New Ethiopian Baseline Report

Ethiopian Baseline Report
Covid-19 and The Youth Question in Africa:

Response, Impacts and Prevention Measures in the
IGAD Region
Authors:- Melkamsera A.
Fasika G.
Mukuna T.E
Alemu S.T
July, 2021
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ETHIOPIAN BASELINE REPORT
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. i
List of Tables........................................................................................................................................ iii
List of Figures...................................................................................................................................... iv
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ v
Key Findings .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 2
2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................. 3
3. Literature Review................................................................................................................... 4
3.1. COVID-19 impact and response ............................................................................ 5
3.1.1. COVID-19 impact and response in Ethiopia ........................................... 5
3.2. Civic Engagment of Youth on COVID-19 Response ................................. 12
3.3. Innovative Citizen Engagement during the COVID-19 Pandemic ... 13
4. Objective of the baseline study ................................................................................... 15
4.1. General Objective......................................................................................................... 15
4.2. Specific objectives ....................................................................................................... 15
5. Methods and Materials ...................................................................................................... 16
5.1. Methods and Materials: Quantitative Study ................................................. 16
5.1.1. Study Setting .......................................................................................................... 16
5.1.2. Study Design and Study Population .......................................................... 16
5.1.3. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ..................................................... 16
5.1.4. Variables of the Study....................................................................................... 16
5.1.5. Operational Definition ....................................................................................... 17
5.1.6. Data Collection Methods and Data Quality Assurance ................... 17
5.1.7. Data Processing and Analysis ....................................................................... 17
5.2. Methods and Materials: Qualitative Study .................................................... 18
5.2.1. Data collection methods .................................................................................. 18
5.2.2. Data processing and analysis ....................................................................... 18
5.2.3. Techniques to enhance trustworthiness ................................................ 18
5.3. Ethical Issue.................................................................................................................... 19
6. Result and Findings of quantitative study ............................................................ 19
6.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents........................ 19
I
6.2. Brief overview of Meaningful youth engagement ..................................... 23

6.3. Enabling Environment (Legislation and laws enacted during
COVID-19) ........................................................................................................................................ 28
6.4. COVID-19 budgets and resources ...................................................................... 28
6.5. Youth engagement in monitoring and evaluation .................................... 30
6.6. Technology and information flow....................................................................... 30
6.7. Preparedness and Response ................................................................................. 31
6.8. Challenges of meaningful youth engagement in social
accountability ................................................................................................................................. 34
7. Findings of Qualitative study ........................................................................................ 37
7.1. Meaningful youth engagement in social accountability ........................ 37
7.2. Enabling factors of meaningful youth engagement in social
accountability ................................................................................................................................. 38
7.3. COVID-19 Budget and Resources. ..................................................................... 38
7.4. Youth engagement in monitoring and evaluation .................................... 39
7.5. Preparedness and Response ................................................................................. 39
7.6. Challenges of MYE in Social Accountability .................................................. 40
7.7. Good Practices ............................................................................................................... 40
8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 41
9. Recommendation.................................................................................................................. 41
List of References ............................................................................................................................ 42
Annex 1 Baseline Survey Questionnaire (Quantitative - English) ...................... 45
Annex 2 Baseline Survey Questionnaire (Quantitative - Amharic).................... 46
Annex 3 Baseline Survey Questionnaire (Qualitative - English) ......................... 61
Annex 4 Baseline Survey Questionnaire (Qualitative - Amharic) ....................... 63
II
List of Tables
Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents ..................................................................................21
Table 2 Level of meaningful youth engagement among youths ..................................................................................26
Table 3 Abuse/corruption related to COVID-19 response ............................................................................................29
Table 4 Areas of participation in policy engagement and knowledge sharing ............................................................31
Table 5 Level of preparedness and response for COVID-19 .........................................................................................32
Table 6 Constraints and challenges of meaningful youth engagement in social accountability .................................35
III
List of Figures
Figure 1 Year on year inflation trends of Ethiopia (WFP VAM Monthly Market Watch for December, 2020) ..............8
Figure 2 Consumer Price Index (CPI) trends of food groups in Ethiopia (WFP VAM Monthly Market Watch for
December, 2020) ...........................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 3 Proportion of Participants by Gender ............................................................................................................19
Figure 4 Characteristics of respondents by age-group ................................................................................................20
Figure 5 Characteristics of Respondents by Educational Status ..................................................................................20
Figure 6 Employment Status of Respondents ..............................................................................................................21
Figure 7 Mobilization to participate in COVID-19 response .........................................................................................23
Figure 8 Proportion of youths mobilized for COVID-19 response by type of mobilizer ................................................24
Figure 9 Level of mobilization to participate in the design of COVID-19 response ......................................................24
Figure 10 Level of engagement of youths in the COVID-19 response by gender .........................................................25
Figure 11 Level of participation in COVID-19 – 19 response by type of activity ..........................................................26
Figure 12 Level of participation related to budget and resources by gender ..............................................................29
Figure 13 Existence of mechanisms to enable youths share information on COVID-19 response ...............................30
Figure 14 Level of participation in COVID-19 related information flow .......................................................................31
Figure 15 Parts of life affected by COVID-19 ...............................................................................................................35
IV
Acronyms
CBO – Community Based Organization
CCRDA- Consortium of Christian Relief and Development Association
CPI - Consumer Price Index
COVISAF- COVID-19 Vertically Integrated Social Accountability and Advocacy Framework
COYOQA – COVID-19 and Youth Question in Africa
CSO – Civil Society Organization
EPHI - Ethiopian Public Health Institute
ERCS - Ethiopian Red Cross Society
ESAP - Ethiopia Social Accountability Program
FTAC - Financial Transparency and Allocation Committee
FBO – Faith Based Organization
FHIDO - Future Hope Integrated Development Organization
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
HFPS-F - High-Frequency Phone Survey of Firms
HIDO - Hiwot Integrated Development Organization
IGAD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development
IDRC - International Development Research Centre
IRB - Institutional Review Board
IVR - Interactive voice response
OSSREA - Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
PSNP - Productive Safety Net Program
SAC - Social Accountability Committee
SNNPR - Southern Nations Nationalities and People Region
SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Science
WFP - World Food Program
USD – United States Dollar
V
Key Findings
 Among the 269 study participants, only 1% of them were mobilized to participate in policy
design.
 Nearly all of the respondents (98%) have reported that they were not involved in
formulating COVID-19 peace and security policy. Similarly, the great majority of the study
participants (83%) reported that they are not aware of any policy that provide for youth
participation in the COVID-19 response.
 About three forth (74%) of the participants have indicated that the budgets allocated for
the COVID-19 response were not made public.
 Our finding revealed that the level of meaningful youth engagement in SA (i.e. active
participation of young people on equal terms with adults in designing, planning,
implementing, monitoring and evaluation) of COVID-19 related programs is different from
organization to organization.
 Most frequently mentioned enabling factors for meaningful youth engagement in COVID-
19 response were: presence of easily accessible and adequate number of youths, growing
interest of development partners, availability of youth organizational structures (Youth and
Volunteers Coordination Office, Youth Associations, Youth centers, Youth Clubs etc..),
advancement of technology (e.g. social media, virtual meetings, online information
sources), presence of sound guidelines/policies and urging nature of the problem and the
attention given at national and global levels.
 The major barriers for meaningful youth engagement in social accountability of COVID-
19 response were: limited knowledge and experiences of youth on social accountability,
lack of youth engagement culture, weak youth led structures/ youth clubs/ youth
associations, young people’s lack of trust in the existing youth structures, inadequate
financial and other resources to youth engagement, political and religious turmoil, poor
collaboration and coordination among stakeholders, non-participatory policies and laws.
 The most common factors identified as challenges that constrain youths engagement in the
COVID-19 response were limited budget (49%), followed by limited time (32%),
reluctance of the government (24%) and limited capacity of both the government and
youths (20%).
Covid-19 and The Youth Question in Africa: Response, Impacts and Prevention Measures in the IGAD Region 1
1. Introduction
Ethiopia is located in the center of the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Sudan and South
Sudan to the west; Eritrea to the north and north-east; Djibouti & Somalia to the east; Somalia and
Kenya to the south. It covers an area of 1.14 million square kilometers (944,000 square miles).
The country is structured as a federation of Ten States (killil) as of the writing of this report: Tigray,
Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somali, Benishangul-Gumuz, Southern Nations Nationalities and People
Region (SNNPR), Gambella, Sidama and the Harari Regional States; and two Chartered Cities -
Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. (1)
Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world ranking 173 out of 189 countries in terms of
human development index.(2) Agriculture remains the foundation of the Ethiopian economy,
employing 66 percent of the total workforce, although accounting for only 33 percent of the
country’s GDP. (3, 4)
With more than 117 million people and population growth rate of 2.6% (2021 estimate), Ethiopia
is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria; and the 12th in the world rank. (5-7)
Ethiopia is a country of young people where 70% of its population is less than 35 years of age and
about 30% is classified as youth (15-29 years of age). (8) About 78% of Ethiopia’s population is
rural based with 22% residing in urban settings. (9)
Since the COVID-19 pandemic first broke out at Wuhan, China in December, 2019, it has caused
more than 14 million cases and more than 4 million deaths as of mid-July, 2020. (10-12) The
pandemic has triggered simultaneous financial, supply, demand, health, etc. shocks to the world
economy by forcing governments to implement partial and full closure of businesses in response
to contain the pandemic. (13)
COVID-19 AND THE YOUTH QUESTION IN AFRICA: RESPONSE, IMPACTS AND PREVENTION MEASURES IN THE IGAD REGION 2
2. Statement of the problem

The emergence of COVID-19, which has metamorphosed from a small outbreak to a global
pandemic and a public health emergency of international concern, has resulted huge socio-
economic impacts on poor countries like Ethiopia. Whilst epidemiologists and public health
personnel are focused on the devastating health impacts, there is evidence to suggest that the
widespread socio-economic and political impact of COVID-19 has adversely affected
communities and economies especially among the young people.
Young people in Africa have significant challenges realizing their rights during this period of the
COVID-19 pandemic. They are undergoing a lot of challenges such as climate change, state
fragility, poor governance, economic and social inequalities and inequities, discriminatory social
norms, human rights violations among others. Yet few countries offer opportunities for the youth
to participate in political processes or in designing programs and policies that aim at addressing
these issues. (14) Also over half of youth policies are not designed to meet the unique needs of
young people. (15)
There is increased focus within the development community on governance and its role in
achieving better service delivery. Social accountability mechanisms play a key role in improving
governance, increasing development effectiveness and promoting empowerment and can be
applied to a number of fields and issues. In this regard, young people, women and men aged 15 to
35 years, should play a meangiful role in social accountability in their countries. Meaningful
participation of young people especially the marginalized would strengthen implementation,
improve outcomes and fulfill the right of young people to participate in shaping and monitoring
decisions that affect them.
The importance of youth participation has been recognized in several international declarations
such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) ratified in 1989. (16) The
National Youth Policy (2004) of Ethiopia also recognizes the importance of youth, ”to participate,
in an organized manner, in the process of building a democratic system, good governance and
development endeavors, and benefit fairly from the outcomes”.(17)
However, the existence of many barriers such as persistent gender inequality, youth poverty,
limited awareness of youths on policies related to youths, limited involvement of youths in the
decision-making processes and in the livelihoods of their communities, limited participation of
youths in volunteering programs especially for young women hinder youth’s active participation
in socio-economic, political and cultural life in Ethiopia. In addition, lack of financial, human and
communication capacities constrain youth-led organizations in scaling up youth mobilization. (17)
The lockdown and social distancing has mostly affected the participation of young people in social,
civic, political and economic activities. With high rates of unemployment, school closures and
closure of informal sector activities, youth are bearing the brunt of this disease in more ways than
the public health impact. It is against this background that the insights, experiences, perspectives
of youth are important in COVID-19 responses. Focusing on young women and men from different
socio-economic, political and cultural backgrounds, and from both urban and rural areas, high
school and university students as well as youth living in streets and informal settlements, the
research will generate evidence for policies and actions.
3. Literature Review
Youth are being referred to as the “torchbearers” of the 2030 SDG Agenda and have a pivotal role
to play both as beneficiaries of actions and policies under the Agenda and as partners and
participants in its implementation. (18)
There were 1.2 billion young people aged 15 to 24 years globally in 2015, accounting for 16 per
cent of the global population. The active engagement of youth in sustainable development efforts
is central to achieving sustainable, inclusive and stable societies by 2030, the target date for the
sustainable development goals, and to averting the worst threats and challenges to sustainable
development, including the impacts of climate change, unemployment, poverty, gender inequality,
conflict, and migration. (18)
In Africa, the number of youth is growing rapidly. The Africa youth population aged 15-24 which
was 226 million in 2015, accounting for 19 per cent of the global youth population of that time, is
projected to increase by 42 percent by 2030. It is expected to continue to grow throughout the
remainder of the 21st century, more than doubling from current levels by 2055. (19)
Such high number of youth population, if healthy, skilled, and gainfully employed, can be a
catalyst for accelerated social and economic development. Today Africa is the only region in the
world where the working-age population is expected to continue expanding well beyond 2035,
especially sub-Saharan Africa. Having more people of working age and fewer dependents
(children and elders) can boost economic growth simply because a larger share of the population
is productive, a phenomenon called the demographic dividend. Economists have estimated that the
demographic dividend contributed 25-33% to the Asian Tigers’ economic growth in the 1980s.
The concrete possibility of “reaping the demographic dividend” depends crucially on the extent to
which the working age population is actually employed. However, if employment is low, informal,
or provides only subsistence levels of income, there is no “demographic dividend” and an
increasing population can actually become a burden to development: it may reduce the availability
of resources for investment; become a source of social instability and institutional fragility; and
create additional pressure on infrastructure, especially in urban context. (20, 21)
Ethiopia, is a country of young where 70% of its population is less than 35 years of age and about
30% is classified as youth. (5-8) The country has a total of about 21.5 million pupils enrolled in
primary and secondary education. Of these pupils, about 16.2 million (76%) are enrolled in
primary education. However, about 70% of 15-24 year olds youths in Ethiopia, have not completed
primary education (i.e. approximately 16% of youth have no formal education and 54% of youth
have attained at most incomplete primary education). Nearly 55% of female youth of secondary
school age are out of school compared to 46% of male youth of the same age. (22)
3.1. COVID-19 impact and response

