel Parking
24 Stagger
25 Clear Blind Spots
26 Communicate
27 Control
28 Spot
29 Avoid
30 Point
31 Position
32 Intersections - Right of Way
33 Right Turn at Lights
34 Left Turn at Large*
35 Left Turn at Lights - Small
36 One-Way Streets*
37 Complex Traffic Lights*
38 Running Commentary
39 Heavy Traffic
40 Freeway Entrance
41 Freeway Driving
42 Freeway Exit
43 Highway - Oncoming Traffic
44 Highway - Passing
45 Emergency Braking
46 Gravel Shoulder Recovery
47 Head-on Avoidance
48 Gravel/Slippery Surfaces*
Evasive Maneuvers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
49 Re-start Stalled Engine
50 Brake Failure
51 Rear Crash Avoidance
52 Avoidance Swerve
53 Emergency Braking
54 Brake and Avoid
55 Night Driving†
56 Collisonfree! TM Evaluation
57 Final Driving Evaluation
Standard Shift Only 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
rs S1 Clutch
S2 Gearshift
S3 Starts/Quick Starts
S4 Shifting Up and Down
S5 Starting on a Hill
*Where available †Optional except in New Brunswick ©1998 through 2018 Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
49
Prepare for the road ahead.

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STUDENT WORKBOOK

A message from the President of

• An improvement in your driving techniques resulting in greater safety

Your challenge is to use these techniques to avoid every collision.

Peter Christianson, President

Thank you for choosing Young Drivers.

2. Please rate our classroom facility as a learning environment.

4. What was the most interesting thing you learned?

5. How interesting was it?

6. What was the least interesting topic we taught?

7. How interesting was it?

9. How useful were our videos?

11. How useful was this workbook?

13. What is your classroom teacher’s name?

14. How do you rate his/her performance?

16. What is your in-vehicle instructor’s name?

17. Please rate his/her ability as an instructor.

18. Please rate your satisfaction with his/her vehicle.

20. Is there anything else you’d like to tell us?

Your Name: Course No: Date:

Colours: Colours: Colours:

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Colours: Colours: Colours:

Colours: Colours: Colours:

When you have completed the CogniFit training program you

It all starts with an assessment of your current abilities.

Imagine what a 30 percent improvement in visual memory

Habits and Sub-Habits

Plan your route before starting off: this involves

Circle Check before entering your vehicle.

Minimum Eye Lead Time of 12 - 15

Maintain flow up to the speed limit - safe following

Respond to anticipated problems ahead by

2. Covering the brake involves releasing the accelerator

Move your eyes every two seconds. Quickly glance

Check Mirror and / or side mirrors every 5 - 8

Scan inside parked vehicles. Look for occupants

Ground View to detect movement of vehicles

4. Ground View when vehicles approach on a side road.

Left, Centre, Right scan on approach

Lights On at all times to protect your space,

2. After dark, use high beam headlights whenever

Stagger your vehicle in moving traffic. Establish

1. Always drive next to open space.

3. If another vehicle takes away your open space, adjust

Clear Blind Spots Cover the horn, ground

Communicate with other road users with all the

Look for “after you” situations to keep traffic moving and

Control traffic behind to avoid rear crashes.

5. Creep forward as a vehicle approaches to make it

Spot and solve the problems 360° around your

1. Approaching a turn very slowly, or if stopped before

Avoid backing to spot problems more easily. Where

Use the Point of No Return at all “stale” green lights.

Position your vehicle when waiting to allow yourself

React to emergencies by “Mirror - Stop” or

Freeway Advantages Freeway Disadvantages

Vehicle Care Check List