Interpretadon of The Magnetotelluric Impedance Tensor-Bahr 1987
Interpretadon of The Magnetotelluric Impedance Tensor-Bahr 1987
Interpretadon of The Magnetotelluric Impedance Tensor-Bahr 1987
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Abstract. A method for the interpretation of the magnetotel measure of deviation from two-dimensionality have been
luric (MT) impedance tensor, the telluric-vector technique, widely applied. In the pure 2-D case the electromagnetic
is presented. The phase information of all impedance tensor field is split into two separate modes, in each of which the
elements is used to distinguish between local telluric distor electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular. Therefore,
tion and regional induction. A model incorporating a super the diagonal elements of the impedance tensor should van
position of the effects of local surface anomalies and a re ish as it is expressed by Swift's condition. More recently,
gionaI1-D, 2-D or 3-D conductivity distribution is applied. some authors forsook the demand for orthogonal electric
In 2-D regional structures, a complete separation of the and magnetic fields. Eggers' (1982) eigenstate analysis of
contributions of local and regional anomalies is possible the impedance tensor allows for other angles between the
if additional information from geomagnetic depth sounding two fields. He and some subsequent authors (La Torraca
(ODS) is used. A new skewness parameter derived from et at, 1986; Cevallos, 1986) suggest a more mathematical
phases alone is introduced to measure the three-dimension decomposition of the impedance tensor that retains all the
ality of the regional structure independent of local distor information contained in the four complex impedances.
tions. However, these papers give no proof of the physical signifi
cance of the parameters extracted from the impedance ten
Key words: MT tensor - Static shift Structural dimen
sor. Counil et al. (1986) also deal with non-orthogonal elec
sionality - Separation into local and regional contribu
tric and magnetic bases. A detailed comparison of these
tions decomposition methods is given by Yee and Paulson (1987).
In this paper the MT impedance tensor will be explained
by a superposition of regional and local conductivity anom
Introduction alies. 'Regional' means that the horizontal dimensions are
comparable with the depth of penetration. 'Local' struc
Recently, two problems have often hindered an accurate tures are much smaller than the penetration depth: they
interpretation of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor: (1) cause DC distortion. It will be shown that the conventional
static shifts and (2) the so-called 'three-dimensionality' of analysis, using orthogonal electric and magnetic bases, suffi
the tensor. The first is caused either by local zones of anom ciently describes a regional 2-D anomaly if the contribution
alous conductivity, which are small compared to the pene of the local structure has been removed from the tensor.
tration depth, or by folding of the stratum. These change A new 'skewness' coefficient, that takes into account the
the electric field in direction and magnitude. Thus, instead three-dimensionality of the regional conductivity distribu
of an impedance, which correctly describes the resistivity tion only, will be introduced.
of the subsoil, a 'shifted' impedance is obtained. The second
problem paraphrases the fact that there is no coordinate Regional I-D resistivity distribution
system in which the diagonal elements of the impedance and local 3-D distortion
tensor disappear. Therefore, a model with a three-dimen
sional conductivity distribution must be used to explain In magnetotellurics one assumes that in the frequency do
the tensor impedance at a single site. main the horizontal electric field E and the horizontal mag
These two difficulties are of course somewhat related netic field B are linked through the impedance tensor Z:
but have almost always been handled separately. Some au
thors remove a frequency-independent distortion matrix E=Z·B.
(Larsen, 1977; Kemmerle, 1977) and extract a scalar imped For a resistivity distribution which is purely depth depen
ance from the remaining tensor. Others do not deal with dent except for a thin top layer of varying conductance,
the distortion matrix, but rather examine the inner proper the general impedance tensor
ties of the impedance tensor. Both Swift's (1967) diagonal
minimization method for finding the strike in a 2-D struc
ture as well as his use of the 'skewness' coefficient as a (1)
ments all' a 1 2. a21. a22 are independent of frequency and The six complex dimensionless transfer functions hH , ... , ZD
real in the frequency range in which the penetration depth describe a linear relation between the components of the
is large compared to the extension of the top layer struc magnetic fields at two sites. If the conductivity varies only
tures. All elements of a measured impedance tensor must in one horizontal direction as described by Eq. (2), all ele
have the same phase if they are to be described by Eq. (1). ments except hH and Zn in a suitable coordinate system
They yield four real values which are mUltiples of the ele will vanish. hn and ZH belong to the E-polarization.
