ABSTRACT

For over two decades the need for an improved method for transferring dialing
information for control purpose through the telephone network was recognized. The
traditional method of Dial Pulse signaling was not only slow and susceptible to distortion
over long wire loops but also requires a direct current (DC) path through the communication
channel. This paper presents a Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM)
network based system which can be used to remotely send streams of 8 bit data for control of
electrical appliances. Furthermore, this paper used the Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)
function of the phone, and builds a microcontroller based circuit for appliances control to
demonstrate wireless data communication. Practical result obtained showed an appreciable
degree of accuracy, repeatability of the system and friendliness through the use of a
microcontroller.

1
 CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The remote control technologies have been used in the fields like factory automation, space
exploration, in places where human access is difficult. Controlling the domestic system
regardless of time and space is an important challenge. As the mobile phone enables us to
connect with the outside devices via mobile communication network regardless of time and
space, the mobile phone is a suitable device to control domestic systems. This paper proposes
a method to control a domestic system using a mobile phone, irrespective of the phone model
and mobile phone carrier. The system suggested consists of the mobile phone normally
registered in communication service and a computer that can receive a call from another
phone. Existing methods for control and monitoring, using mobile phones have usage
problems because the cost and need for continuous control. The mobile phone user controls
the system by sending the DTMF tone to the access point. Mobile communication network
coverage is larger than that of LANs, thus user can take advantage of mobile phones to
control the system.

2
1.1 PROPOSED WORK

The message is transmitted by calling the second mobile phone and typing in the desired
number corresponding to the required control effort at the transmitter end. When the handset
of the phone at the receiver end is picked up or the phone is picked up automatically by the
use of AT commands, the messages can be typed on the number pad of the transmitting
phone. The receiver end comprises of input device, decoder, microcontroller, computer and a
mobile phone.

3
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER
SUPPLY

DTMF RELAY
MOBILE
DECODER CONTROLLER

ELECTRICEL
LOAD

4
1.4 Description

1. microcontroller : APIC16F977A microcontroller is used for this project, It contains 5 ports

includes analog to digital converting inputs are available.

2. mobile : In GSM communication DTMF is one of the technology for sending decoded
signal through mobile.

3. DTMF decoder: This is for decode the dtmf signal and interface to microcontroller for
receiving corresponding input signal.

4. power supply: The power supply block contains the transformer, rectifier, filter and
regulator. The transformer step down from 230v AC to 12 AC supply. Regulator converts AC
to DC and capacitor used as filter for getting pure DC then regulator give constant voltage to
circuit components.

5. Relay: Relay is an electromagnetic switch use for switching purpose. It contains common
point, normally close and normally open. A transistor is used to trigger the relay for
switching on or off condition

6. Load : A electrical load is used for this circuit. An lamp load is connected to give load on
or off purpose.

5
1.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6
1.6 DESCRIPTION

This circuit consists of dtmf encoding technology using PIC16F877A

microcontroller. This microcontroller has 5 ports including serial UART and ADC input. The
DC power supply is used for this project which is using some AC to DC converters. A
transformer is used for step down 230 VAC to 12VAC then rectifier converts AC to DC then
capacitor filters some AC ripples that containing while converting AC to DC the regulator
gives constant voltage to the circuits and their components. The DTMF encoder circuit
contain 4 output that gives to pic microcontroller as an analog inputs. Depends upon binary
codes the device (relay load) will activate or deactivate. A relay is connected through Port C
1st & 2nd pin for two connected.

7
1.7 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 Pic controller
 DTMF BOARD
 Relay
 Load

1.8 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 COMPILER

o MIKRO C FOR PIC - IDE (INTEGRATED DEVELOPEMENT

ENVIOREMENT)

 LANGUAGE

o EMBEDDED C

 DUMPING TOOL

o HARDWARE - PIC KIT 2

o SOFTWARE - PIC KIT 2

 SIMULATION TOOL

o PROTEUS

8
 CHAPTER – 2

2.0 POWER SUPPLIES

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC
mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics‟ circuits and other devices. A
power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular
function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

2.1 TRANSFORMER

Steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity
is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
(230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.
9
 The input coil is called the primary a nd the output coil is called the secondary. There
is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of
the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power
in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.The ratio of the number of turns
on each coil, called the turn‟s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down
transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the
high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give
a low output voltage.

