Widely used Unguided Media In The Industries

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Program Name: Computer Engineering

Curse Name: Data Communication (22414)

Academic Year: 2022-2023

Semester: 4th Semester

A MICRO PROJECT ON

(WIDELY USED UNGUIDED MEDIA IN THE INDUSTRIES)

Sr.No Roll No. Name of Student Enrollment No.

1. 2209 Arth Ajit Kambale 2101170142

2. 2210 Samarth Ajit Kambale 2101170143

Project Guide

PROF. T. V. Mitake

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFIACATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms:……………………....................................

Roll No. ………….. of Fourth Semester of Diploma in

……………………………………………… Of

Institute………………………………………… (Code:…………) has

Completed the team work satisfactorily in course. Data Communication

(22414) for the academic year 2022 To 2023 as Prescribed in curriculum.

Place:………… Enrollment No:………………….

Date:…………. Exam. Seat No:………………..

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFIACATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms:……………………....................................

Roll No. ………….. of Fourth Semester of Diploma in

……………………………………………… Of

Institute………………………………………… (Code:…………) has

Completed the team work satisfactorily in course. Data Communication

(22414) for the academic year 2022 To 2023 as Prescribed in curriculum.

Place:………… Enrollment No:………………….

Date:…………. Exam. Seat No:………………..

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

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ANNEXURE II

Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Name of Faculty:

Course: Course Code:

Semester: Academic year:

Title of the Project:

Cos addressed by the Micro Project:

A.

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing the Project:

(a) Practical Outcomes

(b) Unit Outcomes in Cognitive domain

(c) Outcomes in Affective Domain

Roll Student Name Marks out Marks out of 4 Total out

No./Enrollment of 6 for for of 10
No performance performance in
in group oral /
activity presentation
(D5 Col.8) (D5 Col.9)

(Name & Signature of faculty)

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Annexure IV

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Enrollment No:

Name of faculty:

Course Title:

Course Code: Academic Year:

Title of the Micro Project:

Course Outcomes Achieved:

A.

Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of the Microproject

Sr.No. Characteristics to Poor(Marks Average(Marks Good(Marks Excellent(Marks

be assessed 1-3) 4-5) 6-8) 9-10)
1 Relevance to the
course
2 Literature
Survey/Information
Collection
3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of the
target as per
project proposal
5 Analysis of data &
representation
6 Quality of
Prototype/Model
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total Marks

Part A- Project Project Part B- Project Individual 10
Proposal(2M) Methodology(2M) Report/Working Presentation/Viva(4M)
Model(2M)

Name & Designation of Faculty Member Signature

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Annexure IV

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Enrollment No:

Name of faculty:

Course Title:

Course Code: Academic Year:

Title of the Micro Project:

Course Outcomes Achieved:

A.

Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of the Microproject

Sr.No. Characteristics to Poor(Marks Average(Marks Good(Marks Excellent(Marks

be assessed 1-3) 4-5) 6-8) 9-10)
1 Relevance to the
course
2 Literature
Survey/Information
Collection
3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of the
target as per
project proposal
5 Analysis of data &
representation
6 Quality of
Prototype/Model
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense
Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total Marks

Part A- Project Project Part B- Project Individual 10
Proposal(2M) Methodology(2M) Report/Working Presentation/Viva(4M)
Model(2M)

Name & Designation of Faculty Member Signature

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INDEX

Sr.No. Topic Name Page No.

1. Brief Introduction 8

2. Aim of Micro Project , Intended course 9

outcomes , Literature review &
Proposed Methodology
3. Resources required 10

4. Action Plan 11

5. Rationale , Course outcome addressed 12

& Literature Review
6. Actual Methodology followed , 13
Resources Required & Skill Developed
7. Applovcation of Micro Project &’Area 14
of future improvement
8. Unguided Transmission Media 15

9. Propagation Modes 16 & 17

9. Applications of Radio Waves , 18 to 22

Applications of Micro Waves &
Applications of Infrared Waves

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Micro project proposal

ON
Widely Used Unguided Media in the Industries

1.1 Brief Introduction:-

Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication. Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are
available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them. The below figure
shows the part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from 3 kHz to 900 THz,
used for wireless communication Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some
kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound and a
transmission medium for sound may be air, but solids and liquids may also act as
the transmission medium.

Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in several ways:
ground propagation, sky propagation, and line-of-sight propagation. The
omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves make them useful for multicasting,
in which there is one sender but many receivers. AM and FM radio, television,
maritime radio, cordless phones, and paging are examples of multicasting.

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1.2 Aim of micro project:-

To reduce cabling from industries using unguided media.

1.3 Intended course outcomes:-

1. Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
2. Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
3. Analyse the transmission errors with respect to IEEE standards.
4. Configure various networking devices.
5. Configure different TCP/IP service

1.4 Literature review:-

Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in several ways:
ground propagation, sky propagation, and line-of-sight propagation. In ground
propagation, radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere,
hugging the earth. These low-frequency signals emanate in all directions from
the transmitting antenna and follow the curvature of the planet.

Distance depends on the amount of power in the signal: The greater the
power, the greater the distance. In sky propagation, higher-frequency radio
waves radiate upward into the ionosphere where they are reflected back to
earth. This type of transmission allows for greater distances with lower output
power.

1.5 Proposed methodology:-

1. Search the topic for micro project.

2. Select the topic for micro project.

3. Search for the project.

4. Collect the information about micro project.

5. Study on the topic of micro project.

6. Create proposal of the project.

7. Submit report of the micro pro

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1.6 Resources required:-

Sr. no Name of Specification quantity Remark
resource
1 Computer Processor-Intel (R) core™2 Duo. 01
system with RAM-2.00GB
broad System type-64 bit operating system
specification
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 01
2 Internet Book:Game_Devel_Book_2.
http//www.vergro.com//2018.
3 Software 1.Microsoft word 2010 01

4 Unguided Radio waves , 02

Media Microwave

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1.7 Action plan:-

Sr. Details of activity Planned start Planned finish Name of responsible

no. date data team members
Select the topic for
1 micro project 16/2/2023 21/2/2023 All team members
Search for the project.
2 21/2/2023 27/2/2023 All team members
Collect the information
3 about micro project 28/2/2023 6/3/2023 All team members

Study on the topic of

4 micro project. 7/3/2023 14/3/20223 All team members

Type the all content in

5 the project on computer 15/3/2023 22/3/2023 All team members

6 Create proposal 23/3/2023 30/3/2023 All team members

7 Implement the project 1/4/2023 20/4/2023 All team Members

8 Create report 22/4/2023 29/4/2023 All team Members

9 Submit report 24/4/2023 25/4/2023 All team members

Report
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ON
Widely used Unguided Media in the Industries
2.1 Rationale:-
An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without
using any physical medium. Therefore it is also known as wireless transmission.
In unguided media, air is the media through which the electromagnetic energy can
flow easily. Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication. Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are
available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.
2.2Course outcome addressed:-
1. Analyse the functioning of data communication and computer network.
2. Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per need.
3. Analyse the transmission errors with respect to IEEE standards.
4. Configure various networking devices.
5. Configure different TCP/IP service
2.3 Literature Review:- There are two main factors which decide the success of any
cabling system or transmission media – a) performance and b) economics (including the
ease of installation). Today optical fibres and shielded twisted pair systems are better
than unshielded twisted pair systems because of greater robustness and greater signal
headroom. We present the state of art, talking about the recent and major technologies
in the transmission media used today. We talk about the current and future trends for
transmission media, what the future for technologies for transmission media might look
like. We throw some light on key industrial players in this field and what innovations
are being carried out, by stating some case studies. We investigate the weaknesses of
transmission media.