ments of the distortion matrix and the phase factor of the
normal impedance Z •. A sixth degree offreedom is required
The 'conductivity reference' metbod
to obtain the true magnitude of Z •. So far, this distortion
factor has been found by two methods: This section deals with situations where the strike of a re
1) Additional information about the top layer: Kem gional structure, taken to be 2-D, is known from geology.
merle (1977) pursued conductivity contrasts in the top layer The combination of magnetotellurics and geomagnetic
with geoelectric methods in order to determine the elements depth sounding (Bahr, 1983; Cerv et al., 1984) offers a
of the distortion matrix. powerful tool in overcoming the handicap that the imped
2) Additional information about the mantle conductivi ances Z~y and Z~,x in Eq. (2) are unknown. This is demon
ty: Larsen (1977) calculated an undistorted impedance from strated with the interpretation of field data from station
the ratio of the vertical to the horizontal component of LAU (Laubach) in the Rhenish Massif, an uplifted and ex
the S q variation field. This 'Z: H method' was originally posed section of the Variscian mountain belt in central
set up by Eckhardt (1963). Schmucker (1974) applied it to Europe (see Fig. 1). The SW-NE-striking HunsrUck south
Sq variations. By expanding the frequency range of the MT edge, the so-called "Hunsriick-Siidrandverwerfung" as a
method up to daily variations, the MT impedance can be deep-reaching tectonic lineament between highly resistive
linked to the undistorted impedance found with the Z:H Variscian sediments of the Rhenish Massif and unfolded
method. The resulting distortion matrix can be applied to past-Variscian sediments of higher conductivity, is described
all shorter periods as long as only one phase appears in by a 2-D model. Three sets of field data are interpreted:
the impedance tensor. If this is the case, Eq. (1) is a valid 1) The tensor impedance, free from local distortions, of
model and the regional conductivity distribution can be the 'reference station' SPO (Sponsheim) situated at the
considered 1-0. lower part of the Nahe river.
2) The tensor impedance at LAU in coordinates (x',y')
Regional 2-D resistivity distribution rotated anti-clockwise by 40°. Z~x is the impedance of E
and loea1 3-D distortion polarization and Z~y is the impedance of B-polarization.
(2)
~
conductivity anomaly. The spatial differences between the t4.
• y'
magnetic fields at two sites (1, 2) are usually presented, fol
y ,---,-'-,,-OO:::..k:..::m,,---~
lowing a suggestion by Schmucker (1970), by a perturbation
matrix: 49'N - - - - ' -_ _--l.--L_ _L-._ _...L.._ _- - '_ _---'
0.1
0.2
SE NW
---- 0.1 ---+
-
5km
265 Qm
132 Qm
400Qm
I. Qm
100 ,Qm
--20
9 ~lm
.25
3) Geomagnetic transfer functions ZH according to of the E-polarization Z~x at LAU is 70° at frequencies
Eq. (3) on a depth sounding profile which connect both around 100 cycles per hour (Fig. 3). It was also found by
MT sites. ZH refers to the magnetic field in the x' direction. 16dicke et al. (1983). Field and model data show, corre
Schmucker's (1971) 'inhomogeneous layer' algorithm is spondingly: (1) At 600 cph the phases are almost equal and
used for E- and B-polarization. The model is presented and the anisotropy corrected for local effects is near unity, i.e.
explained in Fig. 2. Adapting the impedance of the model a'lD case'. (2) At longer periods the phase of the E-polar
to that measured at SPO works well over the whole period ization Z~" exceeds that of the B-polarization Z~y and the
range. Figure 2 shows the adaption of the model-generated anisotropy becomes larger than 1. The conducting layer
anomalous magnetic field transfer function ZH to the mea underneath the Hunsriick acts as a continuation of the low
sured one. Figure 3 shows the adaption of both impedances resistive subsoil of SPO and decreases the phase of the B
measured at LAU. In addition to the two phases, the fre polarization below 45° even though site LAU is on the
quency dependence of the anisotropy Z~y/Z;" is also shown. highly resistive Rhenish Massif.