Transformer
circuit symbol

Vp Np power out = power in

turns ratio = = and
Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip

Vp = primary (input) voltage Vs = secondary (output) voltage

Np = number of turns on primary coil Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current Is = secondary (output) current

2.2 RECTIFIER

Converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC.
The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier
but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

10
2.2.1 SINGLE DIODE RECTIFIER
A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this produces half-wave varying DC
which has gaps when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth this sufficiently well to supply
electronic circuits unless they require a very small current so the smoothing capacitor does
not significantly discharge during the gaps. Please see the Diodes page for some examples of
rectifier diodes.

Output: half-wave varying DC

Single diode rectifier
(using only half the AC wave)

2.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in
special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because
it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge
rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes
conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum
current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at
least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages).
Please see the Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Output: full-wave varying DC

Bridge rectifier

11
2.4 SMOOTHING (FILTER)

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the

DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and
the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC,
and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak
value (1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about
4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the
peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

5 × Io
Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =
Vs × f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

12
2.5 REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative VO To
make things really simple let‟s start with a simple power supply and it is also the one they
usually give you in your first electronics project. Well the reason is quite obvious because all
electronics circuits require a DC power supply to work. You really do plug in the wires of
your electronic items in AC mains supply but they do have AC to DC converters too provide
DC to the circuits. All this is done with a power supply in the right place.

Pin diagram for 7805

 1. Unregulated voltage in
 2. Ground
 3. Regulated voltage out

This circuit is a small +5V power supply. The circuit will provide a regulated voltage
to the external circuit which may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the
whole external circuit. The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to DC
and then regulate it ,simply You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down to a safe
value i.e 12-15 volts and then us a rectifier to convert AC into DC.

13
 This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1
A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and
terminal protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the
input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of
overboard.

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805
chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family.
The last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage
must be at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not
work well. Don‟t forget to check the pin diagram before connecting the IC.

The 230/240VAC line voltage is applied to the transformer primary. Step down
transformer is used to convert 230VAC to 12V/1A output voltage in the transformer
secondary. This 12VAC supply is applied to the bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier voltage
rating should be double the Vrms of secondary AC and higher forward current rating. The
bridge rectifier has four diodes in that, available as singular. This is the most important and it
produces full-wave varying DC or pulsating DC. This rectified output is smoothed by using
shunt capacitor filter (C1). The larger the filter capacitor lowers the ripple. The larger
capacitor C1 across the input bypasses AC ripples to ground. The pure DC output reaches the
regulator IC. The 7805 Voltage regulator IC (U1) gives 5V /1A regulated output. The
capacitor (C2) across the output improves transient response. Low power red LED is used in
the output for power indication. It has voltage drop of 1.8V and gives brightness at 20 mA.
This is done by current limiting resistor (R1).

14
 CHAPTER - 3

3.0 PIC MICROCONTROLLER

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology,

derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics
Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller".

PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost,
wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash
memory) capability.

