Slides by: Drs Richards and Tetana

Coordinator: [email protected]
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COURSE OUTLINE & LEARNING GOALS

SELF-STUDY & EXAMINABLE

Describe the modern view of atomic structure including

isotopes, atomic numbers and mass numbers.

Describe the periodic table &

give names & symbols of
elements.

Interpret the meaning of chemical

formulas and pictures of molecules.

Predict charges on ions of metals &

nonmetals & understand formulas
of ionic compounds.

Give the names and formulas of

inorganic compounds, acids &
binary molecular compounds.
THE ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
• Each element is composed of atoms
• All atoms of an element are identical
• Compounds are formed by a
combination of two or more different
kinds of atoms
• In chemical reactions, the atoms are
not changed, only rearranged

Discovery of
Atomic Structure
John Dalton, 1766-1844
SELF-STUDY

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE: MODERN VIEW
 Atom consists of a
nucleus composed of
protons and neutrons.

 Nucleus surrounded by
cloud of electrons.

 Nucleus is very small

compared to size of the
atom, but contains most
of the mass.
MODERN VIEW OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
FROM CHEMISTRY’S PERSPECTIVE
The atom consists of positive, negative, and neutral entities:
protons, p+
neutrons, no
electrons, e-
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom.

Particle Charge /e Mass (amu) Length (diameter)

Proton +1 1.0073 ~10-4 Å
Neutron Neutral 1.0087
Electron -1 5.5 x 10-4 ~1-5 Å
1 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1.66054 x 10-24 g
1 e (fundamental electric charge) = 1.60218 ×10−19 C 5
MODERN VIEW OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
FROM CHEMISTRY’S PERSPECTIVE
All atoms of the same element have the same
number of protons. This is the atomic number, Z.

There can be a variable number of neutrons for the

same number of protons. Isotopes have the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
The number of (p+ + no) is the mass number, A.

Neutral atoms have the same number of protons and

electrons. They have no net charge.
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 ISOTOPES, ATOMIC NUMBERS & MASS
NUMBERS
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in the nucleus
All atoms of the same element have the same atomic
number
Mass number (A) = total number of nucleons in
the nucleus (p+ + no).
Most common form of carbon has 6 p+ and 6 no
12
A C
X
6

Z A radioactive form of carbon has 6 p+ and 8 no

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6 C 7
 ISOTOPES, ATOMIC NUMBERS & MASS
NUMBERS

Isotopes have the same Z but different A.

A 12 13 14
6 C 6 C 6 C
Z
Since the letter “C” implies Carbon, and for Carbon Z = 6, the Z is often omitted: 12C, etc.

A nuclide is an atom of a specific isotope. So an atom of

3H, tritium, is called a 3H nuclide of hydrogen

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ISOTOPES, ATOMIC NUMBERS & MASS
NUMBERS

No. of electrons = no. of

protons = 50 (atom is neutral)
127
50 Sn
127 nucleons
127 – 50 = 77 neutrons

50 protons
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ISOTOPES, ATOMIC NUMBERS & MASS
NUMBERS

Example:

Write the symbol for the isotope that has 19

protons and 20 neutrons.

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19 X
Nucleons = neutrons + protons
 EXERCISES

Complete the table for the lead isotopes below:

204
Pb 206
Pb 207 Pb Pb
No. of 82 82
Protons
No. of 124 126
Neutrons
The periodic table is arranged in increasing values of
Z

Z for Mg = 12

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Know the names and symbols of all elements up to Z = 89,
Know the names and symbols of all elements up to Z = 89, excluding f block
excluding Lanthanides & Actinides. Must know uranium.
Another way of categorizing elements:

s block
p block
d block
f block

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Categories of elements

main group elements

transition elements
inner transition elements

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 ATOMIC MASS SCALE
Atoms have very small masses (1H has a mass 1.6735  10-24 g;
16O has a mass of 2.6560  10-23 g).