Since the COVID-19 pandemic first broke out at Wuhan, China in December, 2019, it has caused
more than 14 million cases and more than 4 million deaths as of mid-July, 2020. (10-12) Besides
health related effects, it has resulted in the fourth most severe global recession of the past 150
years by causing the global activity to have contracted 4.3 percent in 2020. (23) The pandemic has
triggered simultaneous financial, supply, demand, health, etc. shocks to the world economy by
forcing governments to implement partial and full closure of businesses in response to contain the
pandemic. If the pandemic continues for a long period of time, economic recession due to
contraction of domestic and global economic activates might happen. The effect of decline in
economic growth would make massive disruption in various sectors. (13)
3.1.1. COVID-19 impact and response in Ethiopia

As of 15th, July, 2021, Ethiopia had reported over 277,443 COVID-19 cases and 4,350 deaths.
(24) Three days after the first case in the country was recorded on 13th, March, 2020, Ethiopia
took several restrictive measures including closure of schools, banning public gatherings and
prohibiting of movement across borders. (4, 25)
Later on 8th, April, 2020 federal level State of Emergency was declared enforcing closure of land
borders, except for cargo; restrictions on cross-country public transportation and city
transportation by limiting the carrying capacity of public transportation providers by half of their
regular capacity; prohibition against laying off workers by employers and increasing rents on
tenants by property owners. Strict measures like closing of restaurants and limiting movement
between rural and urban areas were also undertaken by some administrative regions. However, the
restriction against movement across regional states was alleviated as of July, 2020. Overall, the
country never undertook a full lockdown that severely restricted movement, imposed curfews, or
fully closed all borders. (4)
On 23, March, 2020 the government of Ethiopia announced that it had established a stimulus
package of Birr 5 billion (USD 154 million) to be used to build resilience against the virus and to
mitigate its potential economic impact. On 27 March, the National Bank of Ethiopia stated that it
plans to inject Birr 15 billion (USD 456 million) as liquidity for private banks. (26)
3.1.1.1. Overall Impact on Economic Sector
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ethiopia’s economy has been growing 9.4% a year on
average for a decade since 2010. (27) Agriculture, which was the major contributing sector in
earlier times has dropped from 54% in 1995/96 to 33% in 2018/19 while the service sector (39 %)
and industrial sectors (29%) accounted for 67% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the same
period. About 70 percent of share of the 29 percent contribution of the industrial sector in the
country’s GDP in 2018/19 came from the construction sub-sector. (28)
Ethiopia’s economy growth has decelerated to 6.1 percent in the 2020, from 8.4% in 2019, largely
because of the COVID–19 pandemic. (29) The sectors accounted for most of the observed growth
were the services and industry sectors, mainly construction. Agriculture was not affected by the
pandemic whereas the hospitability, transport, and communications sectors were adversely
affected by the pandemic and the associated containment measures to prevent the spread of the
virus. (27, 29)
At the early periods of the pandemic, economists have warned on the effect of the pandemic on
the service sector with far reaching implications to total GDP growth as well as to urban
unemployment since distributive services (trade, hotel and restaurant, followed by transport and
communication) accounting 56 percent share within the service sector and being a staggering 46
percent and 70 percent contribution to GDP growth and urban employment respectively makes it
the most important sector in the urban economy. (28)
The near to complete shutdowns of tourism-related activity in Ethiopia, as a response to the
pandemic, has significantly affected the country as it as one of the countries having large travel
and tourism sectors. Inflation has accelerated, in response to weaker currencies and food price
pressures. (23)
Despite an increase in tax revenue by 16%, the tax-to-GDP ratio declined to 9.2% in 2020 from
10% in 2019 due to delayed implementation of tax reforms. Even though, the overall export
revenues have increased by 12% in 2020 in Ethiopia, as exports of gold, flowers, coffee, and chat
increased, service sector exports declined by about 6%, mostly because of lower revenue from
Ethiopian Airlines. Similarly, imports have also declined by 8.1% in 2020. (29)
The pandemic affected foreign direct investment (FDI) to fall 20% to 2.2% of GDP in 2020, and
personal remittances to decline by 10% to 5.3% of GDP. Even though poverty was projected to
decline from 23.5% in 2016 to 19% by end of 2020, pandemic-driven job losses, estimated at as
many as 2.5 million, will impede poverty reduction. (29) However, the pandemic could create a
momentum to implement major reforms such as removing inefficient fuel subsidies. (23)
3.1.1.2. Inflation
Inflation reached 20.6% in Ethiopia in 2020, well above the 8% target, due to pandemic-induced
supply chain disruptions and expansionary monetary policy. (29) Similarly, the average general
inflation rate for the preceding 12 months before December, 2020 was 20.7 percent. This inflation
suggests a decrease in a household’s purchasing power of money, reflected in a general increase
in the prices of goods and services.(29, 30)
Generally, food inflation was 22.1 percent in November. On average, food inflation has remained
higher than non-food inflation, which has slightly increased to 15.1 percent. (30)
The November, 2020 food group price indices for cereals and bread shows an increase by 21.1
percent compared to November 2019, and 10 percent for oils and fats since August 2020. (30)
Figure 1 Year on year inflation trends of Ethiopia (WFP VAM Monthly Market Watch for December, 2020)
Figure 2 Consumer Price Index (CPI) trends of food groups in Ethiopia (WFP VAM Monthly Market Watch for December,
2020)
The world food program monthly market watch report for the month of December, 2020 indicated
that, in Ethiopia, the official exchange rate from November 2019 to November 2020 devalued by
27.1 percent against the US dollar. Exchange rate fluctuations can impact food prices and access
to food. If the local currency depreciates relative to the US dollar, food imports get more expensive.
This leads to a rise in domestic food prices for imported items and, through substitutions for less
expensive ones and shifting consumption, to increasing domestic food prices in general. (30)
3.1.1.3. Employment
The COVID-19 crisis has severely affected labor markets around the world, hurting young people
more than other age groups. Globally, youth employment fell by 8.7 per cent in 2020 compared
with 3.7 per cent for adults. (31) In the pre-COVID 19 pandemic period youth unemployment rate
in Ethiopia stood at 25.3% in 2018 (32)
COVID-19 hit Ethiopian households hardest during the early months of the pandemic. Overtime,
the effects, particularly with respect to employment indicators, have subsided.(33) About half of
households had experienced either a reduction or a total loss of income by April 2020 while 26
percent still reporting a reduction in total household income in November 2020 since the pandemic
according to the World Bank phone survey report. (33)
The World Bank phone survey report indicated that the impact of the pandemic on Employment
were severe in early months, particularly in urban areas, with 8 percent of respondents losing their
jobs at the onset of the pandemic in April 2020 of which about two third was due to the COVID-
19 pandemic. Even though, employment recovered quickly and by September 2020 had reached
pre-COVID levels, many respondents previously in more stable types of employment now had
more vulnerable jobs.(33)
The observed diverging outcomes on employment dynamics during the COVID pandemic is
explained by the existence of extreme difference in the structure of the labor market in urban and
rural areas. In rural areas, where 80 percent of the population resides, the main activity is
agriculture with most people allocating their productive employment to farming (growing crops
and/or raising livestock). In contrast, people living in urban areas are more likely to work in wage
employment and work mainly in services and industry.(33)
Over the preceding 12 months as of April 2020, the main means of livelihood for rural households
in Ethiopia was farming (83 percent) while a means of livelihood for urban households was wage
employment (47 percent), followed by nonfarm business (31 percent), and farming (24 percent).
(33)
All sources of household income in rural areas, including farming activities (i.e., growing crops or
raising livestock) were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though, losses in income from
farming at the onset of the pandemic in April 2020 was reported by 25% of rural households, it
reduced throughout the pandemic reaching low point in October 2020. (33)
Beyond the pandemic, desert locust invasions and price changes have also affected rural
households in Ethiopia. Two locust invasions, the first hit just before the pandemic affecting 57
percent of rural households and the second hit between September and October 2020 affecting
about 20 percent of rural households have not caused a major drop in crop output at the national
level because the locusts did not hit the high altitude locations where the country's high agricultural
potential areas are located. It was concentrated in the eastern parts of the country and covered areas
of Afar, Amhara, Somali, and Tigray regions. It was also reported in Dire Dawa and Harare as
well as in the Eastern parts of Oromia. (4, 33)
Farmers income was affected from a reduced demand for agricultural products due to increased
prices of agricultural products related to limited and irregular transport, high prices of commodities
(due to the depreciation and closure of borders) as well as limited wholesalers (border closures).
(33)
3.1.1.4. Business Firms
A study conducted by the World Bank (2020) using a High-Frequency Phone Survey of Firms
(HFPS-F) interviewing a sample of 436 firms in Addis Ababa every three weeks for a total of six
survey rounds between April 15 and September 8, 2020 showed that firm closure has considerably
reduced from 42 percent in April to 25 percent in September as restrictions relaxed and activities
resumed. The share of firms that operate full time has also increased from 41 percent in May to
nearly 60 percent in August and September, 2020. (34)
The report also showed that 82 percent of reported closures was due to drastic decline in demand
and forced closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic related restrictions. The COVID-19 pandemic
related restrictions particularly affected the operations of service sector firms while lower demand
and lower supply of raw materials and intermediate goods affected firms in the industry sector.
(34)
3.1.1.5. Food Security

Even though, annual food inflation was 21 percent in Ethiopia just before the pandemic, the
inflation estimates from July 2020 shows that year-on-year food inflation was 24 percent. Despite
the fact that Ethiopia had been under double digit inflation rate before the pandemic, food price
have risen somewhat faster during the pandemic. (4)
Between February and May, 2020 there was about 11% increment in the cost of a healthy diet in
Addis Ababa. (4) Regarding the food price dynamics during the pandemic, price changes differ
extremely across crops ranging from 33% increment to 12% decrement due to transportation
disruptions and border closures resulting in a decline in supply in some area of the country while
resulting over-supply in other area. Lower incomes due to COVID-19 disruptions and
misperceptions that the virus is transmitted through certain foods also contributed to lower
demand, especially in urban areas.(4)
A key factor in determining food availability in Ethiopian is the outcome of the Meher harvest
where more than 90 percent of the country’s crop output is produced. (4) most households (93
percent) in rural areas were growing crops during this season; and only about 4 percent of
households reported difficulties in their harvesting activities due to the pandemic. (33)
Another key factor in determining the harvest is access to key inputs, such as fertilizers, herbicides,
and labor. The main challenges that rural households faced especially in early months of the
pandemic between June and August were inability to purchase fertilizers and seeds. However, the
vast majority of households (over 90 percent) were able to plant normally during the planting
season between June and October 2020. (4, 33)
According to the 2019 joint report by World Food Program Ethiopia Office and Central Statistical
Agency of Ethiopia, 20.5% of households in Ethiopia were food insecure in 2016. (35) Results
from high frequency phone surveys collected between April 2020 and January 2021 by the World
Bank, indicated that 39-46 % of households experienced food insecurity during the pandemic in
Ethiopia. Severe food insecurity alone is experienced by about 10 % of households. The study also
stressed that the food insecurity in rural areas could be understated because of the limitation of the
survey to reach only those households with access to a phone. (33)
The joint report indicated that in April 2020, only about 10 percent of rural households received
social assistance through any means, either the government, NGOs, or religious institutions, since
the outbreak of the pandemic. (33)
The results from high frequency phone surveys conducted by the World Bank showed that about
5 percent of rural households were assisted by the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) at the
onset of the pandemic with large reduction in the share of households receiving assistance from
PSNP over time and reaching less than 1 percent of rural households in November 2020. The PSNP
was the most important source of assistance in early months of the pandemic with over half of all
households that receive assistance, receiving it through PSNP compared to other means or
programs. (33)
The pandemic has resulted in limited urban to urban movement and urbano-phobia which is
abandoning of traveling to urban areas by people living in urban peripheries rural areas. (36)
3.2. Civic Engagment of Youth on COVID-19 Response

