JMJ Marist Brothers

Notre Dame of Marbel University

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

COURSEPACK
in:
ENGL 103
INTENSIVE GRAMMAR AND
COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Jireh Clarisse T. Salomsom

JMJ Marists Brothers

Notre Dame of Marbel University
College of Arts and Sciences 1|Engl 103
LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT
 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Lesson 5: Parts of Speech: Adjective and Adverb

Presenting the Matter

If you want your writing to be more descriptive, you need to learn

how to use modifiers- adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives help your
reader get a fuller picture of the things you are writing about.
Adverbs, on the other hand, help describe how things appear and
happen. They help the reader see an action in his mind’s eye.
Though some writers advise not to use adjectives and adverbs, we
cannot eliminate them completely in our writing. So just like some food and drinks,
consume them in moderation.

Jotting Down Targets:

After working on this module, you should be able to:

1. recognize adjectives and adverbs in sentences;

2. identify the different kinds of adjectives and adverbs;
3. determine how and where to place adjectives and adverbs in sentences;
4. use adjectives and adverbs in different communication situations.

Kicking it Off

Consider this paragraph

Ants and termites live in large colonies.

Ants have long legs and can run swiftly. They can climb anywhere.
Termites eat mostly plants. Many termites build mounds underground. The
mounds have thick walls to keep out anteaters. Ants can easily lift things
that weigh more than they do. Army ants are always on the move. The
queen waits patiently for the workers to bring her food. Studying insects is
sometimes fun.

Both the underlined and italicized words are called modifiers. Can you point
the difference between the two?

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Find out the answer as we discuss our lesson on this part of the module.
Feel free to ask your teacher if you want something clarified.

Processing the Matter

ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun such as

person, place, thing, or idea. It is often used to make the noun or pronoun
more definite by describing it in some way. Noun, as described by an adjective, is
said to be modified, same goes through with pronoun.

Adjective often answers the following questions: What kind? Which one?
How much? or How many?

English adjectives can be identified by their endings. Common adjective endings

are as follows:

• -able/-ible: credible, achievable, gullible, capable, illegible, sensible, etc.

• -al: annual, functional, individual, logical, essential, etc.
• -ful: awful, cheerful, doubtful, faithful, forceful, etc.
• -ic: terrific, cubic, mimic, rustic, etc.
• -ive: intensive, adaptive, attractive, dismissive, inventive, persuasive, etc.
• -less: doubtless, endless, fearless, helpless, homeless, breathless,
restless, etc.
• -ous: adventurous, famous, generous, courageous, dangerous,
tremendous, etc.

Though a large number of adjectives are different (hot, dark, smart, cool,
complete, etc.)

3|Engl 103
 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. In general, there are two main types of
adjectives: Descriptive adjectives and Limiting Adjectives

Generally, a descriptive adjective is probably what you think of when you hear
the word “adjective”. Descriptive adjective can be attributive adjectives or predicate
adjectives.

Attributive Adjectives: appear directly beside the noun, most commonly before,
because they attribute a quality of the noun they modify. The car has a nice smell.
(“nice’” is an attributive adjective as it is placed before the noun smell)

The children’s chatter made the playground noisy. (This is an instance in which
the attributive adjective after the noun, “noisy” is describing the “playground”)

Predicate Adjectives: appear after a linking verb, because they form part of the
predicate. Hence, they modify the subject.

The pickles are salty. (noun: pickle, verb: are, adjective: salty)

Tigers appear scary. (noun: tigers, verb: appear, adjective: scary)

Meanwhile, limiting adjectives restrict or limit the nouns rather than describe
them. They tell “which one,” “how much,” “how many,” or “whose.”

Definite and indefinite articles

The is called a definite article because it points out nouns more specifically.

The boys ate huge slices of cake.

A and an are called indefinite articles because they refer to non- specific nouns.
We use them when we talk about any one person, place, thing, or idea.

Use “a” before consonant sounds: a cap, a book, a kitten

Use “an” before vowel sounds: an umbrella, an apple, an orange

4|Engl 103
 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Possessive adjectives

The possessive adjectives, as their name implies, modify nouns by showing

possession or ownership: my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. They answer the
question “whose?”

Is your computer expensive?

We sold our old house.

