Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 134 views

    RRL Grade 10 Chap 2

    Uploaded by

    Aloha Loha
    The document discusses kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) extract as an alternative repellent for Turkestan cockroaches (Blatta lateralis). It provides background on the nature of Turkestan cockroaches, describing their physical characteristics, reproduction rates, habitats, and health impacts. It also describes the kamias tree, including its origins, appearance, growth conditions, nutritional composition, and traditional medicinal uses. Specifically, it notes that kamias fruit contains high levels of oxalic acid that can kill insects and has been shown to have antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    RRL Grade 10 Chap 2

    Uploaded by

    Aloha Loha
    134 views6 pages
    The document discusses kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) extract as an alternative repellent for Turkestan cockroaches (Blatta lateralis). It provides background on the nature of Turkestan cockroaches, describing their physical characteristics, reproduction rates, habitats, and health impacts. It also describes the kamias tree, including its origins, appearance, growth conditions, nutritional composition, and traditional medicinal uses. Specifically, it notes that kamias fruit contains high levels of oxalic acid that can kill insects and has been shown to have antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.

    Original Description:

    Research purposes

    Original Title

    RRL-grade-10-Chap-2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) extract as an alternative repellent for Turkestan cockroaches (Blatta lateralis). It provides background on the nature of Turkestan cockroaches, describing their physical characteristics, reproduction rates, habitats, and health impacts. It also describes the kamias tree, including its origins, appearance, growth conditions, nutritional composition, and traditional medicinal uses. Specifically, it notes that kamias fruit contains high levels of oxalic acid that can kill insects and has been shown to have antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    134 views6 pages

    RRL Grade 10 Chap 2

    Uploaded by

    Aloha Loha
    The document discusses kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) extract as an alternative repellent for Turkestan cockroaches (Blatta lateralis). It provides background on the nature of Turkestan cockroaches, describing their physical characteristics, reproduction rates, habitats, and health impacts. It also describes the kamias tree, including its origins, appearance, growth conditions, nutritional composition, and traditional medicinal uses. Specifically, it notes that kamias fruit contains high levels of oxalic acid that can kill insects and has been shown to have antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi) EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE

    REPELLENT FOR TURKESTAN

    COCKROACH (Blatta lateralis)

    Janquel B. Geagonia
    Nina Angela V. Neri
    Mary Gwyneth S. Alberca
    CHAPTER II

    REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

    2.1 NATURE OF TURKESTAN COCKROACHES (Blatta lateralis)

    The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis, also known as the “red runner” or “rusty red” cockroach, is

    an invasive species found primarily in the southwestern United State, these type of cockroaches are native

    species to areas of the Middle East through Central Asia (Wilcox, 2018). Most of the information

    published about Turkestan cockroaches lists outdoor locations as the most common places to find them,

    such as water meter boxes, center block walls, compost piles, leaf litter, potted plants and, occasionally,

    sewer systems. While this holds true in many cases, we are just as commonly finding them in relatively

    large numbers on the interior of structures, under and behind baseboards and door frames, wall voids,

    around hot water tanks and sinks, around floor drains and coolers of bar areas, and even in drop ceilings

    (Wilcox, 2018).

    Adult females produce between 2 and 25 oothecae over their life span. The male and female nymphs

    go through five molts, maturing into adults in an average of 222 days. In lab settings, many of the adults

    live for at least 13 months after being paired together. These reproductive and life span rates under the

    right conditions may well outcompete other common peridomestic cockroach species, such as the

    smokybrown and American (Wilcox, 2018). Furthermore, according to the study conducted by Orkin,

    LLC, adult turkestan cockroach females are about one-inch long, colored dark-brown to black, plus have

    cream-colored markings along the edges of the body and behind the head. Females are equipped with

    short, rounded wings with light-colored stripes along the edges of the wings. Males of the species are

    smaller than the females, are brownish orange or red, have yellowish wings that extend beyond the tip of

    the abdomen and have the same cooler markings on the margins of their body as do the females. The

    same study stated that turkestan cockroaches usually live outdoors, but may be found indoors when they
    reaches their population peak in the summer. More often than not, the cockroaches found inside are males

    that were attracted to lights and flew in the structure. Outdoors, their preferred habitats are water or

    electrical meter boxes, cracks in concrete, compost piles, fallen leaves and potted plants. As with many

    other cockroaches, Turkestan cockroaches are active after dark. One way in knowing that turkestan

    cockroaches had already infested your home is when you see them flying at nighttime around lights and

    finding them in their preferred habitats stated above.

