Production and Pollution Testing of the Biofuel from

Argemone Maxicana

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AJEET KUMAR 16102109030

DIVANSHU CHANDRA 16102109019

ANKUSH KUMAR 16102109010

SHUBHAM KUMAR 16102109031

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NALANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHANDI (NALANDA)

ARYABHATTA KNOWLEDGE UNIVERSITY, PATNA

JULY 2020
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NALANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CHANDI (NALANDA)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PRODUCTION OF BIO FUEL FROM

ARGEMONE MEXICANA” is the bonafide work of “AJEET KUMAR (16102109030),
DIVANSHU CHANDRA (16102109019), ANKUSH KUMAR (16102109010),
SHUBHAM KUMAR (16102109031)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision. This is to further certify to the best of my knowledge, that this project has not
been carried out earlier in this institute and the university.

SIGNATURE

GUIDE/SUPERVISOR

(Assist. Prof. Pappu Kumar)

(Prof. of Mechanical Engineering)

Certified that the above mentioned project has been duly carried out as per the norms of
the college and statutes of the university.

SIGNATURE

(Prof. Alok Kumar)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT SEAL

(Prof. of Mechanical Engineering)

 ACKNOWLEGMENTS

We wish to express our profound and sincere gratitude to Prof. Pappu kumar,
Mechanical Engineering, Nalanda College of Engineering, Chandi (Nalanda), who
guided us into the intricacies of this project non-chalantly with matchless magnanimity.

We thank Prof. Alok Kumar, Head of the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Nalanda
College of Engineering, Chandi (Nalanda) and Dr. C.B. Mahto, our Principal for
extending their support during Course of this investigation.

We gratefully thank our co-ordinator Asst. Dr. Rajesh Kumar who guided us to make a
special contribution to the project.

We gratefully thank our guide Asst. Prof. Pappu Kumar who gave us the opportunity to
make a useful contribution to our project and to set a worthy present for the student’s
community.

We sincerely thank all the faculty members of our department and our workshop in-
charges for their immense help during the course of the project.

I am highly grateful to our teammates who evinced keen interest and invaluable support in
the progress and successful completion of the project work.

We also thank God and our Parents for their immense help and support to make this
project.
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction............................................................................01

2. Matrials and Methods

2.1. Collection, extraction, purification of
argemone mexicane oil.............................................03
2.2. Transesterification of oil.............................................03
2.3. Physio-chemical properties........................................04

3. Results and Discussion...........................................................05

4. Conclusion...............................................................................11

5. References..............................................................................12
 BIODIESEL PRODUCED FROM ARGEMONE MEXICANA OIL
1. INTRODUCTION Energy is an important part for the economic development of the Nation. Due
to rapidly increasing demands of energy supply of fossil fuel source such as petroleum, coal and natural
gas leads to increase the cost, decrease security, environmental degradation and their import bill [1].
India imported approx. 2/3rd of its petroleum requirements every year, which involved a cost nearly Rs.
81,000 crores in foreign exchange. Even 5% replacement of petroleum based fuel by bio-fuel can help
India to save Rs.4000 crores per year in foreign exchange.

Fig.1.1: India’s crude oil imports

Hence biodiesel is an alternate renewable source for long period energy security. Biodiesel is a biodegradable,
comparable heat of combustion, eco-friendly, renewable, contain molecular oxygen which helps in combustion of
fuel, clean burning, have potential to significantly reduce harmful emissions and have low sulphur content [2-3].
Biodiesel (the mono alkyl esters) of long chain fatty acids typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as
vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters in the presence of catalyst for use in
compression ignition engine. Transesterification of Vegetable oil to obtain biodiesel is a method in which the
glycerol of triglycerides in oil reacts with a short chain alcohol in the presence of catalyst to form ester (FAME)
and glycerol [4]. Argemone Mexicana oil (toxic and adulterer to mustard oil) is used as non-edible oil resource for
the production of biodiesel. Argemone Mexicana oil belongs to papveraceae (poppy) family and its species belong
to the mexicana prickly poppy. It is commonly known as Mexican poppy (English) and Satyanashi (hindi) in India.
This plant have yellow flower, branching herb with yellow juice and height varies between 60-90 cm [5-6]. The
leaves are simple, sessile, and spiny. The flowers are large, bright yellow coloured produced on terminal short
leafy branches. The fruits are prickly capsules, oblong-ovoid, opening by 4- 6 walls with numerous black seeds.
The leaves are used in treating wounds and skin diseases. The seeds are useful in skin diseases, leprosy, dental
caries, and rheumatism. The latex is used in skin diseases, jaundice, and inflammations [7-8]. The argemone
mexicana oil contain linoleic acid (54-61%), oleic acid (21-33%) and toxicity attributes mainly two alkaloids,
sanguinarine and dihydro-sanguinarine [9].

