RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY

NEKEMTE CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

DETERMINANT HOUSE HOLD FOOD INSECURITY THE

CASE OF GUTO GIDA WOREDA

A RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL FULFLLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR: BACHELOR OF ART (BA) DEGREE IN
ECONOMICS

PREPARED BY: ID NO
1. DEGAGA ABDISA………………………..1283
2. TEGAGN GERBA………………………...2033
3. WARKE TOLASA………………………...1508
4. HANA ABARA……………………………..1292
5. TUJUBE MOSISA…………………………1503
6. WARKINESH ALAMU……………………2050
ADVISOR: MR. EBSA T (Msc).
JULY, 2021
NEKEMTE, OROMIA

1
 Table of Contents
Contents Page
RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY, NEKEMTE CAMPUS......................................................................1
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................i
ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Back ground of the study......................................................................................................1
1.1 Back ground of the study......................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem.....................................................................................................2
1.3. Research question....................................................................................................................2
1.4 Objective of the study...........................................................................................................2
1.4.1 General objective...........................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Specific objectives.........................................................................................................2
1.5. Significance of the study......................................................................................................3
1.6. Scope of the study................................................................................................................3
1.7. Limitation of the study........................................................................................................3
1.8. Organization of the study.....................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................4
2.1. Theoretical concepts............................................................................................................4
2.1.1. Definition of Food Insecurity?......................................................................................4
2.1.2 Determinants of food security........................................................................................6
2.1.2.1. Oxen ownership....................................................................................................6
2.1.2.2. Fertilizer.................................................................................................................7
2.1.2.3. Education...............................................................................................................7
2.1.2.4. Farmland size.........................................................................................................7
2.1.2.5. Age.........................................................................................................................7
2.1.2.6. Wealth Status.........................................................................................................8
2.1.2.7. Credit access..........................................................................................................8
2.1.3. Causes of Food insecurity.............................................................................................8

i
 2.1.4 Elements of food security................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4.1. Availability of food..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4.2. Accessibility of food................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4.3. Stability of food supply............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4.4. Food safety (quality and preference).......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.5 Measurement and indicators of food security...................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.5.1. Food availability......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.5.2. Accessibility to food................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.6 Indicators of food insecurity............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.7. The cause of food insecurity in developing country........Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.8. Food security sources and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia. .Error! Bookmark not
defined.
2.2 Empirical Literature Review...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................9
3. METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH...............................................................................15
3.1. Research Design................................................................................................................15
3.2. Types and source of data................................................................................................16
3.2.1. Type of data................................................................................................................16
3.2.1.1. Primary of Data........................................................................................................16
3.3.1.2. Secondary Data........................................................................................................16
3.3.2. Source of Data............................................................................................................16
3.4. Methods of data collection.............................................................................................16
3.5. Sampling Techniques and Sampling Size........................................................................16
3.5.1. Sampling Techniques..................................................................................................16
3.5.2. Sample size.................................................................................................................17
3.6. Method of data analysis and Interpretation........................................................................17
3.7.2.Time schedule..................................................................................................................18
REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................22

ii
 ACRONYMS
% Percent
EGS employment generation schemes

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FFW food for worker

GDP Growth Domestic Product

GGWARDO- Guto gida woreda Agricultural and Urban Development office
IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute
NGO Non Governmental organization
ROA Road Authority
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
TP Total Product
ZOFED Zone Finance and Economic Development

ZOFED Zone Finance and Economic Development

iii
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine Household role of food security in case of Guto
gida woreda east wolega zone. To achieve the objective the study employ both quantitative
and qualitative method along with the descriptive survey approach. The study was based on
the survey of a total of 145 respondents randomly selected using a three-stage sampling
technique. Both primary and secondary data were collected for this study. Primary data
were collected by questionnaire of sample respondents; whereas, secondary data were
collected from published and unpublished documents. The finding showed that households’
vulnerability to food insecurity were caused by family size, education level, absence of
income from other than agricultural sources, cultivated land owned ownership, livestock
holding, access to credit, whether to use fertilizer or not, traditional farming mechanism.
Further, it has been shown that factors such as reducing quantity and quality of food
consumed, reducing non-food expenditure, selling livestock and other assets were the main
consequences in the study area. The finding suggest that Attention should be given to
intensive farming in order to increases productivity per unit area through provision of
agricultural in put (such as fertilized appropriated improved seeds, oxen improved farm
implement Etc. The finding suggests also that efforts should be made to: improve income
earning capacity of households, their education level through targeted training, improve
access to credit, livestock husbandry through providing with improved livestock production
technologies and veterinary condition are the most important points to reduce the
vulnerability and consequences of households food insecurity.

iv
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground of the study.