3.1 HIGH-PERFORMANCE RISC CPU:

 Only 35-75 single-word instructions to learn

 All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle
 Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input
 DC – 200 ns instruction cycle
 Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory,
 Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM),
 Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
 Pin out compatible to other 14-pin PIC16FXXX microcontrollers

3.2PERIPHERAL FEATURES:

 Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

 Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep
via external crystal/clock
 Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
 Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
 Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns
 Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns
 PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit
 Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™
(Master/Slave)
15
  Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
with 9-bit address detection
 Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls
(14-pin only)
 Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

3.3 ANALOG FEATURES:

 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)

 Brown-out Reset (BOR)
 Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module
- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage
reference
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible

3.4 SPECIAL MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES:

 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical

 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
 Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
 Self-reprogrammable under software control
 In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins
 Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
 Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
 Programmable code protection
 Power saving Sleep mode
 Selectable oscillator options
 In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

16
3.5 PIN DIAGRAMS

3.6 DEVICE OVERVIEW

This document contains device specific information for the PIC16F630/676.
Additional information may be found in the PIC® Mid-Range Reference Manual (DS33023),
which may be obtained from your local Microchip Sales Representative or downloaded from
the Microchip web site. The Reference Manual should be considered a complementary
document to this Data Sheet and is highly recommended reading for a better understanding of
the device architecture and operation of the peripheral modules. The PIC16F630 and
PIC16F676 devices are covered by this Data Sheet. They are identical, except the PIC16F676
has a 10-bit A/D converter. They come in 14-pin PDIP, SOIC and TSSOP packages. Figure
shows a block diagram of the PIC16F630/676 devices. Table shows the pin out description.

17
3.7 PIC16F877A DEVICE FEATURES
Key Features PIC16F877A
Operating Frequency DC – 20 MHz
Resets (and Delays) POR, BOR
(PWRT, OST)
Flash Program Memory 8K
(14-bit words)
Data Memory (bytes) 368
EEPROM Data Memory (bytes) 256
Interrupts 15
I/O Ports Ports A, C
Timers 2
Capture/Compare/PWM modules 1
Serial Communications MSSP, USART
Parallel Communications PSP
10-bit Analog-to-Digital Module 4 input channels
Analog Comparators 2
Instruction Set 35 Instructions
Packages 14-pin PDIP

18
3.8 PIC16F877A BLOCK DIAGRAM

19
3.9 PIC16F877A PINOUT DESCRIPTION

20
3.10 PORT-A (PIN OUT IS 11 TO 13 & 4 TO 2)

Each PORTA pin is multiplexed with other functions. The pins and their combined functions
are briefly described here. For specific information about individual functions such as the
comparator or the A/D, refer to the appropriate section in this Data Sheet.

RA0/AN0/CIN+

The RA0 pin is configurable to function as one of the following:

• A general purpose I/O

• An analog input for the A/D (PIC16F676 only)

• An analog input to the comparator

RA1/AN1/CIN-/VREF

The RA1 pin is configurable to function as one of the following:

• As a general purpose I/O

• An analog input for the A/D (PIC16F676 only)

• An analog input to the comparator

• A voltage reference input for the A/D (PIC16F676 only)

RA2/AN2/T0CKI/INT/COUT

The RA2 pin is configurable to function as one of the following:

• A general purpose I/O

• An analog input for the A/D (PIC16F676 only)

• A digital output from the comparator

• The clock input for TMR0

• An external edge triggered interrupt

21
RA3/MCLR/VPP

The RA3 pin is configurable to function as one of the following:

• A general purpose input

• As Master Clear Reset

RA4/AN3/T1G/OSC2/CLKOUT

The RA4 pin is configurable to function as one of the following:

• A general purpose I/O

• An analog input for the A/D (PIC16F676 only)

• A TMR1 gate input

• A crystal/resonator connection

• A clock output

RA5/T1CKI/OSC1/CLKIN

The RA5 pin is configurable to function as one of the following:

• A general purpose I/O

• A TMR1 clock input

• A crystal/resonator connection

• A clock input

PORT C (PIN OUT IS 10 TO 8 & 7 TO 5)

The RC0/RC1/RC2/RC3 pins are configurable to function as one of the following:

• A general purpose I/O

• An analog input for the A/D Converter (PIC16F676 only)

RC4 AND RC5

22
The RC4 and RC5 pins are configurable to function as a general purpose I/Os.

3.11 MEMORY ORGANIZATION

The PIC16F630/676 devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing an 8K x 14

program memory space. Only the first 1K x 14 (0000h-03FFh) for the PIC16F630/676
devices is physically implemented. Accessing a location above these boundaries will cause a
wrap around within the first 1K x 14 space. The Reset vector is at 0000h and the interrupt
vector is at 0004h.