Students volunteering on awareness creation
Some volunteer students who were staying at home due to the closure of school in order to contain
the spread of the virus have participated in creating awareness about the transmission and ways of
containing the COVID-19 pandemic among the community they live in.
The students worked together with the Ethiopian Red Cross Society (ERCS) to help their society.
The young volunteers created COVID related awareness for the community around taxi stations,
bus stations, commercial buildings, train stations, and public
During the busy rush hour, the volunteers and their coordinators use the mobile speaker to amplify
their messages. As the taxi queues begin to build up, the volunteers go around sanitizing people’s
hands.
The ERCS, in partnership with UNICEF, has trained volunteers to work with communities in 134
targeted woredas (districts) in Ethiopia. People living in congested urban areas such as
marketplaces, slums, and remote areas with low access to the media will be reached with COVID
prevention messages. This will be done mainly through the deployment of 1,500 volunteers from
the targeted communities. The partnership aims to reach nine million people. (37)
Helping vulnerable groups
Members of Love in Action Ethiopia have observed increases in the numbers of people begging
on the street (including people with well-kept appearances, families, and immigrants) as a result
of the impact of lock-down. This causes psycho-social effects including inferiority complexes,
hopelessness, frustration, and loss of self-respect, dignity and self-confidence. Physical distancing
is difficult for large families required to live 24/7 in small houses or in single rooms, and crowded
inter-generational households often lack basic supplies. Therefore, Love in Action Ethiopia has
been engaged in:-
 providing safe, structured, and community-based education about the COVID virus
through mass media, mini-media and home-to-home services
 providing psycho-social support using volunteers,;
 mobilizing health materials such as personal protective equipment (PPE), face masks,
sanitizers, street-based hand-washing materials;
 addressing basic and immediate needs of the most at risk communities, including food,
clothes and hygienic materials;
 strengtheninig existring implementation systems and structures in local and regional
government offices in designing strategies, plans, and follow-up mechanisms to mitigate
the transmission of virus;
 building organizational capacity through online mentoring and training of staff and
governance team on COVID-19 management. (38)
3.3. Innovative Citizen Engagement during the COVID-

19 Pandemic
Radio shows to promote accountable service delivery
As the practice of social accountability in Ethiopia which has evolved as a largely face-to-face
process, was challenged by the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, the World Bank through the
Ethiopia Social Accountability Program (ESAP), implemented an innovative approach to continue
engaging citizens through the media (a new call-in radio show called “Citizens on the Line” that
doubled its reaches to 729 districts with in a year). (39)
Repurposing business firms

One of the coping, survival and resilience mechanisms implemented by small business garment
industries in Ethiopia against the impact of the pandemic from cancellation or reduction of orders
from their customers due to COVID-19-related disruptions was repurposing of the firms for the
production of COVID-19-related products. (40)
However, most firms indicated that they need support in securing orders, access to new raw
materials, and assistance with employee re-training in order to engage in production of alternative
products. A support provided by Mastercard Foundation for 11 small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) in Ethiopia to repurpose their factories to manufacture personal protective equipment
(PPE) in the fight against COVID-19 have helped them to continue running their businesses and
avoided having to lay off their 1,060 employees, the majority being young women. (40, 41)
Similarly, the World Bank which has been supporting more than 40,000 growth-oriented women-
owned enterprises in Ethiopia with access to loans and business training through its Women
Entrepreneurship Development program, has developed a new, digital approach to transform the
way the government approaches business support using a mobile application which could generate
business insights as well as transactional records, to help firms improve operations, maximize
profits, and obtain digital credit scores to access emergency loans. In addition it also developed
two new financing systems which will bolster the existing credit line to support Ethiopia’s women
entrepreneurs to withstand the negative economic impacts of the pandemic, and to ensure that
Micro Finance Institutions can remain viable in serving them. (42, 43)
Young inventors
Inventors in Ethiopia have been developing devices and gadgets to combat COVID-19. Young
innovators such as Ezedine Kamil, who is an 18-year-old student from a rural town in Ethiopian
and has 30 inventions to his credit so far of which thirteen have been patented by the
organization SaveIdeas, designed and implemented contactless soap dispenser for hand washing.
Although not implemented to fully benefit the community due to lack of funding, Ezedine’s
innovations in response to the pandemic include ventilator from locally available materials; and
coronavirus warning device which is a hand watch like apparatus with a sensor to remind people
not to touch their faces. (44)
Innovations to improve the safety of healthcare workers and patients

Medical Equipment Maintenance: By working with Tegbareid Polytechnic College (PC) and the
Ethiopia COVID-19 Response Team (ECRT), a global volunteer team of more than 1,800
professionals including engineers, doctors, designers, marketers, architects and product managers
working to combat COVID-19 in Ethiopia, and an NGO named Lifebox have supported Tegbareid
PC and ECRT’s Medical Device Maintenance Project. The project was aimed at repairing existing
medical devices at a critical time for healthcare facilities in Ethiopia. The equipments maintained,
collected from hospitals across the country, include diagnostic equipment such as patient
monitoring systems, pulse oximeters and electrocardiographs.
UV-C Decontamination and Reuse of N95 Respirators: The demand for personal protective
equipment (PPE) continues to surpass production, as the number of COVID-19 cases grow
continuously. To mitigate the shortage of PPE, Lifebox was also working on a project piloting the
use of UV-C radiation to decontaminate N95 masks. (45)
4. Objective of the baseline study

4.1. General Objective
The objective of this baseline study is to establish a benchmark for the implementation of
COYOQA project and contribute to a better understanding of context specific and meaningful
youth engagement in COVID-19 preparedness, response, capacity, key gaps and support needs at
the youth, program and enabling environment level.
4.2. Specific objectives

(i) To assess the level of youth engagement in social accountability during COVID-19
response
(ii) To identify factors affecting youth engagement in COVID-19 response
(iii) To assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on youths
(iv) To assess the level of youth engagement in the Monitoring and Evaluation of COVID-19
response
5. Methods and Materials

A mixed research approach involving both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed to
assess the level of youth engagement in social accountability related to COVID-19 response from
09 June 2021 to 16 June 2021.
5.1. Methods and Materials: Quantitative Study

5.1.1. Study Setting
The study was conducted in three randomly selected sub cities of Addis Ababa, namely Yeka,
Arada and Nifas Silk. The study was carried out in 3 highly populous
areas located in the respective sub-cities.
5.1.2. Study Design and Study Population

A community based cross-sectional study was employed among youths aged from 15 to 35 years
in Addis Ababa. We included youths who were permanent resident of Addis Ababa and volunteer
to participate in this study.
5.1.3. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

The sample size was calculated based on one population proportion formula using Epi-info
software assuming 95% CI, 5% margin of error, and a 23% for the level of youth engagement
taken from a previous study. Accordingly, the minimum sample size for this survey is determined
to be 272. Participants were selected using a non-probability quota sampling methods to ensure
adequate number of representatives from both males and females. We included youths who were
walking through streets of the selected area until we complete our sample size.
5.1.4. Variables of the Study.

Dependent Variable
 Youth engagement in social accountability and advocacy issues in COVID-19 response.
Independent Variables
 Variables related to socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex, etc.
 Variables related to youths perceived barriers and facilitators related to
o Knowledge
o Access to information
o Community attitude
o Motivation
o Availability of resources
o Availability of platforms
o Governance / political commitment
o Peace and security
5.1.5. Operational Definition

Youth – individuals aged between 15-35 years
Meaningful youth engagement - the active engagement of young people in all phases of the
development and implementation of policies, programs and services that affect their lives.
5.1.6. Data Collection Methods and Data Quality Assurance

The data was collected using structured interviewer administered questionnaire administered
through SurveyCTO software. The questionnaire includes: background information, mobilization
of youths to participate in the COVID-19 response, capacity of youths to participate in the COVID-
19 response, partnership with youths in the COVID-19 response, impact of COVID-19 on youths
and their communities, involvement of youths in policy engagement and knowledge sharing,
accountability in COVID-19 response.
The quality of quantitative data were assured by properly designing and pre-testing the
questionnaire, training of data collectors and supervisors, proper coding and categorization of
variables. Every day, electronic questionnaires were reviewed for completeness by supervisors and
investigators and necessary feedbacks were provided for data collectors in the next morning before
data collection.
5.1.7. Data Processing and Analysis

Quantitative data were transferred to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23
software from the SurveyCTO software for data management and analysis. Descriptive findings
were generated and summarized in terms of mean, frequencies, and percentage and presented using
tables and appropriate statistical diagrams.
5.2. Methods and Materials: Qualitative Study

We conducted nine key informant in-depth interviews with purposely selected respondents from
different governmental and non-governmental institutions to understand the level of meaningful
youth engagement in social accountability related to COVID-19 response.
5.2.1. Data collection methods

The data collection method was an in-depth interview. Interviews were carried out by the
investigator from 09 June to 16 June, 2021. All participants were interviewed face-to-face on one
occasion only. All in-depth interviews were audio recorded and notes were taken during interviews
to capture emotions expressed verbally or non-verbally. An in-depth interview-guide prepared in
local language (Amharic) was used to guide the interview process. All the interviews were
conducted in Amharic. While data collection was on progress, preliminary analysis of the early
interviews provided a means to adapt questions and to refine probes considering the important
issues emerged. The process of data collection was considered saturated when consecutive in-
depth interviews did not bring new information. We concluded data collection after 9 interviews
from Ministry of Women Children and Youths (1), Addis Ababa Youth and Volunteer
Coordination Office (1), Ethiopian Public Health Institute (2), Addis Ababa Health Bureau (1),
Future Hope Integrated Development organization (2) and Hiwot Integrated Development
organization (2).
5.2.2. Data processing and analysis

Thematic analysis was carried out. Each in-depth interview was transcribed verbatim by the
investigator and one other member of the research team reviewed transcripts for accuracy.
Transcripts were first to read several times to get an overall picture and then the information was
coded from the data. Then, meaningful concepts were condensed and categorized into broad
themes. Participant quotations were selected to illustrate particular issues discussed.
5.2.3. Techniques to enhance trustworthiness

We tried to improve the rigor of the data through prolonged engagement and member checking.
Furthermore, we tried to solicit feedback for the transcripts from few participants, who supported
the validity of our transcripts.
5.3. Ethical Issue

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Ethiopian Public
Health Association. Necessary communication was made with all concerned bodies and
permission was secured before the data collection process. The purpose of the study was explained
to the study participants and participation in the study was completely voluntary. An informed oral
consent was obtained from each study participant before data collection.
6. Result and Findings of quantitative study

6.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the
respondents
Overall, 269 respondents have participated in this study giving a response rate of 98.8%. The
proportion of male respondents, 147 (54.6%) was slightly higher than females 122 (45.4%).
Proportion of Participants by Gender
45% Male
55% Female
Figure 3 Proportion of Participants by Gender
Majority of the respondents (43%) were in the age group 18-24; while a little higher than one third
(36%) were in the age group 25-30; and the rest (21%) were 31-35 years of age.
Characteristics of respondents by age-group
31-35
21%
18-24
25-30 43%
36%
18-24 25-30 31-35
Figure 4 Characteristics of respondents by age-group
Regarding educational attainment of the respondents, slightly higher than one third (35%) of them
were undergraduates followed by (25%) with secondary education, while the least proportion of
them had primary education (6.7%) and no education (4.5%).
Characteristics of Respondents by Educational

