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    2 - Computer Organization

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    The document discusses the generations of computers from the 1940s to present. It covers five generations: 1) First generation used vacuum tubes from 1940-1956. These were large, unreliable, and used for calculation. 2) Second generation used transistors from 1956-1963. They were 10x faster and smaller than the first generation. 3) Third generation used integrated circuits from 1964-1971. They were faster and more powerful than previous generations. 4) Fourth generation from 1971-present used microprocessors. They were highly reliable and user friendly with large storage. 5) Beyond the fourth generation from 1990 onward uses artificial intelligence and specialized chips. These have the highest speeds and smallest sizes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2 - Computer Organization

    Uploaded by

    avdfdfdf
    30 views14 pages
    The document discusses the generations of computers from the 1940s to present. It covers five generations: 1) First generation used vacuum tubes from 1940-1956. These were large, unreliable, and used for calculation. 2) Second generation used transistors from 1956-1963. They were 10x faster and smaller than the first generation. 3) Third generation used integrated circuits from 1964-1971. They were faster and more powerful than previous generations. 4) Fourth generation from 1971-present used microprocessors. They were highly reliable and user friendly with large storage. 5) Beyond the fourth generation from 1990 onward uses artificial intelligence and specialized chips. These have the highest speeds and smallest sizes.

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    2_Computer Organization

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    The document discusses the generations of computers from the 1940s to present. It covers five generations: 1) First generation used vacuum tubes from 1940-1956. These were large, unreliable, and used for calculation. 2) Second generation used transistors from 1956-1963. They were 10x faster and smaller than the first generation. 3) Third generation used integrated circuits from 1964-1971. They were faster and more powerful than previous generations. 4) Fourth generation from 1971-present used microprocessors. They were highly reliable and user friendly with large storage. 5) Beyond the fourth generation from 1990 onward uses artificial intelligence and specialized chips. These have the highest speeds and smallest sizes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views14 pages

    2 - Computer Organization

    Uploaded by

    avdfdfdf
    The document discusses the generations of computers from the 1940s to present. It covers five generations: 1) First generation used vacuum tubes from 1940-1956. These were large, unreliable, and used for calculation. 2) Second generation used transistors from 1956-1963. They were 10x faster and smaller than the first generation. 3) Third generation used integrated circuits from 1964-1971. They were faster and more powerful than previous generations. 4) Fourth generation from 1971-present used microprocessors. They were highly reliable and user friendly with large storage. 5) Beyond the fourth generation from 1990 onward uses artificial intelligence and specialized chips. These have the highest speeds and smallest sizes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    COMPUTER GENERATIONS

    Development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O


    units of the computers has been divided into various generations as given below:

    1. The First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tube


    2. The Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors
    3. The Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits
    4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors
    5. Beyond Fourth Generation (Present and Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence
    1
    COMPUTER GENERATIONS

    First generation:

    1946 to 1955: The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile
    glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These computers were very heavy and
    really large in size. These weren’t very reliable and programming on them was a really
    tedious task as they used high-level programming language and used no OS. First-
    generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They
    were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume rot of electricity.
    Ex: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), EDVAC (Electronic
    Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), and UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer).
    2
    COMPUTER GENERATIONS

    Second generation:

    1955 to 1965: Computers of this generation used the germanium transistors as the
    active switching electronic device. Ex: IBM 7000, B5000, IBM 1401. Comparatively
    smaller in size about ten times faster operating speed as compared to first generation
    vacuum tube based computers. Consumed less power, had fairly good reliability.
    Availability of large memory was an added advantage.

    3
    COMPUTER GENERATIONS

    Third generation:

    1965 to 1975: The computers of this generation used the Integrated Circuits as the
    active electronic components. Ex: IBM system 360, PDP minicomputer etc. They were
    still smaller in size. They had powerful CPUs with the capacity of executing 1 million
    instructions per second (MIPS). Used to consume very less power consumption.

    4
    COMPUTER GENERATIONS

    Fourth generation:

    1976 to 1990: The computers of this generation used the LSI (Large-Scale Integration)
    chips like microprocessor as their active electronic element. They used high speed
    microprocessor as CPU. They were more user friendly and highly reliable systems.
    They had large storage capacity disk memories.

    5
    COMPUTER GENERATIONS

    Beyond Fourth Generation:

    1990 onwards: Specialized and dedicated VLSI (Very-Large-Scale Integration) chips


    are used to control specific functions of these computers. Ex. Modern Desktop PCs,
    Laptops or Notebook Computers. The technology behind the fifth generation of
    computers is AI (Artificial Intelligent). It allows computers to behave like humans. It is
    often seen in programs like voice recognition, area of medicines, and entertainment.

    The speed is highest, size is that the smallest and area of use has remarkably increased
    within the fifth generation computers. 6
    7
    COMPUTER TYPES

    Computer is a fast electronic calculating machine which accepts digital input,


    processes it according to the internally stored instructions (Programs) and produces
    the result on the output device. The internal operation of the computer can be as
    depicted in the figure below:

    8
    9
    COMPUTER TYPES

    The computers can be classified into various categories as given below:


     Super Computer
     Main Frame
     Work Station
     Micro Computer
     Laptop Computer
     Hand Held
     Multi core
    10
    COMPUTER TYPES

    Super Computer: A computer that is considered to be fastest in the world. Used to


    execute tasks that would take lot of time for other computers. For Ex: Modeling
    weather systems, genome sequence, etc.
    Main Frame: Large expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for
    hundreds or thousands of users. Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of
    data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized.
    Work Station: Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized tasks. Generally
    used for tasks that requires a lot of processing speed. Can also be an ordinary
    personal computer attached to a LAN (local area network).

    11
    COMPUTER TYPES
    Micro Computer: A personal computer; designed to meet the computer needs of an
    individual. Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word
    processing, photo editing, e-mail, and internet.
    Laptop Computer: A portable, compact computer that can run on power supply or a
    battery unit. All components are integrated as one compact unit. It is generally more
    expensive than a comparable desktop. It is also called a Notebook.
    Hand Held: It is also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). A computer that fits into a
    pocket, runs on batteries, and is used while holding the unit in your hand. Typically used
    as an appointment book, address book, calculator and notepad.
    Multi Core: Have Multiple Cores – parallel computing platforms. Many Cores or
    computing elements in a single chip. Typical Examples: Sony Play station, Core 2 Duo, i3,
    i7 etc. 12
    13
    14

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