3.12 DATA MEMORY ORGANIZATION

The data memory is partitioned into two banks, which contain the General Purpose Registers
and the Special Function Registers. The Special Function Registers are located in the first 32
locations of each bank. Register locations 20h-5Fh are General Purpose Registers,
implemented as static RAM and are mapped across both banks. All other RAM is
unimplemented and returns „0‟ when read. RP0 (STATUS<5>) is the bank select bit.

• RP0 = 0 Bank 0 is selected

• RP0 = 1 Bank 1 is selected

23
 CHAPTER- 4

4.0 DTMF DECODER APPLICATION CIRCUIT AND WORKING PROCEDURE

DTMF Decoder

In earlier days, our telephone systems were operated by manually in a telephone exchange
room. The callers will pick up the phone and giving instruction to the operator to connect
their destination line. The DTMF technology provides ultimate solutions for the telephone
industries which is used to switch two lines automatically. The DTMF stands for „Dual Tone
Multi-frequency‟ which is one of the techniques for converting the analogue signal to digital
using DTMF decoder. The DTMF decoder circuit mostly used in mobile communications
system which recognizes the sequence of DTMF tones from the standard keypad of the
mobile phone.

4.2 DTMF DECODER APPLICATION CIRCUIT AND WORKING PROCEDURE

DTMF keypad is placed out on a 4 cross 4 matrices, in which each row represents low
frequency, each column represents high frequency, with DTMF, each key passed on a phone
generates two tones of the specific frequencies one tone is generated from a high frequency
tones and low frequency tone. These tones are converted to digital form using DTMF decoder
circuit. These codes are the address of the destination which is read and preceded by the
computer that connects the caller to the destination. The DTMF decoder circuit used in
many electronics projects for better connectivity to control the applications.

24
4.3 DTMF DECODER BASED HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM AND
ITS WORKING PROCEDURE

In previous days, the home applications are controlled by manually using switches. Now a
day, many technologies are available to control home appliances. This project mainly
discusses DTMF decoder circuit to control the home applications. The working procedure of
this project is just like dialing a customer care number using DTMF technology by following
automatic voice recorded instructions. It will ask to press 1,2 or any other number when you
press number to your mobile one particular procedure is happening. This is called a DTMF
technology. If any button is pressed on the mobile phone keypad, then it will generate two
frequencies. These tones are called row are column frequencies. Normally row frequencies
are low frequencies and column frequencies are high frequencies. These column frequencies
are slightly louder than the row frequencies to compensate for the high-frequency roll off of
voice audio systems.

25
4.3.1 Pin Architecture and Circuit Explanation of DTMF

 pin1 is a non inverting pin, which is connected to the pin 4.

 Pin3 is the output of the operational amplifier, which is feedback to the pin 2.
 The pin 7 and pin 8 is connected to the crystal oscillator of both pins.
 Pin 15 is the data interconnection pin.
 The procedure of the signal from the frequency detection to digitalization, is done
steering circuit that consists of resistor, capacitors, receiver and transmitter and etc.
 11, 12 pins are output pins that are connected DTMF pins. Then DTMFis connected
to relay.
 Relay output is connected pb0 and pb3 pins of microcontrollers.
 PD0, PD1 are output pins of controller, that are connected to the relays.
 Relay output is connected to the load.

4.4 AUTOMATIC GARAGE DOOR OPENING SYSTEM

The main goal of this project is to design an automatic door locking and unlocking system
using a mobile phone over long distances. This method is very convenient as it reduces the
energy to get down from the car to open/close the gate physically. Nowadays opening and
closing of garage doors in the homes, hospitals and other places involves human work. With
this proposed system, the opening and closing of a garage door can be achieved by using a
mobile phone with the unique password entered through the keypad of the phone.