1.1 Back ground of the study.

Developing countries are vulnerable to food insecurity since domestic production capabilities are
inadequate as a result of the low level of accumulated investment in agriculture. Furthermore developing
countries lack the purchasing power to import enough food to satisfy domestic demands and are
susceptible to even the smallest changes in food price in world market. In this context, domestic
agricultural production plays vital role as an insurance against unstable movement of import price.
Domestic agricultural production also contributes to food security in the long term by saving foreign
exchanges and stimulating investment in manufacturing sectors, which lead to rapid economic growth and
increased accessibility to food (Jaeok lee, 2002).

The committee on world food security, a body set up in 1975 by the united nation world food conference
to oversee the developments in food security adopted in the early 1980 there cognition of food security as
a tripartite concept, reflecting the criteria of availability, access and stability (FAO,2003)

Developing countries are vulnerable to food insecurity since domestic production capabilities are
inadequate as a result of the low level of accumulated investment in agriculture. Furthermore developing
countries lack of the purchasing power to import enough food to satisfy domestic demands and are
susceptible to even the smallest changes in food price in world market. In this context, domestic
agricultural production plays vital role as an insurance against unstable movement of import price.
Domestic agricultural production also contributes to food security in the long term by saving foreign
exchanges and stimulating investment in manufacturing sectors, which lead to rapid economic growth and
increased accessibility to foods. (Jaeok lee, 2002).

Ethiopia has been structurally food deficient since 1980, in which the gap rose from 0.75 million tons in
1979/80 to 5 million tons in 1983/84 falling to 2.4 million in 1995/6 deposited a record harvest (Befekadu
and Birhanu, 2000).

1
1.2. Statement of the problem
One of the consequences of the poor performance of Ethiopian agriculture is wide spread of food
insecurity. An estimated 50% to 60% of the country’s population is food insecure. The number of
drought affected population between 1981 and 1995 range from a minimum of 2.53 million in 1987 to
7.85 million 1992 (Befekadu and Birhanu, 1999/00:176).

AS part of the country, the causes of food crises in East Wollega zone especially in Gutogida woreda is
server varied and complex. The principal determinates which brought about failure to adequately feed the
population include sever environmental degradation, rapid population growth which exceeds agricultural
growth, lack of shortage facilities, limited access to infrastructure and basic services, low productivity of
agricultural resulting from insufficient fertilize use and poor performance of agriculture. As regards, the
general food situation in this Woreda the gap between the yearly food production and food requirement at
household and Woreda levels has widening alarmingly. As Guto gida woreda agricultural and urban
development office pointed out that the main Socio-economic consequences of food insecurity are hunger
and human disease, cattle loss, human death ,etc. are some of them (GGWARDO, 2005). Generally, the
reason that initiated the researcher to conduct study on this specific area was to address the following
basic research question.

1.3. Research question

In addition to this, the reason that initiated the researcher to conduct study on this specific area was
address the following basic research question.

 What is Household of food security to reduce poverty?

 What are the major problem of food security in Guto gida woreda
 How alleviating the problem of food insecurity in Guto gida Worda?

1.4 Objective of the study

1.4.1 General objective

Determinant House Hold Food Insecurity the Case of Guto Gida Woreda

1.4.2 Specific objectives

 To examine the Household of food insecurity (I.e educational level, land holding size,
farming mechanism) in Guto gida woreda

 To identify the major causes of food shortage in Guto gida

2
  To assess Determinant Householdof government and NGOs in alleviating the problem

1.5. Significance of the study

The result of this study will be expected as it is important for identifying the different problems that face
food insecurity in Guto gida woreda and propose the problem to the concerned governmental bodies to
search solution for the problem. It adds to the knowledge and understanding of the individual by
providing information in relation to the Woreda. This could add to the extensive Literature of food
insecurity in Ethiopia as a whole, and could help enlighten concerned house hold about the status of the
area.

1.6. Scope of the study

The focuses of the study will assessment of causes, Determinant Household of food security to reduce
poverty in Guto gida area. Moreover, the study addresses one of the main consequences of agricultural
performance, supply and demand gap for the food since 1992.