Status
40.0
30.0 34.9
PERCENTAGE
20.0
23.8
10.0 17.1
4.5 6.7 13.0
0.0
None Primary Secondary Tertiary Undergraduate Post graduate
EDUCATIONAL STATUS
Figure 5 Characteristics of Respondents by Educational Status
About two third (63%) of the study participants reported that they were employed. Among those
employed respondents, a little higher than two third of them (67%) were paid employees, whereas
the rest characterized the nature of their employment as self-employed (21.8%), casual laborers
(9.4%) and other (2%). Table 1 shows detailed demographic characteristics of respondents.
Employment Status of Respondents
Unempl
oyed Employe
37% d
63%
Figure 6 Employment Status of Respondents
Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents
Variable Category Frequency Percentage

Gender Male 147 54.6
Female 122 45.4
Age group 18-24 116 43
25-30 97 36
31-35 56 21
Educational Status None 12 4.5
Primary 18 6.7
Secondary 64 23.8
Tertiary 46 17.1
Undergraduate 94 34.9
Post graduate 35 13.0
Employment status Yes 170 63.2

No 99 36.8
Employment type Paid employment 114 67.1
Self 37 21.8
Casual laborer 16 9.4
Other 3 1.8
Type of employer Private 49 43.0
Public/government 44 38.6
CSO 15 13.2
Other 6 5.3
Engagement with Yes 78 29

youth-led organizations No 191 71
Area of participation International NGO 6 7.7
(organization) National NGO 16 20.5
Local CSO 14 17.9
CBO 18 23.1
FBO 8 10.3
Other 16 20.5
Organization’s main Governance 4 5.1

area of work* Health 17 21.8
Development 24 30.8
Education 21 26.9
Environment 6 7.7
Peace and security 5 6.4
Transport 3 3.8
Advocacy 6 7.7
Other 28 35.9
Duration of engagement Less than a year 34 43.6
Two-five years 32 41.0
Over five years 12 15.4
*Multiple response
Regarding the level of participation in any youth led organization, only (29%) of the respondents
have reported that they have association with such organizations while majority of the respondents
(71%) reported that they have no association with youth led organization. Among those who had
association with youth-led organizations, 23% of them have described the nature of those
organizations as CBO, 20.5% as national CSO and other and 18% as local CSO. Similarly, among
the respondents who reported that they had association with youth-led organizations, majority (79
%) of them described the main area of work of those organizations as education, development,
health and other (i.e. 27%, 31%, 22% and 36% respectively). Likewise, among those who had
association with youth-led organizations, 43.6% of them have participated for less than a year
period, 41% of them have participated for 2-5 years period and 15.4% of them have participated
for more than 5 years period.
6.2. Brief overview of Meaningful youth engagement

Out of the total 269 respondents, 184 (68%) were mobilized to participate in the COVID-19
response where, 27.5% were mobilized individually. Other actors who have engaged in the
mobilization were government and CBOs (each accounting for about 11%), CSOs (6%), youth
organizations (5%), FBOs (<1%) and others (7.4%).
Mobilization to participate in COVID-19

response
Not
Mobilized
32%
Mobilized
68%
Mobilized Not Mobilized
Figure 7 Mobilization to participate in COVID-19 response
Proportion of youths mobilized for COVID -19

response by type of mobilizer
45.0
40.0
35.0 40.2
PERCENTAGE
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0 15.8 15.8
5.0 8.7 1.1 7.6 10.9
0.0
CSO Government Individually FBOs CBO Youth Other
organization
TYPE OF MOBILIZER
Figure 8 Proportion of youths mobilized for COVID-19 response by type of mobilizer
Among 184 respondents who reported that they were mobilized to participate in the COVID-19
response, only 2 (1%) were mobilized to participate in policy design; while the majority (87%)
were mobilized to participate in selection of activities followed by budgeting (12%).
level of mobilization to participate in the design

of COVID response
1%
12%
Policy
formula
tion
87%
Figure 9 Level of mobilization to participate in the design of COVID-19 response
Figure 10 Level of engagement of youths in the COVID-19 response by gender
Likewise, about two third (64%) of the 184 respondents were mobilized to support the response
through distribution of COVID-19 materials. Overall, majority (77%) of the 184 respondents who
were mobilized to participate in the COVID-19 response, characterized the nature of their
involvement as casual/support while the rest 23% indicated that they were involved in
administrative, supervisory or other areas.
The major ways that the respondents participated in the COVID-19 -19 response were through
delivering food and sanitary materials (about 20%), using social media to spread accountable
information (about 18%), ensuring the most vulnerable are not left behind (11.5%), speak out for
effective and equitable care (about 9%), and others segmented and various activities (63%). Table
2 shows Level of meaningful youth engagement among youths.
Level of participation in COVID – 19 response by

type of activity
PERCENTAGE
Providing essential reproductive… 3.7
17.8
TYPE OF PARTICIPATION
Speak out for effective and… 9.3

3.3
Conducting research and… 2.6
4.8
Delivering food and sanitation 19.7
1.1
Ensuring the most vulnerable are… 11.5
62.8
Figure 11 Level of participation in COVID-19 – 19 response by type of activity
Table 2 Level of meaningful youth engagement among youths
Variable Response category Frequency Percentage
How were you mobilized to CSO 16 5.9

participate in COVID-19 Government 29 10.8
response? Individually 74 27.5
FBOs 2 0.7
CBO 29 10.8
Youth organization 14 5.2
Other 20 7.4
None 85 31.6
How were you mobilized in the Policy formulation 2
1.1
design of COVID-19 response
Selection of activities 160
87.0
Budgeting 22 12.0
Care for the sick 39 21.2
How were you mobilized to Distribution of COVID- 118

support the COVID-19 response 19 materials 64.1
* Other 59 32.1
Nature of involvement IN Casual 141 76.6

COVID-19 response Administrative 16 8.7
Supervisory 11 6.0
Other 16 8.7
Participation in COVID-19 Providing essential 10 3.7

response during the current reproductive health and
phase of the pandemic* championship
Using social media and 48 17.8
apps to spread
accountable
information
Speak out for effective 25 9.3
and equitable care
Championing mental 9 3.3
wellness
Conducting research 7 2.6
and development
technology
Harnessing the strength 13 4.8
of communication
Delivering food and 53 19.7
sanitation
Engaging elected 3 1.1
officials and law
makers
Ensuring the most 31 11.5

vulnerable are not left
behind
Others 169 62.8
* Multiple response
6.3. Enabling Environment (Legislation and laws enacted

during COVID-19)
Nearly all of the respondents (98%) have reported that they were not involved in formulating
COVID-19 peace and security policy. Similarly, the great majority of the study participants (83%)
reported that they are not aware of any policy that provide for youth participation in the COVID-
19 response. In addition, only 4.5% of the respondents have participated in lobbying activities
related to improvement in the COVID-19 response. Among the 269 study participants, 104 (39%)
of them reported that they are aware of the existence of arrest in the government’s COVID-19
response. Study participants have also indicated that they are aware of the existence of COVID-
19 procurement guideline (23%).
Regarding the government’s inclination towards allowing youths to exercise choice of intervention
in COVID-19 response, nearly half (44%) of the respondents rated it as good and very good while
equivalent proportion (43.5%) of participants rated it as poor and very poor.
6.4. COVID-19 budgets and resources

Regarding incidents of abuse/corruption in the COVID-19 response, 47% of the respondents have
reported that they have witnessed fake companies/products in their communities. In addition, 31%
and 18% of the respondents have reported that they have witnessed flouting of
procurement/logistics procedures and embezzlement of COVID-19 resources respectively; while
the rest 39% of the respondents said that they haven’t witnessed any of those incidents. On top of
that, about three forth (74%) of the participants have said that the budgets allocated for the COVID-
19 response were not made public. Table 3 shows detailed description of study participants’
response on witnessing abuse/corruption related to COVID-19 response.
Level of participation related to budget and

resources by gender
80.00
69.52
70.00
60.00
PERCENTAGE
50.00
36.43
40.00 33.09
30.00 23.42
20.00 14.13
9.29 8.92
10.00 1.86 4.83 4.09
1.12 0.74
0.00
Awareness Campaign Whistle Blowing Advocacy None
M F T
Figure 12 Level of participation related to budget and resources by gender
Table 3 Abuse/corruption related to COVID-19 response

Witnessed any of Fake products 127 47.2
these* Flouting of procurement/ logistics 45 16.7
procedures
Embezzlement of COVID-1919 83 30.9
resources
None 106 39.4
Participated in any Anti-corruption awareness campaigns 63 23.4
of these*
Whistleblowing 5 1.9
Advocacy campaigns 24 8.9
None 187 69.5
* Multiple response
6.5. Youth engagement in monitoring and evaluation

Of all the 269 participants, only 71 (26%) of them were involved in COVID-19 response by
government or CSOs. Among the 71 respondents who were involved in COVID-19 response by
government or CSOs, those engaged in participatory monitoring of budgets and policy
implementation were 8 (3%), in participatory budgeting and oversight were 11 (4%), in social
audits such as public hearings to oversee COVID-19 were 1 (0.4%), in co-governance of funds
were 2 (0.7%), in interface meetings were 9 (3.3%) and in inclusionary community discussion and
assessment of service performance were 5 (2%).
6.6. Technology and information flow

Regarding the existence of mechanisms that were put in place to enable youths to share information
on COVID-19 response, majority of the respondents (59%-78%) did not know the existence of
these mechanisms at wereda (district) level (59%), at sub-city level (78%), at regional level (78%)
and at national level (60.5%).
Existence of mechanisms to enable youths share

information on COVID-19 response
90
78 78
80
70 61
59
PERCENTAGE
60
50 41 39.5
40
30 22 22
20
10
0
District Sub-city Regional National
HIERARCHY OF ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES
Yes No
Figure 13 Existence of mechanisms to enable youths share information on COVID-19 response
Among the 269 study participants, about two third (61%) did not participate in any activity related
to policy engagement and knowledge sharing. The most common type of activity that youths have
participated in the area of policy engagement and knowledge sharing was communication of good
practices in the COVID-19 response (about 32%). Table 4 shows detailed description of the areas
of participation in policy engagement and knowledge sharing.
Level of participation i n COVID-19 related

information flow
PERCENTAGE
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
Communication of good practices in the COVID response 31.6

Communication of challenges in the COVID response 14.9
Lobbying for improvement in the COVID response 4.5
None 61.0
Figure 14 Level of participation in COVID-19 related information flow
Table 4 Areas of participation in policy engagement and knowledge sharing

Participation in Communication of good practices 85 31.6
policy engagement in the COVID-19 response
and knowledge
sharing* Communication of challenges in 40 14.9
the COVID-19 response
Lobbying for improvement in the 12 4.5
COVID-19 response
None 164 61.0
* Multiple response
6.7. Preparedness and Response

The study measured the capacity of youths to participate in the implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of the COVID-19 response by asking the respondents to rank certain dimensions of
their preparedness to participate in the COVID-19 response. Accordingly, majority (71-94%) of
the study participants rated good or very good regarding their knowledge about COVID-19; access
to protective materials; financial resource; knowledge on information on mandates, rights,

responsibility and entitlements; ability to demand information; ability to speak out and engage;
and motivation to participate in the value chain from inception to accountability. However,
participants who said that they have good or very good ability to participate in allocation of money
to different activities; and they have ability to participate in follow-up of the way the money was
spent are only 13% and 16% respectively.
Of all the 269 participants, only a quarter (26%) of them were involved in COVID-19 response by
government or CSOs. When we see the level of their participation by specific activity, the activities
that youths participated least were dissemination of audits (0%), social audits – public hearings to
oversee COVID-19 (0.4%), co-governance of funds (0.7%), hiring of doctors, nurses, community
health workers , wash officers etc. (frontline workers) (0.7%), inclusionary community discussion
and assessment of service performance (1.9%) and local transparency (1.9%). Table 5. Shows the
level of preparedness and response for COVID-19.
Table 5 Level of preparedness and response for COVID-19