Automatic Garage Door Opening System

26
4.5 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits,
repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were
used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor
or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

4.6 RELAY WORKING PRINCIPLE:

When a coil of wire is wound on a non magnetic material such as plastic, paper etc., it is
called a air-core solenoid or simply a solenoid .if a soft iron core is inserted into the coil, it
becomes an electromagnet. This electromagnet is the basic component for relay and many
other electromechanical devices such as electric bell, circuit breaker etc,.

4.6.1 Operation

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is
mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection
with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by
a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this

27
is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a
high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the
energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a
spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. Some automotive relays
already include that diode inside the relay case. If the coil is designed to be energized with
AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This “shading ring”
creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature
during the AC cycle by analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device; a
solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve
electrical isolation, a light-emitting diode (LED) is used with a photo transistor.

4.7 Types

4.7.1 Latching relay

A latching relay has two relaxed states (bi-stable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or
"stay" relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is
achieved with a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing
coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in
position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example,
the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil
example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay
off. This type of relay has the advantage that one coil consumes power only for an instant,
while it is being switched, and the relay contacts retain this setting across a power outage. A
remanent core latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change
state.

28
 CHAPTER-5

5.0 GENERAL ELECTRONICS

5.1 CIRCUIT BOARD

Electronic components are often assembled and interconnected on a flat surface

known as a circuit board. The several types of existing circuit boards may be divided into two
broad categories: those intended for prototype or experimental circuits; and those intended for
production and/or commercial sale. Circuit boards used for experimental work are often
referred to as breadboards or protoboards. Breadboards allow engineers to construct circuits
quickly, so that they can be studied and modified until an optimal design is discovered. In a
typical breadboard use, components and wires are added to a circuit in an ad hoc manner as
the design proceeds, with new data and new understanding dictating the course of the design.
Since breadboard circuits exist only in the laboratory, no special consideration need be given
to creating reliable or simple-to-manufacture circuits - the designer can focus exclusively on
the circuit's behavior. In contrast, circuit boards intended for production or commercial sale
must have highly reliable wires and interconnects permanent bonds to all components, and
topographies amenable to mass production and thorough testing. And further, they must be
made of a material that is reliable, low-cost, and easy to manufacture.

Production circuit boards typically start out as thin sheets of fiberglass (about 1mm
thick) that are completely covered on both sides with very thin sheets of metal (typically
copper). A "standard" circuit board might use a 1 ounce copper process, which means that
one ounce of copper is evenly spread across 1 square foot of circuit board. During the
manufacturing process, wire patterns are "printed" onto the copper surfaces using a
compound that resists etching (hence the name Printed Circuit Board or PCB). The boards are

29
subjected to a chemical etching process that removes all exposed copper. The remaining, un-
etched copper forms wires that will interconnect the circuit board components, and small
pads that define the regions where component leads will be attached.

5.2 CONNECTORS

The Digilab board uses several connectors for various purposes, but in general, they
all communicate electronic information between the board and outside devices. By
convention, connectors are given the reference designator "J__". Since connectors come in so
many different sizes and shapes, they are usually shown on the PCB silk screen and on circuit
schematics as just rectangular boxes. In general, connectors must be placed into the PCB in a
particular orientation. Most often, the unique through-hole patterns associated with a given
connector make it obvious how it must be inserted. Several connectors on the Digilab board
allow communication with a computer. Connector J5 is a PS/2 connector that can accept a
standard PC mouse or keyboard. J9 is standard parallel port connector that can be used to
implement any parallel port protocol (Centronics, ECP, EPP, etc.). Connector J4 is a RS-232
serial port that can use a two-signal protocol to exchange data with a computer (e.g.
XON/XOFF - only RXD and TXD are connected). J7 is a standard 15-pin VGA connector
that can be used to drive any VGA monitor. The remaining connectors are used for on-board
prototyping. J2 is a 72-pin DIP socket that allows easy connections between the Digilab
devices and the integral breadboard (see the "Using the Digilab Board" section later in this
document). J3 is a standard 1/8"stereo audio jack, and BN1 and BN2 are standard BNC
connectors, all of whose inputs are available as connections on J2. Finally, the header strips
J6, J8, J10, and J11 allow for easy connection of test and measurement equipment.