Fig. 1.2 : Argemone Maxicana

 02

The properties are compared with Diesel Fuel and show that argemone biodiesel meet the properties of diesel
standard fuel.

Table 1.1: Fatty acid composition of argemone mexicana oil [10].

Fatty acid composition (%age) Argemone oil

Oleic acid (C 18:1) 40.0
Linoleic acid (C 18:2) 36.6
Palmitic acid (C 16:0) 14.7
Stearic acid(C 18:0) 6.75
Palmitoleic acid(C 16:1) 1.3
Linolenic acid (C 18:3) 0.3
Arachidic acid (C 20:0) 0.3
Behenic acid (C 22:0) 0.2
Myristic acid (C 14:0) 0.1

O. P. S. Verma, et. al. [11] concluded thatin India, it is neither possible nor desirable to use the edible oils for
biodiesel and thus, non-edible oils make the desirable feedstock for biodiesel. The Planning Commission has
deliberately recognized this fact. In year 2004-05, the production of about 5 million tons of non-edible oils can
meet the B10 blending objective only and it is likely to generate the revenues about Rs. 8000 crores annually with
a potential of providing gainful employment to more than two million people. Arjun B. Chhetri, et. al. [12] showed
that both edible and non edible oils have great potential to use as feedstock for biodiesel production, due to their
high oil content. Based on Gas chromatography (GC) analysis, eleven types of FA were identified and quantified in
soap nut biodiesel. Approximately 85% of the FA was found to be unsaturated. Similarly, six major FA were
identified and quantified in jatropha oil biodiesel. Md. Nurun Nabi, et. al. [13] optimizes different parameters for
biodiesel production and the performance study of a diesel engine with diesel biodiesel blends. The results
showed that about 88% biodiesel production was experienced with 20% methanol, 0.5% NaOH catalyst and at
55°C. B.K.Venkanna, et. al. [14] has done experimental investigation on performance and emission
characterization with the effect of injection timing and injection pressure on diesel engine, when fuelled with
methyl ester of honge oil. The performance, emissions and combustion parameters of 20% honge oil and 80%
diesel fuel (volume basis) were found very close to neat diesel fuel where as higher blend ratios were found
inferior compared to neat diesel fuel. Y C Bhatt, et. al. [15] has done performance study with the effect of
injection pressure and fuel temperature on diesel engine, when fuelled with methyl ester of honge oil. The brake
specific fuel consumption increased with the increase in the concentration of KME in diesel and decreased with
the increase in injection pressure and fuel temperature.

The aim of this work is to - study the effect of diesel and biodiesel blends such as B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100 on
commercial diesel engine in terms of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with neat
biodiesel and its blends with diesel.
 0

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Collection, extraction, purification of argemone mexicane oil

The seeds of Argemone Mexicane were collected from local market in Northern part of india, (Ropar Punjab). The
fruits were dried, and dehulled to obtain the seeds. We have utilized magnet stirrer with hot plate acting as a
biodiesel reactor. Accessories like capsule, thermometer, beakers, measuring cylinder, separating funnel, scales
accurate to 0.1 grams etc. (All equipment were clean and dry) were used. Approximate amount of Argemone
Mexicane, methanol and KOH (catalyst) available for biodiesel production were 10 liters, 4 liters, and 2 kilogram.
Experimental set up for biodiesel production is shown in Figure 1.2.The oil was obtained from the seeds by the
solvent extraction process using petroleum ether as a solvent (40–60°C) by soxhlet apparatus [16].