1.7. Limitation of the study

The main limitation of the study are:- absence of well-organized information, shortage of break time to
fill the questionnaire, limited number of studies on this topic to get sufficient information, difficulty of
getting reference books and in accessibility of internet, reluctance of officials and farm house holds to
give responses and data may not be found in desired manner.

1.8. Organization of the study

The research proposal contains four chapters. The first chapter comes up with the introduction part of the
research proposal which includes statement of the problem, objective of the research proposal, scope,
limitation and organization of the study. The second chapter deals with the literature review, both
theoretical and empirical literature review. The third chapter will explain research methodology
containing research design, description of the study, data collection techniques and analysis and the fourth
chapter is concerned with result and discussion. The last chapter, chapter five describes conclusion and
recommendation.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical concepts

2.1.1. Definition of Food Insecurity?

The standard definition, agreed at the 1996 world food summit, holds that food security
represents “a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.” food insecurity is completely the opposite of this
standard definition I.e. Food insecurity is the lack of access and inability to obtain enough
nutritious food to consume the minimum number of calories needed to maintain health in adults
or to provide for growth and development in children (Nord etal, 2009). Food security is
commonly conceptualized as resting on three pillars; availability, access and utilization.

Utilization these concepts are inherently hierarchical, with availability necessary but not
sufficient to ensure access, which is, in turn, necessary but not sufficient for effective utilization.
Sometimes analysts add a fourth pillar: 4) stability. Availability: reflects the supply side of the
food security concept. In order for all people to have “sufficient” food, there must be adequate
availability. Food availability is the physical presence of food in the area of concern through all
forms of domestic production, commercial imports and food aid. According to WFP (2009),
food availability is determined by:

1) Production: food produced in the area;

2) Trade: food brought into the area through market mechanisms;

3) Stocks: food held by traders and in government reserves;

4) Transfers: food supplied by the government and/or aid agencies.

Access: access reflects the demand side of food security concept. Food access concerns a
household’s ability to acquire adequate amount of food, through one or a combination of own

4
home production and stocks, purchases, barter, gifts, borrowing and food aid. The following are
some examples:

1) Own production – crops, livestock, etc.

2) Hunting, fishing and gathering of wild foods;

3) Purchase at markets, shops, etc;

4) Barter – exchange of items for food;

5) Gifts from friends/relatives, community, government, aid agencies, etc (Girma

Keneni, 2011).

Food may be available but not accessible to certain households if they cannot be acquired
sufficient quantity or diversity of food through these mechanisms.

Utilization Food utilization refers to households’ use of the food, to which they have access, and
individuals’ ability to absorb and metabolize the nutrients– the conversion efficiency of the body
(ibid). Food utilization includes:

1)The ways in which food is stored, processed and prepared, including the water and cooking
fuel used, and hygiene conditions;

2)Feeding practices, particularly for individuals with special nutrition needs, such as babies,
young children, the elderly, sick people, and pregnant or lactating women;

3) The sharing of food within the household, and the extent to which this corresponds to
individuals’ nutrition needs - growth, pregnancy, lactation, etc.

4) The health status of each member of the household.

Food may be available and accessible but certain household members may not benefit fully if
they do not receive an adequate share of the food in terms of quantity and diversity, or if their
bodies are unable to absorb food because of poor food preparation or sickness (WFP, 2009).
Stability is considered a fourth pillar by some analysts and agencies (e.g., FAO). Stability
captures the susceptibility of individuals to food insecurity due to interruptions in access,

5
availability or utilization. Certain individuals within communities or households may be more
vulnerable to instability and are at greater risk of food insecurity. This matter for targeting of
interventions and the design of safety nets intended to safeguard food security for vulnerable
subpopulations. The temporal aspect of stability links to the distinction between chronic and
transitory food insecurity (Barrett et al. (2010). Chronic food insecurity reflects a long-term lack
of access to adequate food, and is typically associated with structural problems of availability,
access or utilization. Although the most severe food insecurity is typically associated with
disasters such as drought, floods, war or earthquakes, most food insecurity is not associated with
catastrophes, but rather with chronic poverty (ibid). Transitory or acute food insecurity, by
contrast, is associated with sudden and temporary disruptions in availability, access or, less
commonly, utilization. The most common transitory food insecurity is seasonal, recurring quite
predictably, especially among urban populations during the period preceding harvest, when grain
stocks run low and food prices typically hit annual peaks. Some transitory food insecurity is
regular but aperiodic, as in the case of droughts that routinely strike semi-arid regions or floods
that sporadically hit low-lying coastal areas. And some food insecurity is associated with
conflict (ibid). The most serious episodes of transitory food insecurity are commonly labeled
“famine”, meaning mass mortality associated with a food crisis. At least since malthus, famines
were long thought to arise primarily due to supply shocks that reduced food availability (ibid).