Knowledge Very Good 151 56.1
about COVID-19 Good 102 37.9
Poor 11 4.1
Very poor 5 1.9
Access to Very Good 122 45.4
Protective Good 116 43.1
Materials Poor 28 10.4
Very poor 3 1.1
Resilience Very Good 61 22.7
(Financial Good 120 44.6
Resources) Poor 78 29.0
Very poor 10 3.7
Very Good 16 5.9
Ability to Good 78 29.0

participate in Poor 156 58.0
allocation of Very poor 19 7.1
money to
different
activities
Ability to Very Good 11 4.1
participate in Good 63 23.4
follow up of Poor 164 61.0
money Very poor 31 11.5
Knowledge of Very Good 39 14.5
information on Good 136 50.6
mandate right Poor 82 30.5
responsibility Very poor 12 4.5
Ability to Very Good 25 9.3
demand Good 130 48.3
information from Poor 101 37.5
implementers Very poor 13 4.8
Ability to speak Very Good 28 10.4
and engage Good 137 50.9
Poor 93 34.6
Very poor 11 4.1
Motivation to Very Good 76 28.3
participate Good 114 42.4
Poor 70 26.0
Very poor 9 3.3
Involvement in Dissemination of funding information 23 8.6
COVID-19 Participatory monitoring of budgets and 8 3.0
response by policy implementation
government or Hiring of doctors, nurses, community 2 0.7

CSO* health workers, WASH officers etc.
(frontline workers)
Participatory budgeting and oversight 11 4.1
Social audits – Public hearings to 1 0.4

oversee COVID-19
Dissemination of audits 1 0
Co-governance of funds 2 0.7
Interface meetings 9 3.3
Inclusionary community discussion and 5 1.9
assessment of service performance
Local transparency 5 1.9
Local trainers 3 1.1
Other 23 8.6
* Multiple response
6.8. Challenges of meaningful youth engagement in

social accountability
The most common factors identified as challenges that constrain youths engagement in the
COVID-19 response were limited budget (49%), followed by limited time (32%), reluctance of
the government (24%) and limited capacity of both the government and youths (20%).
Out of the total 269 respondents, 184 (68%) were mobilized to participate in the COVID-19
response. Accordingly, those 184 respondents who reported that they were mobilized to participate
in the COVID-19 response have identified culture (48%), economic variables (30%) and access to
information (18.5%) as the main factors affecting the level of their involvement in the COVID-19
response. Table 6 shows detailed description of constraints identified by the respondents. Table 6
shows detailed description of constraints identified by the respondents.
Regarding the parts of life affected by COVID-19, half of the respondents have identified that
COVID-19 have affected their education. Similarly, 43% of the respondents have identified their
employment was affected by COVID-19. The list affected part of life was activism (1%). Over all
there is no gender difference related to the parts of life affected by COVID-19.
Parts of life affected by COVID-19

60 51.3
50 43.1
PERCENTAGE
40 35.7
30 25 26 24
21.6 19 20 21.6
20 13 16 13
9 7
10 1 1 1.1
0
Livelihood Education Employment Health Activism Other
PARTS OF LIFE
Male Female Total
Figure 15 Parts of life affected by COVID-19
Table 6 Constraints and challenges of meaningful youth engagement in social accountability

Engagement limited budget 132 49.1
constraints in limited time 87 32.3
COVID-19 response* Expertize to devote to civic 40 14.9
engagement activities
Reluctance of the government 64 23.8
Lack of standard operating 49 18.2

procedures and guidelines
Limited evidence on 20 7.4

effectiveness of youth efforts
Internal logistical challenges 29 10.8
Negative reputation of the 15 5.6

government in providing social
services
Limited willingness of youth to 45 16.7

participate
Corruption/favoritism/ 27 10.0
nepotism
Social exclusion 17 6.3
limited capacity of both the 53 19.7
government and youths
None 24 8.9
Other 42 15.6
Constraints * Politics 17 9.2
Culture 88 47.8
Tolerance for youths opinions 22

12.0
Laws 18 9.8
Economic variables 56 30.4
Access to information 34 18.5
Other 34 18.5
* Multiple response
7. Findings of Qualitative study

7.1. Meaningful youth engagement in social
accountability
Our finding revealed that the level of meaningful youth engagement in SA (i.e. active participation
of young people on equal terms with adults in designing, planning, implementing, monitoring and
evaluation) of COVID-19 related programs is different from organization to organization. There
is no universal framework or guideline that directs youth involvement. Our respondents suggested
that meaningful participation of youth can be achieved through deliberate efforts; including
budding capacities, establishing an enabling environment, increasing the commitment and
determination of young people to be actively involved, and support and frequent follow-up. The
following quotation shows the level of youth engagement at different organizations.
“We strongly believe that engaging youths in SA activities of COVID-19 response is a must and
very effective approach. We are participating youth’s through our 113 youth personality
development centres and 716 youth clubs working in different areas (Health, Art, Sport, blood
donation, and red-cross, school….). Youths have been participating in voluntary service through
their associations. Some of the activities they were undertaking include hand washing, social
distancing, body temperature measurement, poster distribution, street drama and role playing,
supporting health facilities, awareness creation, mobilizing and collecting food items etc.” (Addis
Ababa Youth and Volunteers Coordination Office)
“We involved youths when we distribute BBC materials like leaflets, broachers and other COVID-
19 prevention materials like mask, sanitizers. They supported us a lot in community awareness
creation and sensitization. Together with Youths from Addis Ababa Youth association we provide
COVID-19 education at school, at different government institutions and to the general community
through street drama and role-playing.” Hiwot Integrated Development Organization (HIDO)
“Youth participation should not be periodic; we have to establish well organized ongoing system
to ensure sustained and effective youth engagement in social accountability of COVID-19 response
or for other emerging pandemics.” (Ministry of Women Children and Youths)
“To engage youths meaningfully, our offices should be open and attractive to youths who want to
volunteer their time and energy. We have to create free service opportunities, trust and allow them
to work independently. We have to motivate, encourage and support youths so as to empower them
towards effective performance” Future Hope Integrated Development Organization (FHIDO)
“Usually, youths accept new things easily, but they are negligent and they have a problem of
persistency and require frequent monitoring and follow-up.” Ethiopian Public Health Institute
(EPHI)
7.2. Enabling factors of meaningful youth engagement in

social accountability
Most frequently mentioned enabling factors for meaningful youth engagement in COVID-19
response were: presence of easily accessible and adequate number of youths, support Growing
interest of development partners, availability of youth organizational structures (Youth and
Volunteers Coordination Office, Youth Associations, Youth centers, Youth Clubs etc..),
Advancement of technology (e.g. Social media, virtual meetings, online information sources),
presence of sound guidelines/policies and being a national and global attention.
7.3. COVID-19 Budget and Resources.

Our qualitative finding revealed that COVID-19 budget and other resources are not transparent.
No auditing mechanism. Youth are not well informed and aware of amount and type of resources
allocated for COVID-19. The following quotation illustrated this finding:
“I don’t think we have a transparent utilization of COVID-19 budget and other resources.
Organizations do not want to be transparent and be accountable, that is why they opt to hide their
budget and other allocated resources. Let alone youths, we all have not the information on how
much budget and resources are allocated, mobilized and funded by the international community
for COVID-19. So, if we don’t know how much budget is allocated. It will be difficult to make
institutions and service providers accountable.” (Key Informant form Government Institution)
Another key informant form CSOs shared their experience on how they utilize COVID-19 budget
as:
“… during inauguration of our programs, we usually present our budget breakdown to
stakeholders including youths. Based on the feedback we got we made the necessary revision. As
far as we create awareness and disclose resources publicly and be ready to be accountable, the
community itself asked us how we utilized COVID-19 resources. We had social accountability
committee (SAC) and financial transparency and allocation committee (FTAC), composed of
representatives from CSOs, public institutions and beneficiaries. They monitor and audit COVID-
19 related activities and Budget regularly and so far there is no negative report.”
7.4. Youth engagement in monitoring and evaluation

Our qualitative respondents agree that participation of youths in monitoring and evaluation of
COVID-19 response activities is crucial to improve performance and for efficient and effective
implementation of programs. However, due to different reasons like emergency nature of the
problem, lack of adequate knowledge and skill on M&E, lack of COVID-19 monitoring and
evaluation framework (guideline) etc.. They revealed that youth involvement in monitoring and
evaluation of COVID-19 response is not found to be satisfactory. Respondents share us their
opinion in this regard as follows:
“Yes, youths should be engaged in monitoring and evaluation of COVID-19-response. But, we
need to provide them adequate training on M&E to improve their knowledge and skill so that they
can participate meaningfully. Moreover, they have to go through all the process of COVID-19
response programs (i.e. designing, planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating). We have
to create smooth environment to be monitored and evaluated.”(Key informant from CSOs)
“It is difficult to implement M/E activities during emergency situations; we were running towards
core activities (i.e. case detection, testing and isolation). We don’t have monitoring and evaluation
framework appropriate for emergency situation. In the existing monitoring and evaluation
structures and/or committees participation of youths is minimal, indeed.”(Key informant from
government institution)
7.5. Preparedness and Response

Our key informants mentioned different COVID-19 preparedness and response interventions being
implemented by their organization and the federal government in general to contain the pandemic.
Public awareness creation and public education have been the public health strategic efforts. For
this purpose the government widely used media messages and ethio-telecom cell-phone ring tones
and SMS to remind and create awareness about the public health hygiene responses including
frequent hand washing, maintaining a social distancing, and wearing of facemasks to fight
COVID-19. In addition, an online platform/website providing short-term courses and trainings was
developed by the ministry of health. Furthermore, the government implemented strict and stringent
contact tracing after the case report, isolation as well as care, obligatory quarantine, and treatment.
The government mobilized the public universities’ dormitories and other private buildings to
increase the capacity and number of quarantine centers. After the declaration of a national state of
emergency the country has banned public gatherings and other social activities of more than four
people. The ban applied to all religious, governmental, non-governmental, commercial, political,
and social gatherings. Further, the government introduced more comprehensive life insurance
packages and coverage to protect front-line health workers.
7.6. Challenges of MYE in Social Accountability

Participants were asked to mention potential challenges or barriers of meaningful youth
engagement, accordingly, the most frequently mentioned reasons were: Limited knowledge and
experiences of youth on social accountability, Lack of youth engagement culture , Weak youth
led structures/ Youth Clubs/ Youth Associations , Young people’s lack of trust in the existing
youth structures , Inadequate financial and other resources to youth engagement , Political and
religious turmoil , Poor collaboration and coordination among stakeholders , non-participatory
policies and laws. These findings were supported by the following quotations.
“The major problem in our setup is poor economic status because of that youths prioritize other
activities to fulfil their daily basic needs. The other disabling factor is stigma- Families don’t want
their family members to participate in COVID-19 response activities due to fear of infection.”
(EPHI).
“Our institutions are not youth friendly; they don’t have the necessary services to attract youths.
In addition they are complex and bureaucratic. There is no freedom in forming youth associations,
clubs etc. It is associated with politics and religion. For example when someone started to
volunteer something or be a member of a given youth based organization, he/she will be linked to
a particular political group or religious group.” FHIDO.
7.7. Good Practices

One key informant interviewer from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute shared us how they tried
to mobilize face mask and access it free of charge for the community. Hereunder, we summarize
and present it as a good practice.
Mask Banking: Collecting masks from different individuals, private and public institutions
including local and international donors and banking centrally. The primary aim of this initiative
was to provide mask free of charge to poor peoples who cannot afford to buy face mask from their
pocket. The bank has been distributing millions of masks to different public institutions so that
they were able to dispense at least one mask for one customer free of charge.
8. Conclusion
The study found out low level of youth engagement in social accountability related to COVID-19
response. The major barriers for meaningful youth engagement in social accountability of COVID-
19 response were: limited knowledge and experiences of youth on social accountability, lack of
youth engagement culture , weak youth led structures/ youth clubs/ youth associations, young
people’s lack of trust in the existing youth structures, inadequate financial and other resources to
youth engagement, political and religious turmoil, poor collaboration and coordination among
stakeholders, non-participatory policies and laws.
In response to the pandemic, several measures ranging from public health emergency response to
the state of emergency have been underway by the Ethiopian government. However, it is found
that governmental efforts have not been enough to reduce the spread of the virus.
9. Recommendation
In recommendation, civil societies need to work together, coordinate their work to avoid
duplication of effort. They have to engage youths in all phases of their project starting from
designing, planning, and implementation to monitoring and evaluation.
The government and other concerned bodies are expected to establish youth friendly youth centres
that means youth centres with adequate and necessary materials, recreation centres, and library.
Much more is expected from the government in terms of creating awareness about social
accountability in COVID-19 response and breaking the bureaucratic process, restrictive policies
to create youth friendly youth centres.
Integration and mainstreaming of COVID-19 with other service like youth reproductive health
service, school health services for sustained and resilient COVID-19 prevention and control
program.
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Annex 1 Baseline Survey Questionnaire

