UNIT: 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

1. WHAT IS COMPUTER?
The word “computer” is comes from the word “TO COMPUTE” means to calculate. A computer is an electronic
device which takes input from the user, processes it and gives the output as per user’s requirement.
So the main tasks of performed by the computer are:
a. Input b. Process c. Output

2. WRITE DOWN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER.

Some important characteristics of the computer are as follow:
 Automatic: Computers are automatic machines because it works by itself without human intervention.
 Accuracy: The accuracy of a computer is very high. Errors can occur by the computer. But these are due to
human weakness, due to incorrect data, but not due to the technological weakness.
 Speed: Computer is a very fact device. It can perform the amount of work in few seconds for which a human can
take an entire year.
 Diligence: Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness & lack of concentration.
 Versatility: One moment it is preparing the results of a particular examination, the next moment it is busy with
preparing electricity bills and in between it may be helping an office secretary to trace an important letter
in
seconds.
 Memory : Computer can store and recall any amount of data because of its high storage capacity of its storage devices.

3. EXPLAIN THE DATA PROCESSING CYCLE OF COMPUTER.

The computer Data Processing is any process that a computer program does to enter data & summarize, analyse or
convert data into useable information. The process may be automated & run on a computer. It involves recording,
analysing, storing, summarizing & storing data. Because data are most useful when it is well presented & informative.

4. EXPLAIN THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPUTER BY DATA PROCESSED:

 Analog computers : In Analog Computers, data is represented as continuously varying voltage and operate
essentially by measuring rather counting. As the data is continuously variable, the results
obtained are estimated and not exactly repeatable.
 Digital computers : In Digital Computers data is represented as discrete units of electrical pulses. The data is
measured in quantities represented as either the ‘on’ or ‘off’ state. Therefore, the results
obtained from a digital computer are accurate.
 Hybrid computers : It combines the good features of both analog & digital computers. It has a speed of analog
computer & accuracy of digital computer. Hybrid Computers accept data in analog form and
present output also in digitally.
5. EXPLAIN THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPUTER BY DATA PROCESSING:
 Micro Computer: Micro computers are the computers with having a microprocessor chip as it central processing
unit. First micro computer was built with 8 bit processor. Microcomputer is known as personal
computer. Small in size and affordable for general people. Ex: IBM PC, IBM PC/XT etc.
 Mini Computer: Mini computers are originated in 1960s. Small mainframes that perform limited tasks. Less
expensive than mainframe computer. Mini computers are Lower mainframe in the terms of
processing capabilities. In 1970s it contains 8 bit or 12 bit processor. Gradually the architecture
requirement is grown and 16 and 32 bit. Ex: IBM AS400 etc.
 Mainframe Computer: A very powerful computer which capable of supporting thousands of user
simultaneously. It contains powerful data processing system. It is capable to run multiple
operating systems. It is capable to process 100 million instructions per second. Mainly used
to handle bulk of data & information for processing. Ex : MEDHA, SPERRY, IBM, DEC etc.
 Super Computer: Most powerful & most expensive computer. Used for complex scientific application that
requires huge processing power. Used multiprocessor technology to perform the calculation
very speedy. The cost of the super computer is depended on its processing capabilities &
configuration. Ex: PARAM , EKA, BLUE GENE/P etc. P.T.O.
6. EXPLAIN THE GENERATION OF THE COMPUTERS.

 First Generation (1942-1955) : It is used as a calculating device. It has been performed calculations in milliseconds.
It Required large room to place it and generated too much heat & burnt. Its Commercial
production is difficult & costly. It is used in limited commercial area. ENIAC, EDVAC,
EDSAC are example of 1st generation computer.

 Second Generation (1955-1964) : It was 10 times Smaller in size than 1st generation system. It Consumed less power
than 1st generation system. It was easy to configure than 1st generation computers.
It was Large & fast primary/secondary storage than 1st generation computers. Ex – IBM
1620 , CDC 1604 , UNIVAC 1108 etc.
 Third Generation (1965-1975) : It was Smaller in size than 1st & 2nd generation computers. It performed more fast
calculations than 2nd generation systems. It was large & fast primary/secondary storage
than 2nd generation computers. It was widely used for commercial applications.
High level languages like COBOL & FORTAN are allowed to write programs. It has
generated less heat & consumed less power than 2nd generation computer. Ex – IBM 370 ,
Honeywell-6000 , DEC Series , ICL 2900 etc.