2.1.2 Determinants of food security

Household size is another factor expected to have influence on food security status of
households. The majority of farm households in Ethiopia are small–scale semi-subsistence
producers with limited participation in non-agricultural activities. Because land and
finance to purchase agricultural inputs are very limited, increasing family size, tends to
exert more pressure on consumption than the labor it contributes to production. Thus a
negative correlation between household size and food security is expected (paddy, 2003) as food
requirements increase in relation to the number of persons in a household.

2.1.2.1. Oxen ownership

It is another determinant of the food security status of households. Oxen serve as a source
of traction in many developing countries, thereby significantly affecting households’ crop
production. Animal traction power enables households to cultivate greater areas of land and to

6
execute agricultural operations timely (govereh& jayne, 1999). Therefore, a positive
relationship between ox ownership and food security is expected in this study.

2.1.2.2. Fertilizer
It is used by most studies as a proxy for technology. The subsistence farming is
production for direct consumption. Any farm input that augments agricultural productivity is
expected to boost the overall production. This contributes towards attaining household food
security. Studies by (Rutsch, 2003) on “role of fertilizer in agricultural productivity” found
that fertilization of farmland can boost agricultural production and influence the food security
status of a household.

2.1.2.3. Education
Education is an additional factor which is thought to influence the food security status of
households. Education equips individuals with the necessary knowledge of how to make a
living. Hence, it is supposed that educational attainment by the household head could lead to
awareness and benefit from the possible advantages of modernizing agriculture by means of
technological inputs, enable them to read instructions on fertilizer packs and diversification
of household incomes, which in turn would enhance households' food security (najafi, 2003).

2.1.2.4. Farmland size

According to (najafi, 2003), food production can be increased extensively through expansion
of areas under cultivation. Therefore, under subsistence agriculture, holding size is
expected to play a significant role in influencing farm households' food security. The
sample households plough fragmented plots with different sizes and fertility levels. The
size of farmland owned by a household was determined by summing the fragmented
plots.

2.1.2.5. Age
the higher the age of the household head, the more stable the economy of the farm
household, because older people have also relatively richer experiences of the social and
physical environments as well as greater experience of farming activities. Moreover, older
household heads are expected to have better access to land than younger heads, because
younger men either have to wait for a land distribution, or have to share land with their
families(hofferth, 2003).

7
2.1.2.6. Wealth Status
A household’s wealth status forms the other important source of livelihood for farming
households. Livestock contribute to households’ economy in different ways, e.g. as a source
of pulling power, source of cash income, source of supplementary food, and means of
transport. Besides, livestock are considered a means of security and means of coping
during crop failure and other calamities(kang’ara, et al, 2001). Livestock provides not only
food for the producers, but also a range of other products which could be sold or
consumed by the livestock owner to provide nutrition, income, traction and fuel. The
major products of livestock include draught power, meat, milk, eggs, manure which is
used as fertilizer or fuel, feathers, fiber, hides, and horns. In addition to these products
livestock serve as an asset and may provide a reserve that can be converted to cash in times of
need. A study by(kassa, et al, 2002) found that households who own livestock have good
food security status as well as sustainable farming. Particularly in Ethiopia, where crop
failure is frequent due to poor rainfall, the level of a household’s resources a critical
factor in combating such disasters.

2.1.2.7. Credit access

Credit serves as a means to boost production and expand income generating activities. Thus, a
household which has access to credit does initiate investment in farm and non-farm activities and
achieve food security. Thus, it is hypothesized that credit access has positive relation with
household food security (Amsalu et al, 2001).

2.1.3. Causes of Food insecurity.

The causes of food insecurity and malnutrition in are diverse, multi-factorial and interlinked. Poverty and
food shortage are the main catalysts of food insecurity in the world. Poverty constrains the ability of
farming households to invest in productive assets and agricultural technologies, resulting in insufficient
agricultural productivity. Poverty is compounded by factors such as conflicts, disease, epidemics and
climate change, such as droughts. Violent conflicts have thwarted all efforts to establish food and
nutrition security in Central and East Africa. Violent conflicts, as well as ethnic unrest involving fights
over water and grazing resources, the stealing of women and livestock and quarrels over border lines,
have contributed to the displacement of people, disruption of transportation and market transactions and
subsequently, lack of access to food (Temitope Folaranmi , 2012).