    Some people may become allergic to cockroaches after frequent exposure. Cockroaches can

    sometimes play a role as carriers of intestinal diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever and

    cholera. The National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS) found that asthmatic children

    wuth a positive skin prick test to cockroach allergen, and a high exposure to cockroach allegern in the

    bedroom were more likely to have wheezing, missed school days, nights without sleep, unscheduled

    medical visits and hospitalizations for asthma. Approximately 23 percent to 60 percent of urban residents

    with asthma are sensitive to cockroach allergens.

    2.2 NATURE OF KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi)

    Averrhoabilimbi is a fruit-bearing tree of the genus Averrhoa, family Oxalidaceae. It is a close

    relative of the carambola tree (Hai, 2015). The mature kamias tree can reach between 5 to 10 meters in

    height; its trunk is fairly short and can quickly divide into several branches.The trunk and branches have

    to be exposed to sunlight for fruits to form. This can be encouraged by removing the leaves except from

    the branch end. Averrhoabilimbi probably originated in Indonesia, though the species is now cultivated

    and found throughout the Philippines and Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Myanmar, and

    Malaysia (Yap, 2018). Essentially a tropical tree, kamias is less resistant to cold, and grows best in rich

    and well-drained soil. The kamias tree usually begins to flower in February then blooms and bear fruits

    more or less continuously until December. The fruits are usually picked by hand; these need gentle

    handling because of their thin skin. No pests or plant diseases have been reported specifically for the
    kamias tree. The fruit of the kamias tree contains protein, fiber, phosphorous, calcium, iron, thiamine,

    riboflavin, carotene, ascorbic acid, andniacin, among others (Stuart, 2019).

    According to the study conducted by the Philippine Alternatice Medicine,Kamias is a small tree,

    growing 5 to 12 meters high. Leaves are pinnate, 20 to 60 centimeters long, with hairy rachis and leaflets.

    Leaflets are opposite, 10 to 17 pairs, oblong, 5 to 10 centimeters in length. Panicles growing from the

    trunk and larger branches are hairy, 15 centimeters long or less. Flowers are about 1.5 centimeters long,

    and slightly fragrant. Fruit is green and edible, about 4 centimeters long, subcylindric, or with 5 obscure,

    broad, rounded, longitudinal lobes (Muhammad& Ahmed, 2015).

    2.3 COMPOUND CONSTITUENT OF KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi)


    Based on the study conducted by the Philippine AlternaticeMedicine, the oxalic acid in bilimbi

    ranged between 10.5 and 14.7 mg/g in green fruit and 8.45 to 10.8 mg/g in ripe fruit, levels comparable to

    those reported from tea leaves (Muhammad & Ahmed, 2015). This oxalic acid can kill insects. It is

    considered antibacterial, astringent, antiscorbutic, febrifuge, antidiabetic, stomachic, refrigerant,

    astringent, and stomachic. Studies havealso shown antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic,

    antioxidant, antifertility, and antibacterial properties.


    References

    Hai, H.D. (2015). Introduction to the species Averrhoa bilimbi-cucumber tree. The Worldwide

    Vegetables.

    Retrieved from: http://theworldwidevegetables.weebly.com/averrhoa-bilimbi-cucumber-


    tree.html

    Muhammad, A., Ahmed, Q. (2015). Averrhoa bilimbi linn: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses,

    phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,

    8(4),265-271.

    Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5314823/

    Stuart, M. D. (2019). Philippine medicinal plants. Potential Herbal Medicine and Drug
    Interactions.
    Retrieved from: http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kamias

    Wilcox, C. (2018). Teach talk: The invasive Turkestan cockroach. Copesan Specialists in Pest
    Solutions.
    Retrieved from: https://www.copesan.com/technical-updates/tech-talk-invasive-turkestan-
    cockroach/

    Yap, J. (2018). The reliable and sturdy kamias tree. Agriculture Monthly.
    Retrieved from: https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2018/08/16/the-reliable-and-sturdy-kamias-tree/

    You might also like