Note: Don’t confuse possessive adjectives with possessive pronouns. A

possessive adjective is used to describe a noun while a possessive pronoun is
used instead of a noun. Possessive pronouns are words like mine, yours, ours,
his, hers, and theirs.

Compare: This is my shirt. (Possessive adjective); This shirt is mine. (Possessive

pronoun)

Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives are used to demonstrate which thing the speaker is

describing.

This dress is too tight for me.

In this example, “this” modifies noun “dress.” So, we know which dress the speaker
is referring to.

There are four demonstrative adjectives in English: this, these, that, those.

Note: Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives.

They are identical, but a demonstrative pronoun stands alone, while a
demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.

That looks awesome. (demonstrative pronoun)

That film is entertaining. (demonstrative adjective + noun)

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Indefinite Adjectives

Indefinite adjectives offer general information about the amount of the noun they
modify. Examples are some, one, none, all, any, whole, such, other, several, and
another. They answer the question “how many” or “how much?” but they don’t
show exactly the amount of something.

All girls will be required to dance. (How many girls? All of them.)

Several people watched the parade.

(The specific number of people is not given)

Note: Don’t confuse indefinite adjectives and indefinite pronouns. They look similar
but function differently. Indefinite pronouns take the place of nouns while indefinite
adjectives modify nouns, they do not replace them.

I don’t have any money. (Indefinite adjective); I don’t have

any. (Indefinite pronoun)

Interrogative Adjectives

Interrogative adjectives ‘what’, ‘which’ and ‘whose’ modify nouns and

pronouns in questions. They are similar to interrogative pronouns, but, unlike the
latter, they can’t stand on their own.

What wooden chair should we get for our dining table?

Here, ‘what’ is an interrogative adjective that modifies the noun ‘dining

table’. ‘Wooden’ is a descriptive adjective that further describes the type of chair
being sought.

The important point to keep in mind is that interrogative adjectives stand for
the thing we do not know.

Which pen is David’s?

Here, we want to know specifically the pen that belongs to David.

6|Engl 103
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Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers as Limiting Adjectives

Numbers (cardinal or ordinal) can function as limiting adjectives telling

HOW MANY. There are quite many of them – one, two, three, the sixth, the 350th,
etc. An unlimited number.
Cardinal adjectives are adjectives that modify the noun by numbering it
(stating how many). Ordinal adjectives indicate the position of a noun in a series.

We spent five years living and working in Indonesia.

In this example, the cardinal adjective ‘five’ modifies the noun ‘years’ and states
the exact period of time.

This is the fourth month we are trying to complete the tour.

Here, ‘the fourth’ is an ordinal adjective that indicates the position of the month,
meaning that there were three months before it.

Proper Adjectives

Proper adjectives, like all adjectives, modify nouns, but they are different
from other adjectives because they are formed from proper nouns. They are easily
recognizable as they are always capitalized, e.g. Asian food, Filipino opera. They
are often made from the names of cities, countries, or regions to describe the origin
of something, but they can also be formed from the names of brands or individuals.

I love Chinese food.

Here, the proper adjective ‘Chinese’ is formed from the proper noun ‘China’
and modifies the noun ‘food.’ In other words, ‘I like the food that comes from China.’

I’m really excited to use my new Canon camera.

In this example, the word ‘Canon’ is the name of the brand but, when put
before a noun, it becomes a proper adjective: ‘Canon camera’ = ‘camera from the
Canon brand.’

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Note: A proper adjective is usually formed by adding an ending to the noun. The
most common endings are -ian, -an, -esque, -like, and -istic:
— Portugal – Portuguese, Iceland – Icelandic, America – American, etc.
However, sometimes we don’t add any endings to a proper noun to make it
an adjective: — Berlin festival, Fuji camera, etc.

Nouns Used as Limiting Adjectives

Sometimes nouns can be used as adjectives to define or describe another

noun. They are put directly before the noun they modify.

For example, in each of these phrases, the first word is a noun but here
functions as an adjective modifying the second word: tuna pie, transition
government, book writer, Sunday picnic, bicycle rider.

Ask the coffee machine guy if we need more coffee.

Here, the phrase ‘coffee machine guy’ means ‘the guy in charge of the
coffee machine’.

My English teacher said my grammar was brilliant.