8
2.1.4 Elements of food security
Several important elements of food security can be derived from the definition discussed above.
The major elements of food security are:-

2.1.4.1. Availability of food

Sufficient food supply should be secured in a sustainable manner that responds to the growing
world population and changing dietary habits.

2.1.4.2. Accessibility of food

Food security can be attained only when both physical and economic access to food are
guaranteed. While the factors that influence physical accessibility, such as wars, export
embargoes and problems with transportation, are common to both developed and developing
countries, the factor that determine economic accessibility are especially serious developing
countries.

2.1.4.3. Stability of food supply

Food should be supplied at reasonable prices in a stable manner stability of food supplies is
particularly important to developing countries that depend on foreign imports for a large portion
of their food supply, with in the limitation of foreign exchanges.

2.1.4.4. Food safety (quality and preference)

The final important element of food security is that safe, good quality food must be supplied, in
order to satisfy the dietary needs and preferences of consumers (FAO ROA, 2002).

2.1.5 Measurement and indicators of food security

FAO has played a leading role developing and applying food security indicators and uses seven
indicators to measure the global food situation since the mid 1970s. In 1999, the organization
adopted two food security indicators (average per capita diet [GDP] for the measurement of
longer term trends in food security and nutritional well- being which are directly related to food
availability and food access (FAO, 2000). FAO has also selected seven vulnerability indicators
(urban population as a share of total population, arable and per capita, share of agriculture in
GDP, population of roads that are paved, yields per hectare for major cereal crops, proportion of
countries that have experienced an emergency situation, and mortality rate for children under
five years of age (FAO, 2003)

9
Indicators based on the elements of food security

2.1.5.1. Food availability

 Natural condition of agriculture
 Average temperature, rain fall, day light hours
 Number of cropping seasons
 Factor endowment
 Agricultural and ;fertility, proportion of irrigated land
 Intermediate inputs : capacity to produce fertilizer, pesticides and agricultural
machines
 Agricultural labor force: average and educational level of farmers
 Production function
 Economies of large scale: average farm size
 Management skill
 Production technologies: investment in research and development R and D, work
force and extension of agriculture
 Institutional system of production: ownership of land, collectivism.
 Gender relations in agriculture (women share in land ownership)
 Infrastructure
 Tele communications e-commerce system, transportation

2.1.5.2. Accessibility to food

 GDP per capita balance of payment
 Consumer price and importing price
 Economic accessibility to household: non farm income of farmers.
 Womens and girl’s accessibility to food (women’s and girl’s share of food
consumption).
 Physical accessibility
 Imports: monopolistic nature of the world agriculture market (proportion
of total exports accounted for by top five exporters). Export embargoes,
export tax.

10
  Domestic production: transportation system and costs, storage facilities,
civil wars and conflicts.
 Food deficit regions with in the state (national) area (monopoly and inter
liked markets).
The factors and variables that are believed to influence elements of food security are closely
related to each other and the effect of each variable on food security differs according to the
peculiar production function and agricultural situation of each country (ibid).

2.1.6 Indicators of food insecurity

Assessment of food insecurity is difficult issues as that are no universally established indicators
which serve as measuring tools. Food insecurity requires a multidimensional consideration since
it is influenced by different interrelated socio- economic, environmental and political factors.
Because of this problem, assessing, analyzing and monitoring food insecurity follows diversified
approaches, ranging, from a more quantitative to combination of both quantitative and qualitative
measurements (Mulate et.al 1995) Indicators of food insecurity can be classified in to two main
categories

i, Process indicators

ii, Out come indicators

I, Process indicators provide an estimate of food supply and food access situation. The major
indicators in this regard are:-

A, Supply indicators

 Metro logical data

 Information on natural resource
 Agricultural production data
 Food price trends
 Food balance on sheets
 Information of past damage
 Regional conflict /war

11
 B, Food access indicators

 Land use practical

 Dietary change
 Diversification of income sources
 Live stock sales
 Sale of production
II Outcome indicator serves as proxies for food consumption.

