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    CH 1

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    Bob bob

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    CH 1

    Uploaded by

    Bob bob
    15 views2 pages

    Original Title

    Ch.1

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views2 pages

    CH 1

    Uploaded by

    Bob bob

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Ch.

    1
    -rate at which a source oscillates is he frequency of the sound wave it produces,
    which is quoted in hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps). 1000 Hz is termed 1
    kilohertz (1 kHz). 
    -amplitude = loudness as perceived by the ear
    -wavelength of a sound wave is represented by λ (lambda)
    -frequency is inverse of the time between the peaks and troughs of
    a wavelength (f=l/t). 
    -ear can perceive frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz
    -speed of sound in air is about 340 meters per second (ms^ -1), depends on temp.
    of air. at freezing travels 330 meters per second. 
    -speed of wave is represented by c. frequency by f. frequency/wavelength can be
    related by this formula: c = fλ, or λ = c/f. 
    -harmonics are frequencies of a sound which occur at integer multiples of
    the fundamental frequency (twice, three times, etc.). a sound with
    a fundamental of 100 Hz may have harmonics of 200, 300, so on. 
    -fundamental is the first harmonic, next component is the second, so on. the
    second is harmonic is also called the first overtone. 
    -the point at which the waveform meets the axis is called the node. the harmonic
    underneath/above the waveorm is called the antinode.
    -two waves of the same frequency are said to be 'in phase' when their
    compression (positive) and rarefaction (negative) half-cycles coincide exactly in
    time and space. if two in-phase signals of equal amplitude are added together, or
    superimposed, they will sum to produce another signal of the same frequency  but
    twice the amplitude. signals are said to be out of phase when the positive half-
    cycle of one coincides with the negative half-cycle of the other. if these two
    signals are added together they will cancel each other out, and the result will be
    no signal. (possible to superimpose two sounds of the same frequency which are
    only partially in phase with one another).
    -Ohms law: there is a fixed and simple relationship between the current flowing
    through the device (I), the voltage across it (V), and its resistance (R), shown here:
    V= IR, or I= V/R, or R= V/I. There's also a relationship between the parameters
    listed and the watts flowing through a device: W = I (squared) * R = V (squared)/R
    -MAKE SURE SPEAKERS ARE SAME DISTANCE FROM YOUR EARS
    -alternating current (AC) is the process of sound oscillating the air molecules at a
    fixed point- they don't actually go anywhere. 
    -oscilloscope displays the waveform of an electrical signal by means of a moving
    spot which deflected up by a positive signal and down by a negative signal. a
    spectrum analyzer displays the frequency spectrum of an electrical waveform in
    the form of lines representing the amplitudes of different spectral components of
    the signal.
    -human ear can hear 0 to140 dB.
    -Decibel is dB = 10log(base 10) (P1/P2). Ten times the log to the base ten of the
    ratio between the power of two signals. 
    -A signal must have a reference to be quoted in decibels. signal = 47 db is not
    enough to go on. '+8dB ref. 1' is acceptable because now it is known that the level
    is 8dB higher than 1 volt, and can calculate the voltage of the signal. 
    -sound pressure levels (SPL) are acceptable to list just values, as it is defined
    worldwide in the same way. 0 dB usually means 0.775 volts (dBu). only used as a
    reference for uniformity. 
    -letters are often placed after dB to denote the reference standard at play. 
    dBV = 1 volt
    dBu = 0.775 volts (Europe)
    dBv = 0.775 volts (USA)
    dBm = 1 milliwatt
    dBA = dB SPL, A-weighted response

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