The anisotropy remaining after splitting off a frequency The distortion factors of the impedance at LAU were
independent distortion matrix must be explained solely by found for very long periods by independently adapting each
use of the regional conductivity model. However, the unmo impedance Z~y, Z;" to the undistorted impedance obtained
dified anisotropy is also influenced by local distortion. The from the Z:H method (Bahr, 1985). The result was an
model incorporates a conducting layer at 20 km depth un =0.70, all = 1.75 and all and all about zero in coordinates
derneath the Hunsriick. This layer explains why the phase (x', i). Therefore, the correction factor of the anisotropy
122
1.S IZ~yl/llyJ
MT I corrected I +
::\ t\ H~f.
Model )(
l( )I(
to
as
i ctyxl !IZ~yl
MT + +
Model ):( )(
,
)(
55"
)(
)(
HI
)(
)( )(
t
)(
35"
__ ______________~____________~,______________~__________~~.
T~ ~ f
.1 1. 10. 100. 600 cph
Fig. 3. Frequency dependence of the two phases and the impedance anisotropy of site LAU: measured values and those generated
with the model described in Fig. 2. Z;" refers to E-polarization and Z~y refers to B-polarization
due to local distortion is al da22 = 2.50. This factor is deter Decoupling of local and regional anomalies
mined again here for all periods by comparing the model
anisotropy describing the regional anomaly with the mea This section deals with the frequently occurring situation
sured one. that the strike of the regional anomaly is initially unknown.
The differences between measured and synthetic imped With Z.L and Z II as the undistorted impedances of B- and
ances at periods over 1 h probably arise from modelling E-polarization and A as the distortion matrix, the imped
the Rhenish Massif as an infinitely extended 2-0 structure, ance tensor, in the coordinate system given by the strike
although the penetration depth at these periods corresponds of the regional anomaly, is:
to its true extent. The phase of the synthetic impedances
at longer periods changes if, instead of a 2-0 model calcula
tion, a 3-0 one is used (Wannamaker et aI., 1984).
z=(aa all
21 a22
12).( 0
ZII
Z.L)=(a
0
12
a 22
ZII
ZII
all
aZI
Z.L\
ZJ
(4)
The regional amplification of the vertical magnetic field
is caused by the spatial change of conductance (Schmucker, Z.L and Z II are the inpedances of the regional 2-0 anomaly.
1970). Therefore, single-frequency data of the ZH transfer Each of them appears in one column of the impedance ten
function are insufficient to detect a hidden shift of the im sor. We consider 'telluric vectors'
pedance at site LAU because such a shift would vary the
'conductance jump' from LAU to SPO only slightly. How e'",=a12 ZII x' +a22 ZII ~'
ever, the resolution of this reference conductivity method and
is enhanced when considering a wide frequency range. The
depth of the conductive layer under the Rhenish Shield, (5)
which would also be biased by a hidden shift, can be deter
mined by adapting the model to geomagnetic transfer func where X' and y' are unit vectors. e~ or e~ defines an in-phase
tions at suitable frequencies. By use of this technique, Tez and an out-of-phase telluric vector with regard to the north
kan (1986) determines the depth of a conductive layer under or the east components of the magnetic field, respectively.
the Black Forest where local distortions shift the impedance, If local anomalies are absent or if they are quasi 2-0 in
hindering an accurate determination of this depth from MT the same coordinates, e~ points towards west and e~ towards
data only. north. In the particular coordinate system which is consid
123
ered here, the in-phase and the out-of-phase vector are par The subscripts 1, 2, referring to the two different signs of
allel, but they are rotated out of their normal position: the root in Eq. (11), describe two coordinate systems in
which either the impedance tensor elements belonging to
ex or those belonging to e~ have the same phase.