References:-

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Game_Devel_Book_2.
2. https://ecomputernotes.com.
3. http//www.vergro.com//2018.
2.4Actual methodology followed:-

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a) Search the topic for micro project.

b) Select the topic for micro project.
c) Search for the project.
d) Collect the information about micro project.
e) Study on the topic of micro project.
f) Create proposal of the project.
g) Submit report of the micro project.
2.5 Resources Required:-

Sr. no Name of resource Specification Quantity Remark

Processor-Intel (R)core™2
Computer system with Duo.RAM-2.00GB
1 broad specification System type-64 bit operating 01

system

2 Internet www.wikipedia.com 01

3 Software 1.Microsoft word 2010 02

2

4 Unguided Media Radio waves, 02

Micro Waves

2.6 Skill developed:-

Time and resource management: Is able to maximum personal efficiency by
setting priorities and effectively schedule activities an allocate resources .
Project tracking:-
Can efficient use tools and methods to track project progress .In addition
these skill are also important listening , problem solving , decision making , team
building and conflict management presentation , organizational effectiveness ,
analysis and conceptual thinking.
2.7 Application of Project:-

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1. The omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves make them useful for

multicasting, in which there is one sender but many receivers.

2. AM and FM radio, television, maritime radio, cordless phones, and paging

are examples of multicasting.

3. Communication of wireless mouse or keyboard with computer

4. Home security devices to connect different sensors with main security

controller

5. Synchronization of computers at a conference etc.

2.8 Area of future improvement:-

This propagation operates in frequencies above 30 MHz where neither

ground wave nor sky wave can propagate. For the satellite communication, any
signal above 30 MHz can be transmitted between an earth station and a satellite
overhead not beyond the horizon while, for the ground-based communication,
line of sight must be observed between the transmitting and receiving antennas.

Unguided Transmission Media:

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Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical

conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.
Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are available to anyone who
has a device capable of receiving them.

The below figure shows the part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from
3 kHz to 900 THz, used for wireless communication.

Propagation Modes

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Unguided signals can travel from the source to the destination in several
ways: Ground propagation, Sky propagation and Line-of-sight propagation as shown
in below figure.

1. Ground Propagation: 

In this, radio waves travel through the lowest portion of the atmosphere, hugging
the Earth. These low-frequency signals emanate in all directions from the transmitting
antenna and follow the curvature of the planet.

2. Sky Propagation:

In this, higher-frequency radio waves radiate upward into the ionosphere where
they are reflected back to Earth. This type of transmission allows for greater distances
with lower output power.

3. Line-of-sight Propagation: 

In this type, very high-frequency signals are transmitted in straight lines directly
from antenna to antenna

We can divide wireless transmission into three broad groups:

1. Radio waves

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2. Micro waves
3. Infrared waves
1. Radio Waves:-

Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 KHz and 1 GHz are

normally called radio waves. Radio waves are omnidirectional. When an antenna transmits
radio waves, they are propagated in all directions. This means that the sending and
receiving antennas do not have to be aligned. A sending antenna send waves that can be
received by any receiving antenna. The omnidirectional property has disadvantage, too.
The radio waves transmitted by one antenna are susceptible to interference by another
antenna that may send signal suing the same frequency or band. Radio waves, particularly
with those of low and medium frequencies, can penetrate walls. This characteristic can be
both an advantage and a disadvantage. It is an advantage because, an AM radio can receive
signals inside a building. It is a disadvantage because we cannot isolate a communication
to just inside or outside a building. Omnidirectional Antenna for Radio Waves Radio
waves use omnidirectional antennas that send out signals in all directions.

 Applications of Radio Waves:-

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1. The omnidirectional characteristics of radio waves make them useful for

multicasting in which there is one sender but many receivers.
2. AM and FM radio, television, maritime radio, cordless phones, and paging are
examples of multicasting.
3. Micro Waves

Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are called
micro waves. Micro waves are unidirectional. When an antenna transmits microwaves,
they can be narrowly focused. This means that the sending and receiving antennas need to
be aligned. The unidirectional property has an obvious advantage. A pair of antennas can
be aligned without interfering with another pair of aligned antennas.