Outcome indicators include

 House hold budget and expenditure

 Food consumption frequency
 Subsistence potential
 Nutritional status, etc.

2.1.7. The cause of food insecurity in developing country

A person is food secure when he or she accessed at all times to enough food for an active, health
life. Accordingly, people are food secure when the consumption of food is sufficient, secure (not
vulnerable to consumption short falls) and sustainable (max wall, 1996). The list cause of food
insecurity in long and multifaceted they range from political instability war and civil strife,
Macro economic imbalances and trade dislocation to environmental degradation, poverty,
population growth, gender inequality, in adequate education and poor healthy. All, however can
be related in some fashion to two basic causes insufficient national food availability and
insufficient access to food by households and individuals (smith et al 2000)

2.1.8. Food security sources and causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia

According to world vision Ethiopia, specific source of household food security (food economy)
in Ethiopia include.

A, food production (manly based on crop and livestock house bandary),

B, Cash in come from different sources (manly market Based),

12
  Domestic trade (including petty trading)

 Sales of family labor (wage employment)

 Rental income

 International trade

C, Reserve of food (stocks) or other assets,

D, Institutional assistance program (including credit/financial support, food aid/ relief,

employment generation schemes (EGS), food for worker (FFW) and related support
program),

E, Remittance and gifts, and

F, Wild food (wild plants and animals including fish) (world vision, 2002).

In the Ethiopian situation, poor agricultural growth, un equal distribution of productivity

resource and income, rapid population growth and urbanization are the important (underlying)
causes for the growing chronic food security and poverty problems. Drought, war and growing
refugee problem are also the main causes of transitory food insecurity in Ethiopia like in many of
there African countries in appropriate policies of government and or do nor agricultural have also
been important factors contributing to both chronic and transitory food insecurity in most
African countries including Ethiopia (Ibdi).

Per capita food production in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including Ethiopia has been declining
over the last three decades. Production growth rates during these decades stagnated around- 0,6
percent in 1980-83 and gradually declined to-6.2 percent in 1990 (FAO,1990).

Despite the available resources and the efforts made by governments in SSA, food insecurity
remained one of the most crucial issues. For instance, at the beginning of the 1980, consumption
of basic stable exceeded production by about 8 million metric tons (birhanu and paulio, 1990 pa
83).

13
2.2 Empirical Literature Review
As quoted in Mulat et al (1995), the international food policy research institute (IFPRI) projected
that by the year 2020, SSA will have food shortages and the imports of basic stable is estimated
to be as high as 9-27 metric tons. This clearly calls for the formulation of appropriate strategies
and policies to ensure food security for the growing population. The gap between production
and consumption in most SSA countries including by the slowdown of the agricultural
production growth rates the major causes for the slow growth of agriculture include various
factors such as unfavorable climatic conditions, under developed infrastructure, in appropriate in
agricultural policies and predominantly traditional production systems (Ibid).

14
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

3.1. Research Design

The research is a case study in the form of cross sectional design in which data was collected
across a population through simple random sampling. The participants were households in the
study area. The research will be qualitative approach of information and procedures. Documents
on food security and food insecurity will be referred from the Guto Gida.

15
3.2. Types and source of data
3.2.1. Type of data

3.2.1.1. Primary of Data

The primary source was collected from the unstructured interview held with manager of from different
kebele and woreda in formal way and also we collect primary data using questionnaire to the clients. The
questionnaire possessing on open end type of questions that are relevant and exhaustive as to the subject
will be designed such a way that the respondents fill at easy.

3.3.1.2. Secondary Data

The data to be used for this study was gathered from two sources of information. The primary data is
gathered from a population of selected farmer in the woreda. Secondary data is gathered from published
and unpublished documents about the problem as well as from relevant institution such as Gutogida
woreda agricultural and urban development office. In addition to this secondary data is gathered from
different research papers that have been done on food insecurity.

3.3.2. Source of Data

We have different source of data. These source of data may depend on type of data are going to collect.
So for primary data our source of data is directly collected for the respondents and from the concerned
bodies by using different data collection techniques. And also different books, journals, newspapers and
magazines will be used as second dary data source.

3.4. Methods of data collection

The primary data will be collected using self administered and structured and interviews. This type of
questioner is selected due to the following two reasons. First, it is structure to design question as per the
data need of the research and to minimize respondent’s biasness. Second it is elf administered to easily
understand and provided intended response. On the other hand, these secondary data will be collected by
referring to different published and unpublished documents.