If all elements of the impedance tensor have the same
In the (x, y) coordinates all elements of the impedance tensor phase, it follows that A = B = C = 0 and no strike angle is
contain different linear superpositions of Zl. and Z II: the obtained. Then the regional conductivity distribution is only
tensor is depth dependent and ZII =Zl. and Eq. (4) corresponds to
(6) Larsen's formulation, Eq. (1).
If the impedance tensor is exactly described by Eq. (4)
where T is a rotation tensor and A· Z' is the impedance in the appropriate coordinate system, it should be the case
tensor described by Eq. (4). While in Eq. (4) only two phases that IXI = IX]. - 90°. Let
occur, now each element of the impedance tensor has a
different phase (compare Fig. 4). The expressions
=
Im[ -D 2 -D 1 sin(21X)+S2·cos(2lX)] as seen from Eqs. (8) and (10). C disappears, no matter which
1m (Zxx) coordinate system is chosen, if the regional conductivity
(9) distribution is exactly two-dimensional. In a purely depth
Im(Zyx)'
dependent resistivity distribution, the condition
A similar condition exists which links the elements of the
telluric vector ey • (14)
The sine of the differences between the phases of each
pair of impedances are now abbreviated by use of the' com is fulfilled in addition.
mutators', e.g.
[SI, S2] =Re(SI) Im(S2)- Im(SI) Re(S2) A phase-sensitive skewness coefficient
=Im(S2' S!) (10) The parameter C can be used to set up a new measure
of the three-dimensionality of the regional conductivity dis
([Dl' D z], [Dl' S2] and [SI, D 2 ] correspondingly).
tribution
Equation (9) with (10) becomes
(15)
- A sin (2 IX)+ B cos (2 IX) + C =0,
It is related to the conventional skew
where
(16)
A =[SI' Da + [S2' D 2]
B=[SI,S2] [D 1 ,D2 ] by the ratio
C = [Db S2] -[SI' D2J.
(17)
The solution is
of the phase-sensitive skew to the conventional skew. ~ I
tan IX I. 2= ± [(B + c)/(B - C) + (AI(B - C)2J 1/]. - AI(B - C). represents the relative contribution of local distortion to
(11) K, e.g. for ~ ~ 1 it is totally determined by this distortion.
124
Wl!Ighted mean c
o
.. a
... '~
10 (Imll' J 1)~(ImIZ'JJ)2 / \ Swif t's angle
(RefZ.JI12.( Re(Z"I)2 I \~ b
I "f
I "
I '"
If ..... , ..... - __
I
Tbe strike of a regionall-D anomaly another uplifted and exposed piece of the Variscian moun
tain belt (Fig. 1). The phases of the four impedance tensor
Swift's (1967) method to determine the strike of a 2-D struc
elements and their dependence on the chosen coordinate
ture leads to the analytical solution
system are illustrated in Fig. 4. At (X2 =47" the phases tPx.'1
(18) and tP'I'I which belong to e'l correspond, but the other two
do not tally at alL At (Xl =59" the phases belonging to ex
which depends on the moduli of the impedances, as does are exactly identical, the other two are almost identical.
the skew [Eq. (16)]. Therefore, this formula may be inappro This behaviour leads to the second method.
priate for finding the regional trend in the particular case B) The coordinate system defined by (Xl> in which the
where local telluric distortion determines those moduli. phases of the 'rotation-sensitive' telluric vector ex coincide,
A coordinate system in which one of the axes coincides is used. That telluric vector is usually the one with the
with the strike of the regional anomaly and in which the smaller moduli of impedance.
impedance tensor takes the form of Eq. (4), can be found C) Changing from four to two phases can result in
in various ways: smoothing noisy data. Then, only the phases of the telluric
A) If 1'/ <0.1, the regional anomaly is assumed to be vectors, defined by
exactly two-dimensional and C is set to zero:
tan (2 (X) = B/A. (19)
To evaluate Eq. (11) or Eq. (19) the phases of all four
elements of the impedance tensor have to be known. Ran (20)
dom data errors can vary the value of 1'/. If 1'/ 0 due to *'
data errors or deviations of the 2-D geometry, then (Xl
-IX2 *'
90". This is demonstrated by use of field data from are analysed. <P e", means the phase of the entire electric field
site WAL, a site within the Harz Mountains, representing correlated with the north component of the magnetic field,
125
with respect to that north component. As in the second Table 1. Skewness coefficients. according to Eqs. (15-17). of three
method, the telluric vector whose phase is changed more sites at period T= 1 min
profoundly by rotation, for example ex, is searched for.