In this example, the word ‘English’ acts as an adjective modifying the noun
‘teacher.’ The phrase means “a teacher of English”, telling us what the teacher
teaches.

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Determiner/Article (The, A, An)

Quantity/Number (one, two, first, second, few, several, etc.)

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Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Quality/Opinion/Observation (good, bad, great, etc.)

Size (huge, tiny, gigantic, etc.)

Temperature (hot, cold, etc.)

Age (young, old, 1-year old, etc.)

Shape (flat, round, square, etc.)

Color (green, pink, black, etc.)

Participle (amazed, amazing, depressed, depressing, etc.)

Proper Adjective/Origin (French, Chinese, Fuji, etc.)

Material (wooden, metallic, plastic, etc.)

Noun used as Adjectives/Purpose/Qualifier (sports, wine, coffee, etc.)

NOUN OR PRONOUN

Examples:

1. I love that big old green antique car that always parked at the end of the street.
[dimension- age- color – qualifier]
2. My sister adopted a beautiful big white bulldog. [ opinion- size- color]
3. A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion – age – origin]
4. A big square blue box. [dimension – shape – color]
5. A disgusting pink plastic ornament. [opinion – color – material]
6. Some slim new French trousers. [dimension – age – origin]
7. An amazing new American movie. [opinion – age – origin]
8. I bought a pair of black leather shoes. [color – material]

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Notes:
When there are two or more adjectives that are from the same group, the
word and is placed between the two adjectives:

1. The house is green and red.

2. The library has old and new books.

When there are three or more adjectives from the same adjective group, place a
comma between each of the coordinate adjectives:

1. We live in the big green, white and red house at the end of the street.
2. My friend lost a red, black and white watch.

A comma is not placed between an adjective and the noun.

Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives are often used to compare nouns and pronouns.

These comparative adjectives have three forms that show greater or lesser
degrees of quality, quantity, or manner: positive, comparative, and superlative.
The positive is used to describe an item, group, or person. The comparative is
used to compare two items, groups, or people. The superlative is used to compare
three or more items, people, or groups.

There are different ways to form the comparative and superlative degrees of
adjectives. Add –er or more or less to form the comparative of most one- and two-
syllable adjectives. Most or least are added to adjectives of three or more syllables
to form the superlative.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

easy easier easiest

delicious more delicious most delicious

talented less talented least talented

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Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Two-Syllable Adjectives that end in y

When a two-syllable adjective ends in y, you create the comparative and
superlative adjective forms by changing the y to i and adding er or est.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

crazy crazier craziest

scratchy scratchier scratchiest
happy happier happiest
lovely lovelier loveliest
friendly friendlier friendliest
noisy noisier noisiest
sleepy sleepier sleepiest
cozy cozier coziest
foggy foggier foggiest

Exceptions
There are exceptions to these guidelines. Below are a few examples of two-
syllable adjectives whose comparative and superlative adjective forms are created
by adding er or est.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

little (size, not amount) littler littlest

quiet quieter quietest
stable stabler stablest
yellow yellower yellowest
clever cleverer cleverest
simple simpler simplest
narrow narrower narrowest

Spelling Reminders
When adding -er or -est to create comparative and superlative adjectives,
you often must alter the word's original spelling. You apply the same rules you use
when adding ed to form a past-tense verb.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Irregular Adjectives

Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms. These

are "irregular adjectives," and you must learn them if you haven't already.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

little (amount, not size) less least

good, well better best
bad, ill worse worst
far farther farthest
many, much more most

Little or Few?
We use the irregular adjectives little, less, and least with things that cannot be
counted. We use few, fewer, and fewest with things that can be counted.

• CANNOT BE COUNTED:
My parrot shows less desire for vegetables than for fruits.
The pet store owner has less affection for his finches than for his puppies.
I have less time today than I had yesterday.

• CAN BE COUNTED:
Does the parrot eat fewer vegetables than fruits?
Will fewer spectators come to the parade this year?
We will have fewer tests this semester.

Much or Many?
We use the irregular adjective much with things that cannot be counted, and we
use many for things that can be counted.

• CANNOT BE COUNTED:
There is not much time to complete this assignment.
I don't need much help.
There wasn't much debate.

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Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

• CAN BE COUNTED:
We still have many assignments to complete.
Many investors still purchase stock.