Fig.2.1: Experimental set up for biodiesel production.

Argemone Mexicana seeds were dried for 10 hours in an oven at 110°C for removing moisture.10 gram of seeds
sample were placed on filter paper in the tube of soxhlet extraction apparatus and oil was extracted with petroleum
ether at the rate of 151 drops per minute for 6 hour at constant heating and then allowed to cool and dismantle the
extraction flask. Ether was evaporated on a water bath until no odour of ether remains and cooled at room
temperature to obtain a weight of 3.5 gram oil.

2.2 Transesterification of oil

Transesterification is a process in which triglyceride present in oil react with an alcohol in the presence of strong acid or base,
producing mixture of fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol.

Optimum conditions for catalyst to oil ratio and methanol to oil ratio were investigated. The crude Argemone mexicana oil was
taken into the reaction flask and heated at 50 oC. The catalyst mixed in methanol at different concentrations was used for the
conversion of extracted Argemone mexicana oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The reaction conditions such as the
amount of catalyst and the oil-methanol ratio were optimized. The trans-esterification reactions were performed in a 25 ml
round bottom flask with a reflux condenser, stirring was provided with a magnetic stirrer. This was set at a constant speed
throughout the experiment. Initially, the oil was heated at a desired temperature. A known amount of catalyst was mixed in the
required amount of methanol and was heated separately to the desired temperature. This methanolic catalyst was then added to
the round bottom flask containing oil. At that point, the reaction was kept under reflux conditions. The molar ratio of methanol
/oil ratio was fixed at 5:1. Formation of methyl esters from vegetable oil was monitored by thin layer chromatography using
petroleum ether a as solvent system. After the completion of reaction the product was extracted with chloroform, dried over
sodium sulphate
and concentrated under vacuum to afford FAME.
 0

2.3 Physico-chemical properties such as

The specific gravity and density were determined using the specific gravity bottle and were estimated using the equations
below
SG =Mass of oil /Mass of a volume of water. Density = Mass of Biodiesel/Volume of Biodiesel. The chemical properties of a
Argemone Mexicana oil, its ester and diesel were shown in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Chemical properties of a Argemone Mexicana oil, its ester and diesel.

Fuel Properties A. Mexicana A. Mexicana Diesel

oil methyl ester

Saponification value (mg koh/g) 202.5 166.4 -

Peroxide value (meq/ kg sample) 150 130 0.2
Acid value (mg koh/g) 7.8 0.75 0.02
F.F.A. (oleic acid) 1.97% - -
 0

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Production of Biodiesel for Argemone oil, Feedstock :Argemone Mexicana oil, Instrument: Redley reactor, Base
catalyst: NaOH, KOH, NA metal of 1%, 1.52%, 2.1%, 2.51% w/w of oil Reactant : 1:6, 1:3, 1:9 (oil to methanol).

Fig.3.1: Arrangement of Experimental Test Rig.

Biodiesel Setup: The engine was directly coupled to generator and loaded by impedance as shown in Fig. 1.3.

Table -1.3:
Engine Specification. Engine Kirloskar engine setup single cylinder, 4
stroke
Power rating 3.51KW
Engine speed 1500RPM
Cylinder bore 88 mm
Stroke length 110.00 mm
Swept volume 661.45 cc
Cooled type Water cooled
Compression ratio 17.51
Dynamometer Type eddy current , water cooled, with
loading unit
Load indicator Digital, supply 230 AC
Rotameter Engine cooling 40-400LPH, Calorimeter 25-
250 LPH

The results obtained from experimental work using diesel biodiesel blends in the engine at diff. loads.
Observation Tables for Performance and emissions of diesel /biodiesel blend in the engine:

For Neat Diesel:

Load % B.P. B.T.E. B.S.F.C B.S.E.C E.G.T. C.O. H.C S.O.
0 0 0 - - 74 0.05 28 5
25 0.97 14.8 0.58 25398.41 88 0.06 40 12
50 1.65 17.42 0.47 20836.12 112 0.07 52 20
75 2.20 21.57 0.38 15254.91 136 0.09 62 35
100 2.87 27.0 0.29 12939.52 166 0.13 70 50
 0

For B20
Load % B.P. B.T.E. B.S.F.C B.S.E.C E.G.T. C.O. H.C S.O.
0 0 0 - - 75 0.04 22 4
25 1.04 15.1 0.59 26212.32 90 0.04 33 9
50 1.70 18.6 0.48 21112.61 112 0.06 45 14
75 2.25 24.2 0.39 15999.11 140 0.08 57 22
100 3.00 30.1 0.30 13220.22 168 0.11 64 40

For B40
Load % B.P. B.T.E. B.S.F.C B.S.E.C E.G.T. C.O. H.C S.O.
0 0 0 - - 77 0.04 22 5
25 1.02 12.83 0.65 28055.40 98 0.03 30 6
50 1.54 16.01 0.52 22479.41 120 0.05 38 8
75 2.10 19.89 0.42 18545.21 155 0.07 52 10
100 2.72 24.82 0.31 14503.62 176 0.10 56 27

For B60
Load % B.P. B.T.E. B.S.F.C B.S.E.C E.G.T. C.O. H.C S.O.
0 0 0 - - 77 0.03 22 6
25 0.90 12.31 0.68 29170.61 99 0.03 32 8
50 1.35 14.83 0.57 24229.40 121 0.04 39 10
75 1.89 18.67 0.45 19269.22 160 0.05 44 14
100 2.45 22.14 0.38 16242.41 177 0.08 50 27

For B80
Load % B.P. B.T.E. B.S.F.C B.S.E.C E.G.T. C.O. H.C S.O.
0 0 0 - - 82 0.02 20 8
25 0.72 12.33 0.69 29174.92 100 0.03 30 7
50 1.19 14.22 0.60 25349.52 128 0.04 34 10
75 1.78 17.57 0.48 20476.56 168 0.04 40 18
100 2.2 20.72 0.42 17899.64 184 0.07 45 30

For B100
Load % B.P. B.T.E. B.S.F.C B.S.E.C E.G.T. C.O. H.C S.O.
0 0 0 - - 80 0.01 18 8
25 0.76 12.00 0.72 29993.21 100 0.02 27 7
50 1.11 13.89 0.62 25906.23 126 0.03 29 12
75 1.71 16.69 0.52 21560.64 166 0.04 35 15
100 2.10 20.10 0.45 17367.50 185 0.05 42 32
 0

Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performance:

Break Power Vs load %

3.5
3 Diesel
2.5 B20 B40 B60 B80
2 B100
B.P.

1.5
1
0.5
0
0 25 50 75 100 125

Load%
Graph 1.1: Effect on Brake Power.

The variation of Brake power with load for different fuel blends is shown in Fig.1.4. In all cases Brake
power increases with increase in load and it is maximum for B20nblendnat full load.

Break Thermal efficiency Vs Load %

35
30
25 Diesel
20 B20 B40 B60
15 B80
10
B.T

5
0

025 50 75 100 B100

Load %
Graph 1.2: Effect on BTE

The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for different fuels is shown in Fig. 1.5. In all cases, efficiency has increased
with an increase in load percentage. This was due to a reduction in heat loss and increase in power with increase in load
percentage. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained to be 30.1% for B20, which was slightly higher than that of
diesel (27%). The minimum brake thermal efficiencies obtained for B40, B60, B80 and B100 were 24.82%, 22.14%, 20.72%
and 20.10%, respectively. This lower brake thermal efficiency obtained for B40–B100 could be due to a reduction in the
calorific value and an increase in fuel consumption as compared to B20 and diesel fuel.
 0

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Vs Load %

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 Diesel
0.4 B20 B40 B60 B80
B.S.F.