The following describes some characteristics of microwaves propagation:

1. Microwave propagation is line-of-sight. Since the towers with the mounted antennas
need to be in direct sight of each other, towers that are far apart need to be very tall.
2. Very high-frequency microwaves cannot penetrate walls. This characteristic can be a
disadvantage if receivers are inside the buildings.
3. The microwave band is relatively wide, almost 299 GHz. Therefore, wider sub-bands
can be assigned and a high date rate is possible.
4. Unidirectional Antenna for Micro Waves

Microwaves need unidirectional antennas that send out signals in one direction. Two
types of antennas are used for microwave communications: Parabolic Dish and Horn. A
parabolic antenna works as a funnel, catching a wide range of waves and directing them to
a common point. In this way, more of the signal is recovered than would be possible with a

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single-point receiver. A horn antenna looks like a gigantic scoop. Outgoing transmissions
are broadcast up a stem and deflected outward in a series of narrow parallel beams by the
curved head. Received transmissions are collected by the scooped shape of the horn, in a
manner similar to the parabolic dish, and are deflected down into the stem.

 Applications of Micro Waves: Microwaves, due to their unidirectional

properties, are very useful when unicast (one-to-one) communication is needed
between the sender and the receiver. They are used in cellular phones, satellite
networks and wireless LANs.
 Advantages of Microwave Transmission
1. Used for long distance telephone communication
2. Carries 1000's of voice channels at the same time
 Disadvantages of Microwave Transmission
1. It is very costly

There are 2 types of Microwave Transmission:

1. Terrestrial Microwave

2. Satellite Microwave

1. Terrestrial Microwave

For increasing the distance served by terrestrial microwave, repeaters can be

installed with each antenna .The signal received by an antenna can be converted into
transmittable form and relayed to next antenna as shown in below figure. It is an example
of telephone systems all over the world

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There are two types of antennas used for terrestrial microwave communication:

1.1. Parabolic Dish Antenna

In this every line parallel to the line of symmetry reflects off the curve at angles in a
way that they intersect at a common point called focus. This antenna is based on
geometry of parabola.

1.2. Horn Antenna

It is a like gigantic scoop. The outgoing transmissions are broadcast up a stem

and deflected outward in a series of narrow parallel beams by curved head.

2. Satellite Microwave:-

This is a microwave relay station which is placed in outer space. The satellites are
launched either by rockets or space shuttles carry them.

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These are positioned 36000 Km above the equator with an orbit speed that exactly
matches the rotation speed of the earth. As the satellite is positioned in a geo-synchronous
orbit, it is stationery relative to earth and always stays over the same point on the ground.
This is usually done to allow ground stations to aim antenna at a fixed point in the sky.

 Features of Satellite Microwave:-

1. Bandwidth capacity depends on the frequency used.
2. Satellite microwave deployment for orbiting satellite is difficult.
 Advantages of Satellite Microwave:-
1. Transmitting station can receive back its own transmission and check whether
the satellite has transmitted information correctly.
2. A single microwave relay station which is visible from any point.
 Disadvantages of Satellite Microwave:-
1. Satellite manufacturing cost is very high
2. Cost of launching satellite is very expensive
3. Transmission highly depends on whether conditions, it can go down in bad
weather.
3. Infrared Waves:-

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Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz, can be used for
short-range communication. Infrared waves, having high frequencies, cannot penetrate
walls. This advantageous characteristic prevents interference between one system and
another, a short-range communication system in on room cannot be affected by another
system in the next room. When we use infrared remote control, we do not interfere with
the use of the remote by our neighbours. However, this same characteristic makes
infrared signals useless for long-range communication. In addition, we cannot use
infrared waves outside a building because the sun's rays contain infrared waves that can
interfere with the communication.

Applications of Infrared Waves:

The infrared band, almost 400 THz, has an excellent potential for data
transmission. Such a wide bandwidth can be used to transmit digital data with a very high
data rate. The Infrared Data Association (IrDA), an association for sponsoring the use of
infrared waves, has established standards for using these signals for communication
between devices such as keyboards, mouse, PCs and printers. Infrared signals can be used
for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.

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