Avoid Double Comparisons

We do not use double comparisons. In other words, we do not use more with er,
or most with est.

• NO: The speed skater was more faster than the ice skater.
• YES: The speed skater was faster than the ice skater.

• NO: She was the most healthiest person at the gym.

• YES: She was the healthiest person at the gym.

• NO: Marilyn was more prettier than Toni.

• YES: Marilyn was prettier than Toni.

• NO: Julio was more better than Jonah at football.

• YES: Julio was better than Jonah at football.

• NO: Is your garage the most messiest on the block?

• YES: Is your garage the messiest on the block?

• NO: Was Oliver the most cleverest essayist of all?

• YES: Was Oliver the cleverest essayist of all?

Absolute Adjectives
Some irregular adjectives do not normally permit comparison. Adjectives that
represent an ultimate condition (square, round, maximum, equal, fatal, unique,
dead, etc.) cannot be increased by degree. (For example, a square can't be
"squarer" than another square; it's either square or it's not!) When necessary,
careful writers can modify these adjectives by using words like almost,
near, and nearly instead of more/less and most/least.

• NO: That pine tree looks deader now.

• YES: That pine tree looks nearly dead now.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

ADVERB

An adverb is a descriptive word that modifies or adds information to a verb,

an adjective, and another adverb. This type of modifier answers the question
"how," "when," "where," and "how much" (or "to what extent"). The italicized words
below modify the verb studies:

HOW: Mike studies quietly.

WHEN: He studies now.
WHERE: He studies there
HOW MUCH: He whispers more.

The modifier usually appears near the verb that it modifies, but it can appear almost
anywhere in a sentence.

Abe will soon leave for home.

Soon, Abe will leave for home.

Suffix -ly
Descriptive adjectives often end with suffixes such as -able, -ful, -ive, or -
ous. Below are the modifying forms of some nouns. Notice that the adverb is
formed by adding -ly to the adjective.

NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB

bliss blissful blissfully

nature natural naturally
help helpful helpfully

Of course, not every word that ends in -ly is an adverb. Ghastly, hilly, lively,
chilly, lovely, friendly, orderly, and lonely are all adjectives.

Adjective or Adverb?
Some words, such as hard and fast have the same form whether they are
used as adjectives or adverbs. However, you can tell how the word is being used
by the part of speech that it modifies.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

ADJECTIVE: The test was hard. (modifies the noun "test")

ADVERBx Jane worked hard. (modifies the verb "worked")

ADJECTIVE: It was a fast race. (modifies the noun

"race")
ADVERB: Martha ran fast. (modifies the verb "ran")

Like adjectives, some adverbs can express the three degrees of comparison:
positive, comparative, and superlative.

• Anne came late, followed by Mary.

• Tillie came later than Anne and Mary.
• Of the three, Tillie came latest.

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of manner tell "how." They usually modify a verb or verb phrase
and often end in the suffix -ly. For example, let's think about how Suzy skates, how
Wren skis, how Winnie surfs, and how Carlos governed:

Suzy skates happily.

Suzy might also skate gracefully, smoothly, or slowly.

Wren skis recklessly.

Wren might also ski hastily, gleefully, or clumsily.

Winnie surfs fanatically.

Winnie might also surf beautifully, expertly, or uncertainly.

Carlos governed cautiously.

Carlos might have governed responsibly, expertly, cleverly,

irresponsibly, or inconsistently.

These are all adverbs of manner, answering the question "how."

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Adjective or Adverb?
Again, some words, such as right, early, and late, have the same form
whether they are used as adjectives or adverbs. However, you can always tell how
the word is being used because an adjective modifies a noun or pronoun, and an
adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

ADJECTIVE: I ate an early lunch.

ADVERB: I ate lunch early.

ADJECTIVE: Make a right turn at the corner.

ADVERB: Please turn right at the corner.

ADJECTIVE: We attended a late meeting.

ADVERB: We met late.

You must learn to see the difference between an adverb and a predicate
adjective. Look at the following sentence:

The dog looks friendly.

It might seem that friendly tells "how" the dog looks. But remember that you
can identify a predicate adjective by replacing a possible linking verb (looks) with
a "to be" verb:

The dog was friendly. (friendly dog)

The word friendly describes the dog, not the act of looking. It is an adjective.
Compare this to a sentence containing an action verb:

A tiger moves silently.