In the particular case where [Sl, D 2J =0 and the skew Station '7
K is nevertheless non-zero, this skew can be explained by
a maladjustment y of the electrodes with respect to the mag PFE 0.15 2.28 0.35
WAL 0.61 0.26 0.16
netometer: TEL 1.09 0.07 0.08
(21)
~ Upper Devonian
Following Eggers (1982), those methods which try to the surface anomaly itself is of interest, the distortion matrix
give a complete representation of the impedance tensor are can be obtained from an examination of this surface anoma
compared in the following, in terms of the number of de ly by some DC method (Kemmerle, 1977). Where the con
grees of freedom obtained: ductivity of the mantle is to be investigated, the normal
1) The conventional coordinate transformation yields (undistorted) impedance can be calculated from magnetic
two principal impedances (4 degrees of freedom), the strike long-period data with the Z:H method (Larsen, 1977). The
(1) and the skew (1). The ellipticity of the polarization ellipse distortion matrix, which is obtained by comparing that nor
SdD2 provides additional information but not a full degree mal impedance with the measured impedance tensor, can
of freedom (Eggers, 1982). This method is 'incomplete' as be applied to all shorter periods as long as only one phase
it does not use all the information contained in the tensor. appears in the tensor. Otherwise, the regional conductivity
2) Eggers' eigenstate formulation yields two complex distribution is not purely depth dependent. By introducing
eigenvalues (4), two non-orthogonal principal directions (2) a new, rotationally invariant skew, this paper suggests a
and two ellipticities (2). This method gives a complete math test for the question of whether the regional structure is
ematical description of the MT tensor. 2-D. It is the phases that are examined, not the amplitudes
3) The method described in this paper deals with the of the impedance tensor elements as in the conventional
impedances belonging to the two telluric vectors (4), the skewness analysis.
regional strike (1), the regional skew (1) and the distortion To explain the two phases of a seriously distorted im
matrix (4). From the elements of the distortion matrix, the pedance tensor of a site in the Rhenish Massif, a model
'amplification' (ai2 +a~2)l/2 and the angular deviation calculation with a 2-D resistivity distribution which does
a l2 /a 22 of the telluric vector ex as well as the equivalent not contain the local structures was carried out. Geomag
distortion terms of ey could be calculated. Ten independent netic depth sounding data which are not influenced by the
parameters are necessary, while the impedance tensor pro local structures were used as an additional check. As the
vides only eight degrees of freedom. The additional two model space includes a reference site with a known, un
degrees of freedom are the static shifts of the impedances distorted impedance, there exists an initial value for the
ofthe two telluric vectors: these amplifications, (ai 2 + a~2)l/2 resistivity. By comparing the measured impedances with the
and (ail +a~dl/2, remain unknown as long as no additional modelled ones, real distortion coefficients were obtained.
information besides the MT tensor is used. This 'reference conductivity' method offers another tech
The model of a regional 2-D conductivity structure and nique for removing DC distortion.
a superposed top layer anomaly has recently been treated
by Zhang et al. (1987). They restrict their 'principal model' Acknowledgements. I would especially like to thank U. Schmucker
to a 2-D local structure. Therefore, the number of degrees for constant support and encouragement. Thanks are also due to
of freedom due to local distortion is reduced by one; the J.H. Filloux and T. Koch for carefully reading the manuscript.
four distortion matrix elements are replaced by all' an My research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemcin
schaft under grant Ba 889/1.
and the local strike. Assuming no regional skew, the princi
pal model of Zhang et al. (1987) would have eight degrees
of freedom, compared to ten degrees of freedom in the tellur References
ic-vector technique. Consequently, the authors offer a for
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