(Quantitative - English)
coyoqa_ethiopia_b
aseline_printable.pdf
Annex 2 Baseline Survey Questionnaire

(Quantitative - Amharic)
የመረጃ ሰብሳቢው ሙሉ ስም፡--------------
የምስራቅ እና የደቡብ አፍሪካ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ጥናት ድርጅት የማኬሬሬ ዩንቨርስቲ (ኡጋንዳ) ከሲ.ሲ.አ.ር.ዲ. ኤ
(ኢትዮጵያ) እና ከኦስሪያ-ኬንያ ቻ ተር (ኬንያ) ጋር በመተባበር “ኮቪድ-19 እና የወጣቶችን ጥያቄ በአፍሪካ፡ ተፅእኖ፣ ምላሽ
እና መከላከል” በሚል ርዕስ የሚሰራ የምርምር፣ የፈጠራ እና አቅጣጫ የሚጠቁም ፕሮጀክት እየተገበረ ነው፡፡
የጥናቱ ዓላማ የኮቪድ-19ን ኢኮኖሚያዊና ማህበራዊ ተጽዕኖ መቀልበስ (ማስተካከል) የሚያስችል የፖሊሲ፣ የውሳኔ ሰጭነትና
የትግበራ አቅጣጫ መፍትሄ የሚጠቁም የኮቪድ-19 ቀጥተኛ የተቀናጄ የማህበራዊ ተጠያቂነት መተግበሪያ (ማራመጃ) ማዕቀፍ
ማዘጋጀት ነው፡፡
ተአማኒነት ያለውና ዐውዳዊ (ነባራዊ ሁኔታ) ላይ የተመረኮዘ አካባቢያዊ መረጃዎችን ለመመዝገብ፣ ለመተንተን (ለመረዳት)
እና ለህብረተሰቡና ለመንግስት ፈጣን ግብረ-መልስ በመስጠት የፖሊሲና የትግበራ አቅጣጫ በመጠቆም የኮቪድ-19ን
ኢኮኖሚያዊና ማህበራዊ ተጽዕኖ መቀልበስ (ማስተካከል) የሚያስችል የኮቪድ-19 ቀጥተኛ የተቀናጄ የማህበራዊ ተጠያቂነት
መተግበሪያ (ማራመጃ) ማዕቀፍ ማዘጋጀት ነው፡፡
እርስዎም ኮቪድ-19ን የሚመለከቱ ተግባራት ላይ ባለዎት ተሳትፎ እና ሞያዊ ክህሎት ምክንያት በዚህ ጥናት ላይ እንዲሳተፉና
በፕሮጄክቱ የወደፊት አተገባበር ዙሪያ አቅጣጫ የሚመላክት እንዲሁም ፕሮጄክቱን ወደፊት ለመገምገም የሚያገለግል የመነሻ
(የማጣቀሻ) መረጃ እንዲሰጡን እጩ ሆነው ተመርጠዋል፡፡
በመሆኑም ቀጥሎ ለምናቀርብልዎት ጥያቄዎች ምላሽ እንዲሰጡን እንጠይቅዎታለን፡፡
ለመሳተፍ ፈቃደኛ ነዎት
አጠቃላይ መረጃ
የሚገኙበት አካባቢ
ፆታ
እድሜ
የመጨረሻው (ከፍተኛው) የትምህርት ደረጃዎ
አልተማርኩም
አንደኛ ደረጃ
ሁለተኛ ደረጃ
የመጀመሪያ ዲግሪ
ከሁለተኛ ዲግሪ በላይ
1. ስራ አለዎት
የስራ ሁኔታዎን ቢገልጹልኝ
በደመወዝ ተቀጥሬ ነው የምሰራው
የራሴን ስራ ነው የምሰራው
ቋሚ ያልሆነ የጉልበት ስራ ነው የምሰራው
ሌላ ከሆነ ቢያብራሩልኝ
2. ወርሀዊ የገቢዎን በጠን ቢገልጹልኝ
እርስዎ ከወጣቶች ጋር ከሚሰራ ድርጅት ጋር ተሳትፎ አለዎት
የድርጅቱ ሁኔታ ምን አይነት ነው
አለም-አቀፋዊ ግብረሰናይ ድርጅት
ሀገራዊ ግብረሰናይ ድርጅት
አካባቢያዊ ግብረሰናይ ድርጅት
ማህበሰብ አቀፍ ድርጅት
ኃይማኖት አቀፍ ድርጅት
ሌላ ከሆነ ቢገልፁልኝ
3. የድርጅቱ ዋነኛ የስራ ዘርፍ በምን ዙሪያ ነው (ምን ላይ ያተኮረ ነው)
በመንግስት አስተዳደር
ጤና
ልማት
ትም/ት
የአካባቢ ጥበቃ
ትራንስፖርት
ሰላምና ደህንነት (ፀጥታ)
ማማከር
4. እርስዎ ከዚህ ድርጅት ጋር ተሳትፎ ሲያደርጉ ምን ያህል ግዜ ሆነዎት
የኮቪድ-19 ዓለም-አቀፍ ወረርሺኝ ሲከሰት እርስዎ በወረርሺኙ ምላሽ ላይ እንዲሳተፉ የተጋበዙት (ጥሪ የተደረገልዎት)
(ቅስቀሳ የደረሰዎት) እንዴት ነበር
ግብረሰናይ ድርጅቶች
በመንግስት
በግለሰብ
በኃይማኖት አቀፍ ድርጅቶች
በማበህበሰብ አቀፍ ድርጅቶች
በወጣቶች ድርጅቶች
የለም
5. የኮቪድ-19 ዓለም-አቀፍ ወረርሺኝ ሲከሰት እርስዎ በወረርሺኙ ምላሽ አሰጣጥ ዕቅድ ማዘጋጄት ላይ እንዲሳተፉ የተደረጉት
(የተጋበዙት) (ጥሪ የተደረገልዎት) (ቅስቀሳ የደረሰዎት) እንዴት ነበር
በፖሊሲ ማርቀቅ ስራ ላይ
ተጋላጭ የማህበረሰብ ክፍሎችን መደገፊያ ተግባራትን መለየት ላይ
በበጀት ምደባ ላይ
6. የኮቪድ-19 ዓለም-አቀፍ ወረርሺኝ ሲከሰት እርስዎ ለወረርሺኙ ምላሽ መስጠትን እንዲደግፉ የተደረጉት (የተጋበዙት)
(ጥሪ የተደረገልዎት) (ቅስቀሳ የደረሰዎት) እንዴት ነበር
የታመሙትን መንከባከብ
ለኮቪድ-19 መከላከያ የሚያገለግሉ ቁሳቁሶችን በከፋፈል ለምሳሌ መረጃ መስጫ ……፣ የአፍና የአፍንጫ መሸፈኛ
ጭምብል፣ የንጽህና መጠበቂያ አገልግሎት መስጫዎችን (ቁሳቁሶችን)
ሌላ
7. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ላይ እርስዎ ተሳትፈው ከነበረ የተሳትፎዎን መጠን እንዴት ይለኩታል
አነስተኛ
ከፍተኛ
በጣም ከፍተኛ
8. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ላይ እርስዎ ተሳትፈው ከነበረ የተሳትፎዎን ሁኔታ እንዴት ይገልጹታል
ድንገተኛ (ወጥነት የሌለው) (አልፎ-አልፎ)/ድጋፍ ማድረግ (መስጠት)
አስተዳደራዊ
የክትትል ድጋፍ መስጠት (መከታተል፣ መገምገም፣ ማማከር)
ሌላ
9. እርስዎ ለነበረዎት የተሳትፎ መጠን ተጽዕኖ ካሳደሩ ጉዳዮች መካከል ዋነኛው ምንድን ነበር
ፖለቲካ
ባህል ለምሳሌ የዝምታ (ያለመናገር) (ያለመሳተፍ) ባህል
የወጣችን ሀሳብ መቀበል
ህጎች
ኢኮሚያዊ ጉዳዮች
መረጃ ማግኘት
10. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ላይ እርስዎ የነበረዎትን ሚና ጠቃሚነት እንዴት ይለኩታል
1. ነባራዊውን የማህበረሰብ ጤና አግልግሎት በማጠናከር ላይ
በጣም ጠቃሚ
ጠቃሚ
መካከለኛ ጠቃሚ
በመጠኑ (በትንሹ) ጠቃሚ
2. በዜጎች ማህበራዊና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ህይወት ዙሪያ
በጣም ጠቃሚ
ጠቃሚ
3. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ውጤታማነት ዙሪያ
በጣም ጠቃሚ
ጠቃሚ
11. እርስዎ በአሁኑ ግዜ በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ላይ በምን መልኩ ተሳትፎ እያደረጉ ነው
አስፈላጊ የሆኑ የስነ-ተዋልዶ ጤና አግልግሎት በመስጠት ………..
ማህበራዊ ሚዲያንና ሌሎች መተግበሪያዎችን በመጠቀም ትክክለኛ መረጃዎች ማሰራጨት
በእኩል ተደራሽ የሆነና ውጤታማ አገልግሎት እንዲኖር ሀሳቤን በመግለጽ
የአዕምሮ ጤናን በማረጋገጥ (በመታገል)(በመደገፍ)
የጥናትና የልማት ስራዎችን በመስራት
Harnessing
ምግብና የንጽህና መጠበቂያ ቁሳቁሶችን መስጠት (ማከፈፈል)
የህዝብ ተመራጮችንና ህግ-እጭዎችን በማሳተፍ (ጋር በመሳተፍ)
ይበልጥ ተጋላጭ የሆኑ የማህበረሰብ ክፍሎች ተደራሽ አንደሆኑ (እንዳልተተው) በማረጋገጥ
12. እርስዎ በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ላይ ለመሳተፍ ያለዎትን ዝግጁነት እንዴት ይለኩታል
1. በኮቪድ-19 ዙሪያ ያለዎትን እውቀት
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
2. የአደጋ ዝግጁነትና መቋቋም አቅም (እንደ ሳኒታይዘርና የአፍና አፍንጫ መሸፈኛ ጭምብል ያሉ የኮቪድ መከላከያ
ቁሳቁስ ማግኘት)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
3. የአደጋ ዝግጁነትና መቋቋም አቅም (የገንዘብ ምንጭ)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
4. ገንዘብን ለተለያዩ ተግባራት መመደብ (በሚደረግ ምደባ) ላይ የመሳተፍ (ተሳትፎ የማድረግ) (አቅም)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
5. ገንዘብ ለተለያዩ ተግባራት እንዴት እንደወጣ ለመቆጣጠር በሚደረግ ክትትል ላይ የመሳተፍ (ተሳትፎ የማድረግ)
(አቅም)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
6. በመብት፣ ግዴታ፣ የስልጣን ገደብ፣ entitelement ዙሪያ ያለዎት ዕውቀት
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
7. የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ስራዎችን እየተገበሩ ካሉ ሰዎች መረጃን የመጠየቅ አቅም
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
8. የመናገርና የመሳተፍ ብቃት
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
9. የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ሂደት ውስጥ ከመጀመሪያው እስከ መጨረሻው ሂደት ማለትም ከመነሻ ሃሳብ
ማመንጨት (ውይይት) እስከ ተጠያቂነትን ማረጋገጥ ድረስ ለመሳተፍ ያለዎት ተነሳሽነት
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
10. የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ውስጥ ተሳትፎ እንዲያደርጉ በምን መልኩ ነበር ድጋፍ የተደረገልዎት
ስልጠና ከመንግስታዊ አካል
ስልጠና በግብረሰናይ ድርጅት
ስልጠና በመንግስታዊ አካል እና በግብረሰናይ ድርጅት
የገንዘብ ድጋፍ
የቁሳቁስ ድጋፍ
ምንም ድጋፍ አልተደረገልኝም
11. የስልጠና ድጋፍ አግኝተው ከነበረ ስልጠናው የእርስዎን አካባቢ ነባራዊ ሁኔታ በቀጥታ የሚመለከት እንደነበረ ምን
ያህል ይስማማሉ
በጣም እስማማለሁ
እስማማለሁ
አልስማማም
12. የስልጠና ድጋፍ አግኝተው ከነበረ ስልጠናው እርስዎ የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራትን በመቆጣጠር
ዙሪያ ያለዎትን አቅም ማሳደግ ላይ ትኩረት ያደረገ እንደነበር ምን ያህል ይስማማሉ
እስማማለሁ
አልስማማም
13. የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ላይ ወጣቶች ያላቸውን ሚና በተመለከተ የማህበረሰቡን አመለካከት እንዴት
ይገልጹታል
በጣም ጠንካራ
ጠንካራ
መካከለኛ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
14. የእርስዎን በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ ተሳትፎ ማድረግን የሚኖሩበት ማህበረሰብ
እንደሚደግፈዉ ምን ያህል ይስማማሉ
እስማማለሁ
አልስማማም
15. ቀጥሎ ከተዘረዘሩት ውስጥ እርስዎ በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ ተሳትፎ ማድረግዎን
ያስተጓጎለብዎት ጉዳይ ይኖራል
የበጀት (የገንዘብ) ውስንነት
በቂ ግዜ ሰጥቶ ለመስራት የግዜ ውስንነት
የዜግነት ተሳትፎ ተግባራት ላይ ለመሳተፍ ሞያዊ ክህሎት
ወጣቶችን ለማሳተፍ የመንግስት/የፕሮግራም መሪዎች (አስተባባሪዎች) ቸልተኛነት
ወጥ የሆነ መተግበሪያ ……… እና መመሪያ እጥረት (አለመኖር)
በወጣቶች ጥረት (ተግባር)(ተሳትፎ) ውጤታማነት ላይ (ዙሪያ) የማስረጃ ውስንነት (የወጣቶች ተግባር ውጤታማነት ዙሪያ
በቂ ማስረጃ አለመገኘት)
ውስጣዊ የቁሳቁስ እና መጓጓዣ እጥረት
ማህበራዊ አገልግሎት በመስጠት ዙርያ መንግስት ከዚህ ቀደም የነበረው አሉታዊ አፈፃፀም (ስም) (ታሪክ)
ወጣቶች ተሳትፎ ለማድረግ ያላቸው ፈቃደኛነት ውስንነት
ሙስና/ ሰራተኛ (ስራን) በዘመድ አዝማድ መሰጠት፣ አድሎ
ማህበራዊ (ተጠቃሚነት) መገለል
ተሳትፎን በመገንባት ዙሪያ የመንግስትና የወጣቶች የአቅም ውስንነት
የለም
ሌላ (በገልጹልኝ)
13. በእርስዎ አመለካከት አርስዎ በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ውስጥ አስተዋጽኦ እንዲያበረክቱ ክህሎትዎን
ለማሳደግ ምን መደረግ አለበት ይላሉ )በአደጋ ዝግጁነት፣ በትግበራ ሂደት፣ በተጠያቂነት)
በግለሰብ ደረጃ
በተቋም ደረጃ
በመንግስት ደረጃ
14. በመንግስት ወይም በግብረሰናይ ድርጅቶች በተከናወኑ የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ እርስዎ
ተሳትፎ አድርገዋል (ያደርጉ ነበር)
አዎ
አይደለም
15. በመንግስት በተከናወኑ የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ እርስዎ የነበረዎትን (የእርስዎን) የተሳትፎ
ሁኔታ እንዴት ይገልጹታል
ያልታቀደ
በደንብ የታቀደ
16. በግብረሰናይ ድርጅቶች በተከናወኑ የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ እርስዎ የነበረዎትን
(የእርስዎን) የተሳትፎ ሁኔታ እንዴት ይገልጹታል
ያልታቀደ
በደንብ የታቀደ
17. እባከዎ እርስዎ የተሳተፉባቸውን የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት የንገሩን
በጄትን የተመለከተ መረጀን ማሰራጬት
አሳታፊ የሆነ የበጄት ቀጥጥርና የፖሊሲ ትግበራን ክትትል (ቁጥጥር)
ሀኪሞችን፣ ነርሶችን፣ የማህበረሰብ ጤና ሰራተኞችን፣ በግልና በአካባቢ ንጽህና ላይ የሚሰሩ ባለሙያዎችን