Definition: mass of 12C = exactly 12 atomic mass units

(amu).

Hence:
1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g

1 g = 1 amu/1.66054 x 10-24 = 6.02214 x 1023 amu

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 ATOMIC WEIGHTS
Masses of all atoms expressed relative to the mass of 12C.
Such masses are called relative atomic masses or atomic
weights. Symbol : Ar (values found on Periodic Table)

Since atomic weights compare the mass of an atom to the

mass of 12C, atomic weight or relative atomic mass has no
units.

Example:
Ar of 19F = 19.00. Hence a 19F atom has 19.00/12.00 = 1.58 the mass
of 12C
 So what is the mass (in g) of a 19F atom?
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Accurate values of atomic weights determined by mass
spectrometry.

Output on
screen
(next slide)

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Accurate values of atomic weights determined by mass
spectrometry (output on detector screen).

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 Atomic weights listed in the Periodic Table are weighted
averages of the atomic weights of the isotopes of the
elements.

Three isotopes of silicon exist in nature.

28Si (92.23%) : 27.97693 amu;
29Si (4.68%) : 28.97649 amu;
30Si (3.09%) : 29.97377 amu.
Calculate the atomic weight of silicon.
Atomic weight =
(92.23/100 = 0.9223  27.97693 amu) +
(4.68/100 = 0.0468  28.97649 amu) +
(3.09/100 = 0.0309  29.97377 amu)
= 28.08541 amu
= 28.1 amu 19
 EXERCISES
Chlorine is a mixture of two isotopes. 75.77% consists of
35Cl which has an atomic weight of 34.9689 amu; 24.23%

is due to 37Cl, 36.9659 amu. What is the atomic weight of

chlorine?

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 PERIODIC TABLE
The Periodic Table is used to organize the 114 elements
in a meaningful way

As a consequence of this organization, there are

periodic properties associated with the periodic table.

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Columns in the periodic table are called groups (numbered
from 1A to 8A or 1 to 18).
Alkali metals Noble gases
Chalcogens Halogens
Alkaline earth metals

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Rows in the periodic table are called periods.

Period 1 or Row 1
Period 2 or Row 2

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Metals are located on the left hand side of the periodic
table (most of the elements are metals).

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Non-metals are located in the top right hand side of the
periodic table.

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Metalloids have some metallic and some non-metallic properties.
They are located at the interface between the metals and non-
metals.

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An ion has 10 protons, 7 neutrons and 8 electrons.
The symbol for the ion is:

A.
B.
C. 19 F
D. 19 F
E.
 Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Noble gases exist as monoatomic species: He, Ar, Kr, etc.

Molecules are assemblies of two or more atoms bonded

together.
Each molecule has a chemical formula that indicates
• which atoms are found in the molecule, and
• in what proportion they are found.

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Molecular substances consist of well defined molecules like
aspirin
H2 O2 N2 NH3 C17H21NO4

as opposed to substances that are

Atomic (Ar)
Polymeric (polypropylene)
Metallic (Cu) Ionic (NaCl)

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Molecules that contain only two atoms bonded together
are called diatomic molecules.

Given below are elements that exist as diatomic molecules

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Molecular formulas give the actual numbers and types of
atoms in a molecule.

Examples: H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, H2O2, O2, O3, and C2H4.

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• Empirical formulas give the relative numbers and types
of atoms in a molecule;

i.e., they give the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in

a molecule.

Molecular formula: H2O2

Empirical formula: HO

Molecular formula: O3
Empirical formula: O
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Glucose is a molecule with
chemical formula C6H12O6

This is its molecular formula

The empirical formula uses the smallest set of integers to

express the correct ratios of atoms in the molecule.