0.3 B100
0.2
0.1
0

025 50 75 100
Load %

Graph 1.3: Effect on BSFC

The variation of brake-specific fuel consumption with load for different fuels is presented in Fig.1.6. For all fuels tested, brake-
specific fuel consumption decreased with increase in load. One possible explanation for this reduction could be due to the
higher percentage of increase in brake power with load as compared to fuel consumption. At higher loads, the brake-specific
fuel consumption for B20 and B40 was close to the diesel. In case of B60–B100, the brake-specific fuel consumption was
approximately 12–45% higher than that of diesel. This reverse trend was observed due to the lower calorific value with an
increase in biodiesel percentage in the blends.

Break Specific Energy Consumption vs Load %

35000
30000
25000
20000 Diesel
15000 B20 B40 B60 B80
B100
B.S.E

10000
5000
0

025 50 75 100
Load %

Graph 1.4: Effect on Brake specific energy consumption

The variation in Brake Specific Energy consumption (BSEC) with load for all fuels is presented in Fig. 1.7. In all cases, it
decreased with increase in percentage load for all fuels. The main reason for this could be that percent increase in fuel required
to operate the engine is less than the percent increase in brake power due to relatively less portion of the heat losses at higher
loads. The BSEC for B20 was observed closer to the diesel. In case of B40, B60, B80 and B100, the BSEC was higher than
that of diesel. This reverse trend was observed due to lower calorific value with increase in biodiesel percentage in the blends.
 0

Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Emission:

200
Exhaust Gas Temp vs Load %
180
160
140
Diesel
120
B20 B40 B60 B80
100
EGT

B100
80
60
40
20
0

0 25 50 75 100
Load%
Graph 2.1: Effects on Exhaust Gas Temperature

The variation of exhaust gas temperature with respect to applied load for different fuels tested is shown in the Fig.1.8.The
exhaust gas temperature increases with increase in load for all tested fuels. The nitrogen oxides emission is directly related to
the engine combustion chamber temperatures, which in turn indicated by the prevailing exhaust gas temperature. With increase
in the value of exhaust gas temperature, NOx emission also increases which means, biodiesel fuelled engines has the potential
to emit more NOx as compared to that of diesel fuelled engines.

CO vs Load%
0.14

0.12

0.1 Diesel
B20 B40 B60 B80
0.08 B100
CO %

0.06

0.04

0.02
0
0 25 50 75 100
Load%

Graph 2.2: Effect on Carbon Monoxide

Variation of CO emissions with engine loading for different diesel biodiesel blends is compared in Fig.1.9. The minimum and
maximum CO produced was 0.01–0.05 % for B100. These lower CO emissions of biodiesel blends may be due to their more
complete oxidation as compared to diesel. Some of the CO produced during combustion of biodiesel might have converted into
CO2 by taking up the extra oxygen molecule present in the biodiesel chain and thus reduced CO formation. It can be observed
from the Fig.1.9 that the CO initially remain linear with load and in later stage it increased sharply up to full load.
 1

HC Vs load %
80
Diesel
60 B20 B40 B60 B80

40
HC

20
0
0 25 50 75 100 B100
Load%

Graph 2.3: Effect on Hydrocarbon

Unburned hydrocarbon emissions result from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. The unburned hydrocarbons and
their derivatives that readily vaporize are termed as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Fig 2.1 shows that with increase in
injection pressure, hydrocarbon emission decreases for all load range.

Smoke Opacity vs Load%

60

50

40 Diesel
B20 B40 B60 B80
30 B100
SO

20

10

0
0 25 50 75 100
Load%

Graph 2.4 : Effect on Smoke opacity

The variation of smoke opacity with respect to different fuels is considered, depicted in the diesel oil. Higher thermal
efficiency indicates better and complete combustion of fuel. That is, lesser amount of unburnt hydrocarbons present in the
engine exhaust emission. So, lower smoke density values are achieved with biodiesel blends as compared to that of the diesel.
B40 blends gave smoke density of 27 % as compared to 50% in the case of diesel.
Experimental investigation shows that 20% Argemone oil methyl ester in the fuel blend (B20) can be used in C.I engine
without any modification and without any adverse effect.
 1

4. CONCLUSIONS
Following are the conclusion made on the basis of results:
1) Brake power and brake thermal efficiency has increased with an increase in load. The maximum brake
thermal efficiency was obtained to be 30.1% for B20, which was slightly higher than that of diesel (27%).

2) Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) decreased with
increase in load. The BSEC for B20 was observed closer to the diesel. In case of B40, B60, B80 and B100,
the BSFC and BSEC were higher than that of diesel.

3) There is a significant decrease in the HC emission level with blends of methyl ester of Argemone oil as
compared to pure diesel operation. There is a reduction from 70 ppm to 42 ppm at the maximum power
output for B100 fuel. Also B40 blends gave smoke density of 27% as compared to 50% in the case of
diesel.

Finally it can be concluded that no problem was faced at the time of starting the compression ignition engine and
the engine ran smoothly with Argemone Mexicane oil methyl ester and its various blends with diesel fuel. B20 can
be used in C.I engine without any modification and without any adverse effect.
 1

5. REFERENCES
[1] R K Singh, Saswat Rath, ―Performance Analysis of Blends of Karanja methyl ester in a Compression Ignition
Engine‖ International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology IPCBEE Vol. 11 (2011), Pages 187-
192

[2] Knothe G, Bagby MO, Ryan TW. Cetane numbers of fatty compounds: Influence of compound structure and of
various potential cetane improvers. SAE Paper May 1997; 971681.

[3] Knothe G, Dunn RO, Bagby MO. Biodiesel: The use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative diesel
fuels. Oil Chemical Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604.

[4] L.C. Meher, D. Vidya Sagar, S.N. Naik, ―Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a
review‖, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews xx (2004) 1–21.

[5] Wealth of india A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research, New Delhi, Vol. 1, 86-87, (2004).

[6] Kirtikar KR and Basu BD: In indian Medicinal plants. Vol. 1, IInd Edn., Delhi, Sri Satguru Publications , 129-
131, (1991).

[7] Orient Longman: Indian medicinal plants (a compendium of 500 species). Vol-1, 186-187, (1998).

[8] Narayanan Das Prajapati et al, A hand book of medicinal plants, Agrobios, Jaipur, India. 156-165, (2003).

[9] P. Pramanik, P.Das, P.J. Kim―Preparation of biofuels from argemone seed oil by alternative cost
effective technique‖ Fuel 91 (2012), Pages 81-86

[10] Ashish Sithta, Ashwani Kumar, S.K. Mahla, ―Utilization of Argemone Oil Biodiesel in Commercial Di-
Ci Engine‖ International journal on Emerging Technologies 3(2): (2012), Pages 19-23

[11] O. P. S. Verma, K. L. Patel ―Emerging Perspectives for Biodiesel in India‖ .Society of Automotive
Engineers Inc. ,pp.28-034 (2004).

[12] Arjun B. Chhetri , Martin S. Tango, Suzanne M. Budge , K. Chris Watts and M. Rafiqul Islam, ―Non-Edible
Plant Oils as New Sources for Biodiesel Production‖, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2008, 9, 169-180.

[13] Md. Nurun Nabi and S. M. Najmul Hoque, ―Biodiesel production from linseed oil and performance study
of a diesel engine with diesel bio-diesel fuels‖, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. ME39, No. 1, 40-44, June
2008.

[14] B.K.Venkanna, Swati B. Wadawadagi and C.Venkataramana Reddy. ―Effect of Injection Pressure on
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Running on Blends
of Pongamia Pinnata Linn Oil (Honge oil) and Diesel Fuel‖. Agricultural Engineering international: The CIGR
Ejournal. Manuscript number 1316. Vol. XI. May, 2009.

[15] Y C Bhatt And M K Verma, ―Effect of Fuel Temperature and Injection Pressure on Engine Performance
with Karanja (Pongamia glabra) Methyl Ester Oil and Blends with Diesel.
 1

[16] Md. Nurun Nabi and S. M. Najmul Hoque, ―Biodiesel production from linseed oil and performance study
of a diesel engine with diesel bio-diesel fuels‖, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. ME39, No. 1, 40-44, June
2008.

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