መቅጠር (ግንባር ቀደም ሰራተኞችን)
አሳታፊ የሆነ የበጄት ምደባና በበላይነት መቆጣጠር (ለመከታተል)
ማህበራዊ ኦዲት- ኮቪድ-19ን በበላይነት ለመከታተል የህዝብ ድምፅ መሰብሰብ (መቀበል) (ማሰማት)
የኦዲት ውጤትን ማሰራጬት
በጄትን በጋራ ማስተዳደር
Interface የቀጥታ (አሳታፊ) ስብሰባ (ውይይት)
ህብረተሰቡን ያካተተ ውይይትና የአገልግሎቶችን ብቃት (የአገልግሎት አሰጣጥን) መለካት (ማጥናት) (መገምገም)
አካባቢያዊ ግልጽነት
አካባቢያዊ አሰልጣኞችን (ማዘጋጀት)
ሌላ ካለ ቢገልጹልኝ
18. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ የተሳተፉ መንግስታዊ ተቋማት የእርስዎን ድምጽ (ሃሳብ)
የመቀበል ሁኔታ እንዴት ይለኩታል (ደረጃ ይሰጡታል)
19. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ ለተሳተፉ መንግስታዊ ተቋማት የእርስዎ ድምጽ በማህበረሰቡ
ውስጥ የነበረውን ተቀባይነት እንዴት ይለኩታል (ደረጃ ይሰጡታል)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
20. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ የሚሳተፉ በግብረሰናይ ድርጅቶች የእርስዎን ድምጽ (ሃሳብ)
የመቀበል ሁኔታ እንዴት ይለኩታል (ደረጃ ይሰጡታል)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
21. እርስዎ በሚኖሩበት በማህበረሰብ ውስጥ በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ላይ በተሳተፉ መንግስታዊ
ተቋማት እርስዎ መረጃ ማግኘት እንዲችሉ (የተመቻቸልዎትን ዕድል) የተደረገበትን ሁኔታ እንዴት ይለኩታል (ደረጃ
ይሰጡታል)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
22. እርስዎ በሚኖሩበት በማህበረሰብ ውስጥ በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ላይ በተሳተፉ በግብረሰናይ
ድርጅቶች እርስዎ መረጃ ማግኘት እንዲችሉ የተደረገበትን ሁኔታ (የተመቻቸልዎትን ዕድል) እንዴት ይለኩታል (ደረጃ
ይሰጡታል)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ
በጣም ደካማ
23. ለኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ የተመደበው በጀት ለህዝብ ይፋ ሆኖ ነበር (ተደርጓል)
አዎ
አይደለም
24. መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ፤ የበጀት አጠቃቀሙን በመከታተል ሂደት ውስጥ ወጣቶች ተሳትፎ አድርገዋል
አዎ
አይደለም
25. መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ፤ የበጀት አጠቃቀሙን በመከታታል ሂደት ውስጥ ወጣቶች ተሳትፎ ያደረጉት በምን መልኩ ነበር
26. በወረርሺኙ ግዜ የወጣቶች ሰላምና ደህንነት በምን መልኩ ነበር ተጽዕኖ ያጋጠመው
27. እርስዎ የኮቪድ-19 ሰላምና ደህንነት ፖሊሲ በማርቀቅ ውስጥ ተሳትፈዋል
አዎ (ተሳትፌአለሁ)
አይደለም (አልተሳተፍኩም)
28. መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ፤ በምን መልኩ ነበር ተሳትፎ ያደረጉት
29. የነበረዎትን የተሳትፎ መጠን (ደረጀሰ) እንዴት ይለኩታል (ደረጃ ይሰጡታል)
ከፍተኘ ተሳትፎ
(በቂ) ተሳትፎ
መጠነኛ ተሳትፎ
ዝቅተኛ ተሳትፎ
አልተሳተፍኩም
30. በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምክንያት ተጽዕኖ የደረሰበትን የህይወትዎን ዘርፍ (ክፍል) ቢጠቅሱልኝ
ጤና
የገቢ ሁኔታ
ትም/ት
ስራ
የማህበረሰብ አንቂነት
ሌላ ካለ ቢገልጹልኝ
31. እርስዎን በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ ለማሳተፍ (እንዲሳተፉ የሚያደርግ)(የሚያስችል)
የሚያውቁት ፖሊሲ አለ
አለ
የለም
32. ቀጥሎ ከተዘረዘሩት የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ እርስዎ በየትኞቹ ተሳትፈዋል
የተሻሉ (ጥሩ የሆኑ) የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራትን ማጋራት (ማሳወቅ)
በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ሂደት ውስጥ ያሉ (ያጋተሙ) ተግዳሮቶችን (ችግሮችን) ማጋራት (ማሳወቅ)
የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራትን (ሂደትን) (ስለ)ለማሻሻል የሚመለከታቸውን አካላት ማግባባት
የለም
33. ቀጥሎ ከተዘረዘሩት አካላት ጋር በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ አሰጣጥ ዙርያ መረጃ መቀባበል (መቀያየር) (መጋራት)
እንዲችሉ ለማስቻል የተዘረጋ የሚያዉቁት ማስፈጸሚያ መንገድ (ዘዴ) አለ
ከወረዳ ሃላፊዎች ጋር
አለ
የለም
ከክልል ሃላፊዎች ጋር
አለ
የለም
ከፌደራል ሃላፊዎች ጋር
አለ
የለም
34. መንግስት ከሚያከናዉናቸው የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ ቀጥሎ የተዘረዘሩት ይገኙበታል
ጥቃትን ለመጠቆም (ለማሳወቅ) የሚያስችል መድረክ (መንገድ) (አሰራር)
የኮቪድ-19 የግዥ መመሪያ
ለኦዲት በጀት መመደብ
እስር መፈጸም
ክስ ማካሄድ
የሀብት (የገንዘብ) ምንጮች እንዲያገግሙ (እንዲነቃቁ ማድረግ) (ሀብት ቁጠባ)
በኮቪድ-19 ዙሪያ የተዘጋጁ መመሪያችን በተላለፉ (በጣሱ) የሕግ-አስከባሪዎች ላይ የዕርምት እርምጃ (ቅጣት)
መውሰድ
በማህበረሰቡ ላይ የሚፈጸሙ ያልተገቡ ድርጊቶችን ለሚያጋልጡ አካላት ጥበቃ ማድረግ
የለም
35. ለኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ የመስጠት ተግባራት ውስጥ ቀጥሎ ከተዘረዘሩት ውስጥ እርስዎ እንዲያከናዉኑ
(እንዲሳተፉ) ለመፍቀድ መንግስት (የሚኖረውን) ያለውን ዝንባሌ እንዴት ይለኩታል (ደረጃ ይሰጡታል)
ምርጫ
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
ደካማ (ዝቅተኛ)
በጣም ደካማ (በጣም ዝቅተኛ)
ድምጽ መሆን (ማሰማት)
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
በበላይነት ቁጥጥር ማድረግ
በጣም ጥሩ
ጥሩ
36. ቀጥሎ ከተዘረዘሩት ውስጥ እርስዎ በየትኞቹ ውስጥ እንዲሳተፉ ተጋበዘው ነበር
ግንዛቤ የማስጨበጫ ዘመቻዎች (እንደ ፀረ-ሙስናና ሌሎች)
በማህበረሰቡ ላይ የሚፈጸሙ ያልተገቡ ድርጊቶችን ማጋለጥ
Advocacy (በተመረጡ ጉዳዮች ዙርያ የማሳመን (የማግባባት)) ዘመቻዎች
የለም
37. ቀጥሎ ከተዘረዘሩት የጥቃትና የሙስና ክስተቶች ውስጥ በኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ መስጠት ጋር በተያያዘ እንደተከሰተ
እርስዎ የሚያዉቁት አለ
የሀሰት ድርጅቶች
ሕግን ያለተከተለ የግዥና የመጓጓዣ አጠቃቀም (አመዳደብ)
ለኮቪድ-19 የተመደበ ሀብት ብዝበዛ
የለም
38. በእርስዎ አካባቢ የሚደረገው የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ አሰጣጥ ቀጥሎ የተዘረዘሩትን ያሟላ እንዲሆን ምን ሊደረግ
ይገባል ብለው ያስባሉ
ድጋፍ ለታቀደለት (ለሚያስፈልጋቸው) የህብረተሰብ ክፍል መድረስ
ለገንዘብ ዋጋ የሰጠ (ለምናወጣው ገንዘብ ተገቢ የሆነ) የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሺኝ ምላሽ አሰጣጥ ጋር የተያያዙ ግዥዎች
የአፈፃፀም (የመተግበሪያ) መመሪያዎችን ሁልግዜ መከተል
በተጠያቂነት ዙርያ ሪፖርት ማዘጋጀት
ሌላ
አስተያየት
ለመሳተፍ ፈቃደኛ ያልሆኑበትን ምክንያት እባክዎ ይግለጹልን
Annex 3 Baseline Survey Questionnaire (Qualitative