The empirical formula of glucose is:

CH2O
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If a species exists as well-defined discrete molecules,
then we use the molecular and not the empirical
formula.
Glucose, C6H12O6
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4

For many compounds the empirical and molecular

formulae are identical:
NH3 N2O5 H2SO4 …..
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Molecules occupy three dimensional space.
However, we often represent them in two dimensions.
The structural formula gives the connectivity between
individual atoms in the molecule.

Butan-2-ol

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 The 3D structural drawing attempts to represent a 3D
structure in 2D
In the plane of the page

Going into the page

Coming out of the page

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We often use plastic 3D models to represent
molecules

CH3
CH
HO
CH2
CH3

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 Van der Waals radius
of the atom –
distance of closest
approach of two
non-bonded atoms

Ball-and-stick model

Space-filling model

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Ions and Ionic Compounds
When an atom or molecule loses electrons, it becomes
positively charged.
– For example, when Na loses an electron it becomes Na+.
Positively charged ions are called cations.

50 – 2 = 48 electrons
127
Sn2+
50

50 protons
127 nucleons
127 – 50 = 77 neutrons
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When an atom or molecule gains electrons, it becomes
negatively charged.
- For example, when Cl gains an electron it becomes Cl-.
Negatively charged ions are called anions.

16 + 2 = 18
32 electrons
S2-
16

16 protons
32 nucleons
32 – 16 = 16 neutrons

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An atom or molecule can gain or lose more than one
electron.

SO42- PO43- Cu2+ [Co(H2O)6]3+

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Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to become
cations; non-metal ions tend to gain electrons to
form anions.

Na+ Mg2+ O2- S2- Cl- Br-

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Predicting Ionic Charge
The number of electrons an atom of an element gains or loses is
related to the position of the element in the periodic table.
Simple ions are formed by adding or removing electrons from an
atom so as to to reach the electron configuration of the nearest
Noble gas

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Generally: Group Charge e.g.
1A (1) 1+ H+, Na+
See student 2A (2) 2+ Mg2+
manual
Ref/3 3A (3) 3+ Al3+
Know them! 5A (15) 3- N3-
6A (16) 2- O2-
7A (17) 1- F-

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Ionic compounds contain both positively and negatively
charged ions but are overall electrically neutral
e.g.: CaCl2 from Ca2+ and Cl-

They form from metals and non-metals combining

e.g.: NaCl

By knowing the charges of the ions in an ionic

compound, we can work out its empirical formula
because we know the overall charge must be neutral.
e.g.: Fe3+ + 3Cl- → FeCl3

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 Many chemical compounds do not consist of discrete
molecules, but of ions bound together by coulombic
attraction in a crystal lattice.

Ionic compounds tend to have high

melting and boiling points because
the Coloumbic interaction
between the ions is very strong

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To form NaCl:

–The neutral sodium atom, Na, loses an electron to become a cation:

Na+.
–The electron is transferred to a chlorine atom, Cl, which then
becomes an anion: Cl-.
–The Na+ and Cl- ions attract each other to form an ionic NaCl lattice
which crystallizes.

Ionic compounds are represented by their empirical

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formula, such as NaCl for sodium chloride
Example: Predict the empirical formula of
magnesium nitride

Nitrate - NO3-
nitride - N3-
Nitrite - NO2-.

Naming of ionic compounds is left for you to study (ref/3 – pink

booklet).
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Example
Give the empirical formula of the compound formed between In3+
and VALENCY
• phosphate (PO4) 3-

• hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) (HCO3) ---

• sulfate (SO4) 2-
• nitrate (NO3) 1-

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COURSE OUTLINE & LEARNING GOALS

SELF-STUDY & EXAMINABLE

Describe the modern view of atomic structure including

isotopes, atomic numbers and mass numbers.

Describe the periodic table &

give names & symbols of
elements.

Interpret the meaning of chemical

formulas and pictures of molecules.

Predict charges on ions of metals &

nonmetals & understand formulas
of ionic compounds.

Give the names and formulas of

inorganic compounds, acids &
binary molecular compounds.