3.5. Sampling Techniques and Sampling Size

3.5.1. Sampling Techniques
The target of population of this study was very large. Therefore, it was difficult to collect data from each
owner of small business. To achieve the research objective simple random sampling technique were used
to collect data. For consistence of the study, to select the respondents among the households in the study
area how best fit the questionnaire. To save the time and to get respondents.

16
3.5.2. Sample size
East Wollega zone Gutogida woredahas total number of 2170 people. In this study area three
And the researchers will be used Yemane formula to select respondents from the given total
population. The sampling techniques we use in this proposal is simple random sampling because
it gives equal chance for all targets respondents .The researchers desire a confidence level of 92
% ,in expecting a margin of error to be 8% . So, CL=92% in which margin of error is=8%.
then.e=0.08. So our sample size would be as follow by using Yamane formula (1967).

n=N/1+N(e)2

Where N= Total number of population

e= error term equal to 8 percent at z= 92% confidence level.

n= sample size

n=2170/1+2170(0.08)2

n= 145

3.6. Method of data analysis and Interpretation

The researcher will uses descriptive methods of analysis first the collected data categorized, next
tabulation of the data followed and then the data analysis using qualitative means of analysis.
The quantitative analysis will be organized describing and systematically interpreting the
collected data while quantitative analysis to be used in this research is statically analysis such as
organizing the data in tabular forms interims of frequency and percentage.

3.7 TIME AND BUDGET SCHEDULE

3.7.1.Work plan

Budget schedule
No Items Description Unit Amount Unit cost (birr) Total cost

1 Stationery

1.1 CD RW disk Piece 4 25 100

17
1.2 Paper Rim 1 120 120

1.3 Pen Piece 10 5 50

1.4 Correction fluid Piece 3 60 60

Sub Total 210

2 Copying and printing

2.1 Copying Pages 500 375 250

2.2 Printing Pages 300 600 600

2.3 Binding Pad 3 20 60

Sub total 995

3 Cost During Data Collection

3.1 Cost during interview No 50 10 500

3.2 Telephone card Piece 4 50 200

Sub total 60 700

3.7.2.Time schedule
SEP OCT NO JA FEB MAR AP

No Activities 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020

1 Topic Selection  

2 Proposal preparation 

18
3 Research proposal submission 

4 Edit and re-submit corrected 

proposal

5 Preparing interview 
questionnaires

6 Review related literature 

7 Data collection and processing  

8 Data analysis 

9 Research Editing 

10 Submission and presentation 

19
 REFERENCE
Befekadu and Berihanu Nega (1999/2000). The Ethiopian Economic Association annual report on
the Ethiopian Economy vol 1, A.A, Ethiopia.
Dejene Aredo (2007), Agricultural development theory on population Density, cultivation systems
and intensification pre industrial agricultural part 1 A.A, Ethiopia.
FAO (2000), State of Food and agricultural organization of the united nation Rome, 2000
FAO (2003), Trade reforms and food security: Food and agricultural organization of the united
nation Rome.
FAO ROA, Food and agricultural organization, united state
Garret and Ruel (1957) food security and nutritional status: Mozambique WD 27n 11.
Girma Keneni (2011) The Contribution of Small Scale Irrigation to Households’ Income and Food Security,
Addis Ababa.

Jesok lee (2002), sinor fellow and research director: Korea urban economic institute republic of
Korea.
L.C Smirth et.al (2000), International food policy research institute Agricultural economic, N.W
Washington Dc.USA.
Max well S & Frankenberger T (1996) Household Food Security, Concepts, Indicators And Measurements,
New York/Rome.

Meller.J (1988), Global food balances and food security: World development, No 9

Mulat Demeke, et.al (1995), food security, Nut ration and poverty alleviation in Ethiopia: problems
and prospects- proceedings of the first Annual conference of Agricultural society of
Ethiopia, A. A, Ethiopia.
Wolday Amaha (2004), Ethiopian Economic Association: Food insecurity in Ethiopia, Vol, 2, A.A,
Ethiopia.
World vision (2002), Annual report on problem of food security in Ethiopia world vision Ethiopia.
ZOFED. (2011). Physical and Socio-Economic Profile of Guto Gidda District. Nekemte: East
Wollega Zone Finance & Economic Development Offic.
Befekadu And Berhanu (2000) The Ethiopian Economic Association Annual Report On The
Ethiopian Economy Vol 1, A.A, Ethiopia.