If you replace an action verb with a "to be" verb, the sentence no longer
makes sense:

A tiger is silently? (silently tiger?)

Silently does not describe the tiger. It describes the act of moving. It is an
adverb of manner.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place tell "where." Let's think about where Suzy

skates, where Wren skis, where the President dresses, and where Carlos
served:

Suzy skates everywhere.

She might also skate away, nearby, outside, or inside.

Wren skis everywhere.

He might also ski far, downhill, or home.

The President dresses inside.

He might also dress somewhere, here, or there.

Charles Pinckney served nearby.

He might also have served downtown, uptown, or everywhere.

Here are some common adverbs of place, telling "where:"

near downtown up downstream

far anywhere here in
down everywhere there out
above nowhere away home
under somewhere ahead inside
uptown around upstream outside

Words like in, out, and down can also be prepositions. But in order to
function as a preposition, a word must have an object. When a word like in,
out, or down does not have an object, it is an adverb.

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Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

PREPOSITION: He went out the door. (object "door")

ADVERB: He went out. (no object)

PREPOSITION: He climbed up the stairs. (object "stairs")

ADVERB: He climbed up. (no object)

Adverbs of time modify a verb to tell "when." Let's think about when Suzy
skates, when the President dresses, and when Carlos served:

Suzy skates often.

She might also skate daily, weekly, or hourly.

The President dresses early.

He might also dress later, soon, or nightly.

Carlos served daily.

He might also have served today, then, or monthly.

Here are some common adverbs of time, telling "when."

after daily nightly tomorrow

afterward early now tonight
again ever often weekly
always hourly someday when
before late soon yearly
constantly monthly then yesterday
currently never today

Adverb Position
An adverb usually appears near the verb it modifies.

Abe will soon leave for home.

Abe will leave soon for home.

But adverbs of time can appear almost anywhere in a sentence.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Soon Abe will leave for home.

Abe will leave for home soon.

Even though the adverb soon modifies the verb leave in each of the
sentences above, it is not necessarily placed near the verb. Since the placement
of the adverb can vary, we must learn to identify adverbs even when they are
separated from the verbs they modify.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Adverbs of degree tell "how much" or "to what extent." These adverbs are
sometimes called intensifiers because they add intensity (either positive or
negative) to the words they modify.

Notice how the adverbs of degree in the sentences below add intensity to the
words they modify:

• I felt rather shy.

• She was too excited to sleep.
• You are most welcome.
• Suzy skates quite gracefully.
• They just arrived.

Some adverbs of degree that tell "how much" or "to what extent" are easy to
identify because they end in -ly. However, many others do not. Here are some
common intensifiers:

absolutely almost altogether

awfully barely completely
especially even extremely
fully hardly highly
incredibly just least
less most not
partly quite rather
really so somewhat
terribly thoroughly too
totally vastly very

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Adverbs of degree that tell "how much" or "to what extent" usually modify
an adjective or another adverb. However, they occasionally modify a verb.

MODIFYING AN ADJECTIVE

• We were so elated!

The adverb so modifies the adjective elated and tells "how elated" we
were.

• The hikers were absolutely exhausted.

The adverb absolutely modifies the adjective exhausted and tells

"how exhausted" the hikers were.

• Irving was extremely appreciative.

The adverb extremely modifies the adjective appreciative and tells

"how appreciative" Irving was.

MODIFYING ANOTHER ADVERB

• Suzy skated rather carelessly.

The adverb rather modifies the adverb carelessly and tells "how
carelessly" Suzy skated.

• William spoke quite frequently.

The adverb quite modifies the adverb frequently and tells "how
frequently" William spoke.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

MODIFYING A VERB

• Ivan completely agrees with you.

The adverb completely modifies the verb agree and tells "to what
extent" Ivan agrees.

• My friend has highly recommended that book.

The adverb highly modifies the verb recommended and tells "to
what extent" the book has been recommended.

• William mildly supported the crowd.

The adverb mildly modifies the verb supported and tells "to what
extent" William supported the crowd.

REFERENCES

Forlini, G., Bauer, M.B., Biener, L., Capo, L. Kenyon, K.M., Shaw, D. & Verner, Z.

(2013). Prentice Hall Grammar and composition 2:Jurong, Singapore.

grammar- island. com

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