- English)
COYOQA KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW GUIDE
Background Information
Name of Organization: __________________________________________________________
Type of organization (Governmental, NGO, CSO, CBO, FBO, and Other Specify______________
Contact (phone number/email/website): ___________________________________________
Does your organization work with Youth (15-34 years)? Yes No
What is your role in this regard? __________________________________________________
Youth Engagement during COVID-19 period
1. How do you see the level of youth engagement and social accountability in COVID-19
response in your organization?
2. How much attention has been given by your organization to youth engagement and social
accountability in COVID-19 response?
3. What strategies can be employed to facilitate meaningful youth engagement and social
accountability in COVID-19 response?
4. What strategies can be employed to facilitate meaningful CSO engagement in COVID-19
response?
5. How can the government support youth engagement and social accountability in COVID-
19 response
6. Did the government take into account youth’s voice in formulating COVID-19 related
policies (restrictions, lock downs)? What do you think is the benefit of doing so?
7. What strategies do you advice to institutionalize youth engagement and social
accountability in COVID-19 response
Barriers (Disabling) and Enabling Factors

8. What are the major enabling factors related to youth engagement and social accountability
in COVID-19 response
9. What are the major disabling factors you encountered related to youth engagement and
social accountability in COVID-19 response
Coordination
10. What strategies can be used to create a cadre of skilled actors facilitating and supporting
youth engagement and social accountability in COVID-19 response at the community
level?
11. How do you collaborate and coordinate your activities with other youth based
organizations working on the same area.
COVID-19 Related Funds

12. Are there any strategies used to inform and disclose youths the way COVID-19 funds have
been utilized?
13. What strategies can be used to create awareness among youths on the risk and consequence
of corruption in the disbursement and allocation of COVID-19 funds?
14. Is there any transparent auditing mechanism to COVID-19 funds in your organization? Is
there any CSO/individual youth who was a whistle blower or carried out real-time audits
and the publication of audit findings on COVID 19 pandemic resource mismanagement?
Monitoring and Evaluation

15. What innovative strategies can be used to engage youths in the development and
implementation of monitoring and evaluation activities towards COVID-19 response
activities?
Peace and security

16. How did the peace and security guidelines, measures and policies related to COVID-19
affect the smooth running of operations in your county and institution?
Knowledge Transfer
17. What strategies do you advise to disseminate knowledge gained from such type of studies
for concerned bodies?
18. What strategies do you advise to use evidences gained from such type of studies to
formulate policies and change to action nationally and across IGAD regions.
19. Finally, is there anything you want to reflect?
The End
Thank You !
Annex 4 Baseline Survey Questionnaire (Qualitative

- Amharic)
COYOQA KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW GUIDE
አጠቃላይ መረጃ
የተቋሙ ስም: __________________________________________________________
የተቋሙ ዓይነት (የመንግስት, ግብረ-ሰናይ፣ ማህበረሰብ አቀፍ, ሀይማኖታዊ, ሌላ______________
አድራሻ (ስልክ፣ ኢ-ሜይል፣ ፖስታ): ___________________________________________
የተቋሙ እድሜአቸው ከ18-34 ዓመት ሆናቸው ወጣቶች ጋር ይሰራል? አዎ አይደልም
እርስዎ በተቋሙ ውስጥ ያለዎት የስራ ድርሻ?
__________________________________________________
የወጣቶች ተሳትፎ
1. በእናንተ ተቋም COVID-19 በተመለከተ በሚደረጉ የመከላከል እና የመቆጣጠር ምላሾች/ስራዎች ላይና
በማህበራዊ ተጠያቂነት ዙርያ የወጣቶች ተሳትፎ እና ሃላፊነት ምን ይመስላል
2. COVID-19ን በተመለከተ በሚደረጉ የመከላከል እና የመቆጣጠር ምላሾች/ስራዎች ላይና በማህበራዊ
ተጠያቂነት ዙርያ የወጣቶች ተሳትፎ እንዲኖር ተቋማችሁ ምን ያክል ትኩረት ሰጥቶ ሰርቷል/እየሰራ
ይገኛል ብለዉ ያስባሉ
ተጠያቂነት ዙርያ ትርጉም ያለዉ የወጣቶች ተሳትፎ እንዲኖር ለማድረግ ምን ምን አይነት ስልቶቸን
መተግበር/መከተል ይገባል ይላሉ
ተጠያቂነት ዙርያ ትርጉም ያለዉ የሲቪል ሶሳይቲዎች ተሳትፎ እንዲኖር ለማድረግ ምን ምን አይነት
ስልቶቸን መተግበር/መከተል ይገባል ይላሉ
ተጠያቂነት ዙርያ የወጣቶች ተሳትፎ እንዲኖር መንግስት እንዴት ማገዝ አለበት ብለዉ ያምናሉ
6. በ COVID-19 ወቅት የሚወጡ ህጎች/ገደቦች/ክልከላዎች የወጣቶችን ድምጽ እና ፍላጎት ምን ያክል
ከግምት ዉስጥ ያስገቡ ናቸው ብለዉ ያስባሉ; ይህን ማድረግ ምን አይነት ጥቅም ይኖረዋል
ተጠያቂነት ዙርያ የወጣቶችን ተሳትፎ እንዴት ተቋማዊ አድርጎ ማስቀጠል ይቻላል ይላሉ
ምቹ ሁኔታዎ እና መሰናክሎች/ችግሮች
8. COVID-19 ምላሽ አሰጣጥ ላይ የወጣቶችን ተሳትፎ የሚያግዙ/የሚያፋጥኑ/ ምን አይነት ምቹ
ሁኔታዎች አሉ ብለዉ ያስባሉ
9. COVID-19 ምላሽ አሰጣጥ ላይ ዉጤታማ የወጣቶችን ተሳትፎ እዳይኖር የሚያደርጉ ምን አይነት
መሰናክሎች/ችግሮች አሉ ብለዉ ያስባሉ
የስራ በቅንጅት
10. በታችኛዉ የማህበረሰብ እርከን ደረጃ ወጣቶች COVID-19 ላይ ንቁ ተሳትፎ እንዲያደርጉና በማህበራዊ
ተጠያቂነት እንዲኖር የሚያደራጁ/የሚያስተባብሩ አደረጃጄቶችን እንዴት መፍጠር ይቻላል ይላሉ
11. ከሌሎች ከወጣቶች ጋር ከሚሰሩ አቻ ድርጅቶች ጋር በተቀናጄ እና ዉጤታማ በሆነ መንገድ አብሮ
ለመስራት ምን አይነት ጥረት ታደርጋለችሁ
ኮቪድ-19 ጋር ተያያዥ የሆነ በጀት

12. ለ COVID-19 የተመደበ በጀት መኖሩን እና አጠቃቀሙን ወጣቶች በግልጽ እንዲያዉቁት ለማረደግ
የተዘረጋ አሰራር አለ (እንዴት ማድረግ ይቻላል)
13. ለ COVID-19 ከተመደበ በጀት ጋር በተያያዘ ሙስና ስለሚያስከትለው ጉዳት የወጣቶችን ግንዛቤ
ለመሳደገግ ምን አይነት ስልቶቸን መተግበር/መከተል ይቻላል
14. የ COVID-19 በጀት ግልጽ በሆነ መንገድ ኦዲት እየተደረገ ሪፖረት ይደረጋል ብለዉ ያስባሉ; ይህን
ያደረገ ተቋም እንደ ምሳሌ ሊጠቅሱልን ይችላሉ
ክትትል እና ምዘና
15. COVID-19 ምላሽ አሰጣጥን ስራዎችን በተመለከተ የክትትል እና ምዘና ስርአቶችን መንደፍ እና
መተግበር ላይ የወጣቶች ተሳትፎ አስፈላጊ ነዉ ብለዉ ያምናሉ; ለምን; በምን መልኩ በዓየነቱ ልዩ የሆነ
(ዘመናዊ፣ አዲስ ዓይነት) የክትትል እና ምዘና ስርአቶችን መንደፍ እና መተግበር ይቻላል
ሰላምና ፀጥታ
16. በ COVID-19 ወቅት የሚወጡ መመሪያዎች/ እርምጃዎችና ፖሊሲዎች በተቋማትና በአጠቃላይ ሀገራዊ
መደበኛ (እንቅስቃሴዎች) (ተግባራት) ላይ በምን መልኩ ተጽዕኖ አሳድሯል
የዕውቀት ሽግግር
17. COVID-19ን በተመለከተ ከሚደረጉ የመከላከል እና የመቆጣጠር ምላሾች/ስራዎችና በማህበራዊ
ተጠያቂነትን በመተግበር የሚገኙ መረጃዎችን ለባለድርሻ አካላት እንዴት ባሉ መንገዶች
ማሰራጨት/ማስተላለፍ ይችላል ይላሉ
18. COVID-19ን በተመለከተ ከሚደረጉ የመከላከል እና የመቆጣጠር ምላሾች/ስራዎችና በማህበራዊ
ተጠያቂነትን በመተግበር የሚገኙ መረጃዎችን እንዴት ወደ ፖሊሲ ተቀይረዉ በአገራት ብሎም በምስራቅ
አፍሪካ ደረጃ በተቀናጄ እና ተቋማዊ በሆነ መንገድ መተግበር ይችላል ይላሉ
19. በመጨረሻም የቀረ እና ማንሳት የሚፈልጉት ሃሳብ ካለ እድሉን ልስጥዎት
ዉይይታችንን እዚህ ላይ ጨርሰናል

ለትብብርዎ እጅግ በጣም እናመሰግናለን!

New Ethiopian Baseline Report

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Ethiopian Baseline Report

Covid-19 and The Youth Question in Africa:

6.2. Brief overview of Meaningful youth engagement ..................................... 23

Table 2 Level of meaningful youth engagement among youths ..................................................................................26

Table 3 Abuse/corruption related to COVID-19 response ............................................................................................29

Table 4 Areas of participation in policy engagement and knowledge sharing ............................................................31

Table 5 Level of preparedness and response for COVID-19 .........................................................................................32

Figure 3 Proportion of Participants by Gender ............................................................................................................19

Figure 4 Characteristics of respondents by age-group ................................................................................................20

Figure 5 Characteristics of Respondents by Educational Status ..................................................................................20

Figure 6 Employment Status of Respondents ..............................................................................................................21

Figure 7 Mobilization to participate in COVID-19 response .........................................................................................23

Figure 9 Level of mobilization to participate in the design of COVID-19 response ......................................................24

Figure 10 Level of engagement of youths in the COVID-19 response by gender .........................................................25

Figure 11 Level of participation in COVID-19 – 19 response by type of activity ..........................................................26

Figure 12 Level of participation related to budget and resources by gender ..............................................................29

Figure 14 Level of participation in COVID-19 related information flow .......................................................................31

Figure 15 Parts of life affected by COVID-19 ...............................................................................................................35

2. Statement of the problem

3.1. COVID-19 impact and response

3.1.1. COVID-19 impact and response in Ethiopia

3.1.1.5. Food Security

3.2. Civic Engagment of Youth on COVID-19 Response

3.3. Innovative Citizen Engagement during the COVID-

Repurposing business firms

Innovations to improve the safety of healthcare workers and patients

4. Objective of the baseline study

4.2. Specific objectives

5. Methods and Materials

5.1. Methods and Materials: Quantitative Study

5.1.2. Study Design and Study Population

5.1.3. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

5.1.4. Variables of the Study.

5.1.5. Operational Definition

5.1.6. Data Collection Methods and Data Quality Assurance

5.1.7. Data Processing and Analysis

5.2. Methods and Materials: Qualitative Study

5.2.1. Data collection methods

5.2.2. Data processing and analysis

5.2.3. Techniques to enhance trustworthiness

5.3. Ethical Issue

6. Result and Findings of quantitative study

Proportion of Participants by Gender

Figure 3 Proportion of Participants by Gender

Characteristics of respondents by age-group

18-24 25-30 31-35

Figure 4 Characteristics of respondents by age-group

Characteristics of Respondents by Educational

Figure 5 Characteristics of Respondents by Educational Status

Employment Status of Respondents

Figure 6 Employment Status of Respondents

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents

Variable Category Frequency Percentage

Post graduate 35 13.0

Employment status Yes 170 63.2

Type of employer Private 49 43.0

Engagement with Yes 78 29

Local CSO 14 17.9