20
Paarlberg, R. L. (2002) Governance And Food Security In An Age Of Globalization. Wasington,
Dc,Usa

Paddy F (2003) Gender Differentials In Land Ownership And Their Impact On Household Food
Security: A Case Study Of Masaka Distric. Master Thesis. Uganda.

Nord, M., Andrews, M., & Carlson, S. (2009) Household Food Security In The United States.

Najafi B (2003) An Overview Of Current Land Utilization Systems And Their Contribution To
Agricultural Productivity. Islamic Republic Of Iran Asian.

21
 APPENDIX
RIFT VALLEY UNIVERSITY, NEKEMTE CAMPUS

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

Questionnaires for Data collection

We am graduating students at Rift Valley University School of Business and Economics

(department of economics). As partial requirement of the program, we are undertaking a research
study with the title: Determinant Household of food security in case of Guto gida woreda. So
you are kindly requested to extend your cooperation for the success of this study by genuinely
answering all questions in the questionnaire. We assure you that your individual answers will be
kept strictly confidential. We would like to thank you in advance for your kind cooperation.

Instruction

 No need of writing your name

 mark in the boxes provided Put for you for close ended question and write the idea
that related to the question at the space provided to you for open ended questions.

1) Sex: A. Male B. female

2). Age of a household head

A. 18-25 B. 26-40

C. 41-55 D. 55+

3). Level of Education of a household head

A.Illiterate C. Grade 9-12

B.Grade 1-8 D. Diploma

22
 E. Degree and above

4). Family size

A.1-5 members B. 5-10 members C. above 10 members

5). what is your occupation?

A. Farmer C. Trader

B. Civil servant D. Wage laborer

E .Other (specify) ___________________________________________________________

6). What is your current average yearly income?

No Types of production Measurements per quintal Interms of money

Teff

Wheat

Maize

Barley

Sorghum

Pulse

Pulse

Legumes

Potatoes

10 Others

11 Total

23
7). How many livestock do you own from 2017 to 2020?

Type Quantity Monetary terms Type quantity Monetary terms

Oxen Bull's

Sheep Goat

Cows Poultry

donkey Others

8). During September 2017 to September 2020, did you get credit either from government or non-

government organizations? Yes no

9). During September 2009 to September 2006, did you participate in any off- farm income generating

activities? Yes no

11). If you say yes for question 11 above what type of land you have?

A. Cultivating and grazing B) Grazing land only C. Cultivating only

D. Others (specify) ______________________________________________

12). If your answer for question 11 above is 'B' how many hectares of grazing land do you have
currently?

A. 0-0.75 D. 2.25-3

B. 0.75-1.5 E. 3-3.75

C.1.5-2.25 F. 3.75-4.5

13). If your answer for question 11 above is 'C' how many hectares of cultivating land do you have
currently?

A. 0-1.5 C. 3-4.5

24
 B. 1.5-3 D. 4.5-6 E. 6-7.5

14). Have you applied the fertilizer last year? Yes NO

15). which ploughing practices do you use on your land?

A. Hand dug B. Both hand dug and oxen C. Mechanized tools

D. Oxen E. Both oxen and mechanized tool

E. Hand /Oxen and horse tool

16). from where you have got service of agricultural production?

A. Private’s service B From governmental center C NGOs

17). State your consumption per day per person.

No Types of food Measurement Caloric content

1 Injera 1 piece

2 Bread 1 loaf

3 Egg 1 piece

4 Milk 1 cup

5 Tea with sugar 1cup

6 Coffee with sugar 1cup

7 Cabbage 1piece

8 Banana 1piece

9 Potato Medium

10 Chill 1 piece

11 Injera with cabbage wot 1piece

25
 12 Injera with lentils wot 1piece

13 Injera with beans wot 1piece

14 Bread with tea 1loaf

15 Butter 1cup

16 Others

18) What are the limitations in solving the problems of food security in your woreda?

A. Most farmers uneducated

B. Lack of fertilizer storage in the woreda

C. Expecting aid from government and NGO in every Year

D. Few number of agricultural institution for seeds quality or improved

E. Seed distribution

F. Specify others_______________________________________________

19). What are the socio – economic consequences of food insecurity?

_________________________________________________________

20) State your recommendation to alleviating the problem of food insecurity in your areas
______________________________________

THANK YOU

26