 Fourth Generation (1975-1989) : It was based on LSI & VLSI microprocessor chip. It was smaller in size. It was Much
faster than previous generations. It was very reliable as computer to previous
generation computers. It was possible to use network concept to connect the computer
together. It was the cheapest in price to previous computers. Ex – IBM 4341 , Apple
Macintosh , DEC VAX-11 etc.

 Fifth Generation (1989- to present) : It is Much smaller & handy. It is Based on the ULSI chip which contains 100
million electronic components. The speed of the operations is increased. It consumed less
power. It is more user friendly interface with multi-media features. High level languages
are allowed to write programs. It is larger & faster primary/secondary storage than
previous generations. Ex – Notebooks , IBM SP/2 , PCs etc.

7. THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER :

P.T.O.
 UNIT: 2 INPUT DEVICES
1. WHAT IS INPUT DEVICES?
The Input devices are the devices which are used to enter the data in the computer system. Keyboard, mouse, scanner,
microphone are the example of input devices.

FUNCTIONS OF INPUT DEVICES:

o Accept the data from the outside worlds.
o Convert that data into computer coded information.
o Supply this data to Central Processing Unit for further processing.

2. EXPLAIN STANDARD INPUT DEVICE: KEYBOARD.

Keyboard is most commonly used input device. It is similar like a type writer which is used to enter data in the
computer.
It contains sets of keys such as alphabets, number & special signs.
3. EXPLAIN POINTING DEVICES.
MOUSE : - Mouse is Small hand-hold device Input device which is generally used for drawing purpose. It’s a Pointing
device. It contains two or three buttons . Left button is used to point out or select any item by clicking.
Right
to generate context menu. Graphic cursor contains verity of symbols such as arrow, wrist, pointing finger
etc.

TRACK BALL :- Trackball is a pointing device which is similar to a mouse. A ball is placed on the track ball device
which
is used to move the graphic cursor on the screen. It also contains buttons which are used to select a
particular item on the screen. Track balls come in various shapes with same functionality.
JOYSTICK : - Joystick is a pointing device which is works on the same principle of track ball. It contains a stick which
is placed on the spherical ball. The stick is used to move the cursor at desired position left or right or
backward or forward. With a joystick, the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystick is
pointing. Joysticks are widely used for video games.
LIGHT PEN :- Light pen is a pointing device which is used to draw directly draw on the screen. It is called light pen
because it is similar to a pen & senses light. The light pen allows the user to point out or draw any object
on the screen. It is useful for drawing or graphics in the program such as CAD (computer aided design).
TOUCH SCREEN :- Touch screen is a pointing device. It is most simple & easiest to learn of all input devices. It allows
the user to choose from available options by simply touching with their figure to the desired icon
or menu item displayed on the computer screen. A touch screen is an electronic visual display that
can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area.

UNIT: 3 OUTPUT DEVICES

1. WHAT IS OUTPUT DEVICES?
The output devices are the devices which are used to display the result generated by the computer system.
Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker are the example of output devices.
FUNCTIONS OF INPUT DEVICES:
o Accept the result from the CPU.
o Convert that result into human readable form.
o Supply this result to output device.

MONITOR : - The monitor is the common output device mostly used It is a softcopy output device. It can be thought of
as
a high resolution TV set. The monitor can also determine if the display will be colour, black and white, or
include graphical objects (pictures).
PRINTER : - The printer is a most commonly used output device. It is used to producing the hard copy output. It prints
characters, symbols & graphics on the paper. Printer can be categorised according to the technology used
in
printer, speed, and approach of printing, colours, language & the quality of printing. Mainly printer can be
classified in two types: Impact printer and Non impact printer.
 PLOTTER : - Plotter is an output device which is capable to producing hardcopy output of graphics. Used to
producing
wide format printing. It is an ideal output device for architects, engineers, city planners and
other who need
to generate hardcopy output of widely varying in sizes.
SPEAKER : - The speaker is output device which is connected to computer’s soundcard. The speaker output
the sound
generated by the sound card. Audio data is generated by computer is send to audio card which is
located
inside extension slot. It can translate data into audio signal which are sending to speaker.
P.T.O.
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Prepared By: Mr. Randhir