DCC Project Information
DCC Project Information
DCC Project Information
A MICRO PROJECT ON
Project Guide
PROF. T. V. Mitake
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CERTIFIACATE
……………………………………………… Of
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CERTIFIACATE
……………………………………………… Of
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ANNEXURE II
Name of Faculty:
A.
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Annexure IV
Name of faculty:
Course Title:
A.
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Annexure IV
Name of faculty:
Course Title:
A.
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INDEX
1. Brief Introduction 8
4. Action Plan 11
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Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in several ways:
ground propagation, sky propagation, and line-of-sight propagation. The
omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves make them useful for multicasting,
in which there is one sender but many receivers. AM and FM radio, television,
maritime radio, cordless phones, and paging are examples of multicasting.
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Distance depends on the amount of power in the signal: The greater the
power, the greater the distance. In sky propagation, higher-frequency radio
waves radiate upward into the ionosphere where they are reflected back to
earth. This type of transmission allows for greater distances with lower output
power.
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Report
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ON
Widely used Unguided Media in the Industries
2.1 Rationale:-
An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without
using any physical medium. Therefore it is also known as wireless transmission.
In unguided media, air is the media through which the electromagnetic energy can
flow easily. Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication. Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are
available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.
2.2Course outcome addressed:-
1. Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
2. Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
3. Analyse the transmission errors with respect to IEEE standards.
4. Configure various networking devices.
5. Configure different TCP/IP service
2.3 Literature Review:- There are two main factors which decide the success of any
cabling system or transmission media – a) performance and b) economics (including the
ease of installation). Today optical fibres and shielded twisted pair systems are better
than unshielded twisted pair systems because of greater robustness and greater signal
headroom. We present the state of art, talking about the recent and major technologies
in the transmission media used today. We talk about the current and future trends for
transmission media, what the future for technologies for transmission media might look
like. We throw some light on key industrial players in this field and what innovations
are being carried out, by stating some case studies. We investigate the weaknesses of
transmission media.
References:-
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Game_Devel_Book_2.
2. https://ecomputernotes.com.
3. http//www.vergro.com//2018.
2.4Actual methodology followed:-
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system
2 Internet www.wikipedia.com 01
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The below figure shows the part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from
3 kHz to 900 THz, used for wireless communication.
Propagation Modes
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Unguided signals can travel from the source to the destination in several
ways: Ground propagation, Sky propagation and Line-of-sight propagation as shown
in below figure.
1. Ground Propagation:
In this, radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging
the Earth. These low-frequency signals emanate in all directions from the transmitting
antenna and follow the curvature of the planet.
2. Sky Propagation:
In this, higher-frequency radio waves radiate upward into the ionosphere where
they are reflected back to Earth. This type of transmission allows for greater distances
with lower output power.
3. Line-of-sight Propagation:
In this type, very high-frequency signals are transmitted in straight lines directly
from antenna to antenna
1. Radio waves
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2. Micro waves
3. Infrared waves
1. Radio Waves:-
Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are called
micro waves. Micro waves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits microwaves,
they can be narrowly focused. This means that the sending and receiving antennas need to
be aligned. The unidirectional property has an obvious advantage. A pair of antennas can
be aligned without interfering with another pair of aligned antennas.
1. Microwave propagation is line-of-sight. Since the towers with the mounted antennas
need to be in direct sight of each other, towers that are far apart need to be very tall.
2. Very high-frequency microwaves cannot penetrate walls. This characteristic can be a
disadvantage if receivers are inside the buildings.
3. The microwave band is relatively wide, almost 299 GHz. Therefore, wider sub-bands
can be assigned and a high date rate is possible.
4. Unidirectional Antenna for Micro Waves
Microwaves need unidirectional antennas that send out signals in one direction. Two
types of antennas are used for microwave communications: Parabolic Dish and Horn. A
parabolic antenna works as a funnel, catching a wide range of waves and directing them to
a common point. In this way, more of the signal is recovered than would be possible with a
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single-point receiver. A horn antenna looks like a gigantic scoop. Outgoing transmissions
are broadcast up a stem and deflected outward in a series of narrow parallel beams by the
curved head. Received transmissions are collected by the scooped shape of the horn, in a
manner similar to the parabolic dish, and are deflected down into the stem.
1. Terrestrial Microwave
2. Satellite Microwave
1. Terrestrial Microwave
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In this every line parallel to the line of symmetry reflects off the curve at angles in a
way that they intersect at a common point called focus. This antenna is based on
geometry of parabola.
2. Satellite Microwave:-
This is a microwave relay station which is placed in outer space. The satellites are
launched either by rockets or space shuttles carry them.
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These are positioned 36000 Km above the equator with an orbit speed that exactly
matches the rotation speed of the earth. As the satellite is positioned in a geo-synchronous
orbit, it is stationery relative to earth and always stays over the same point on the ground.
This is usually done to allow ground stations to aim antenna at a fixed point in the sky.
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Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz, can be used for
short-range communication. Infrared waves, having high frequencies, cannot penetrate
walls. This advantageous characteristic prevents interference between one system and
another, a short-range communication system in on room cannot be affected by another
system in the next room. When we use infrared remote control, we do not interfere with
the use of the remote by our neighbours. However, this same characteristic makes
infrared signals useless for long-range communication. In addition, we cannot use
infrared waves outside a building because the sun's rays contain infrared waves that can
interfere with the communication.
The infrared band, almost 400 THz, has an excellent potential for data
transmission. Such a wide bandwidth can be used to transmit digital data with a very high
data rate. The Infrared Data Association (IrDA), an association for sponsoring the use of
infrared waves, has established standards for using these signals for communication
between devices such as keyboards, mouse, PCs and printers. Infrared signals can be used
for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
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