5.3 OUTPUT LEDS

Circuits often require output devices to communicate their state to an user. Examples
of electronic output devices include computer monitors, LCD alphanumeric panels (as on a
30
calculator), small lamps or light-emitting diodes (LED's), etc. Outputs from the Digilab board
consist of eight individual LED's and a four-digit LED display that can display the digits 0-9
in each digit position. As with diodes, LED's are two-terminal semiconductor devices that
conduct current in only one direction (from the anode to the cathode). The small LED chips
are secured inside a plastic housing, and they emit light at a given frequency (RED,
YELLOW, etc.) when a small electric current (typically 10mA to 25mA) flows through them.
On the Digilab board, only red LEDs are used, but they are available in many colors. Since
LEDs are polarised devices, they must be placed in the circuit board with the correct
orientation. As with diodes, LED cathode terminals are identified using unique marks (see the
figure below).

The LED's on the Digilab board are denoted with an "LD__" reference designator.
Applying VDD to the J2 circuit connections labelled LD1-LD8 will illuminate the LEDs. An
LED schematic symbol is shown below, together with a sketch of a physical LED and a
typical silkscreen pattern. As can be seen, the schematic symbol resembles a regular diode,
but with added arrows indicating light emission.

5.4 DIODES

Diodes are constructed from the same type of silicon as transistors, but they are
simpler devices that have only two terminals. Called the anode and cathode, the two ends of
the diode are constructed of positively doped silicon (the anode) joined directly to negatively
doped silicon (the cathode). This pn-junction exhibits the unique characteristic of allowing
current to flow in only one direction (from the anode to the cathode). Diodes have a
minimum threshold voltage (or Vth, usually around 0.7V) that must be present between the
anode and cathode in order for current to flow. If the anode voltage is not at least Vth greater
than the cathode voltage, no current will flow. Likewise, if the cathode voltage is greater than
the anode voltage, the diode is said to be reverse-biased and no current will flow. In an ideal

31
diode, if the diode voltage equals the threshold voltage (plus a small amount), then unlimited
current can flow without causing the voltage across the diode to increase. And, if the diode is
reversed-biased, no current will flow regardless of reverse-voltage magnitude.

Diodes have many uses in electronic circuits. As examples, they are frequently
employed in power supply circuits to turn alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC),
they are used to limit the amount of over-voltage that can be applied to a given circuit node,
and they are used to force given circuit nodes to remain at or below a certain voltage. On the
Digilab board, three individual diodes are used to limit the voltages applied to the Red, Blue,
and Green pins of the VGA connector (J6) to 0.7VDC or less (VGA colour signals must lie in
that voltage range to meet relevant specifications - higher voltages would damage computer
display electronics).

5.5 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

The terms chip and integrated circuit refer circuits using microscopic transistors that
are all co-located on the same small piece of silicon. Chips have been designed to do all sorts
of functions, from very simple and basic logical switching functions to highly complex
processing functions. Some chips contain just a handful of transistors, while others contain
several million transistors. Some of the longest-surviving chips perform the most basic
functions. These chips, denoted with the standard part numbers "74XXX", are simple small-
scale integration devices that house small collections of logic circuits. For example, a chip
known as a 7400 contains four individual NAND gates, with each input and output available
at an external pin. As shown in the figures below, the chips themselves are much smaller than
their packages.
32
 Smaller chips are usually packaged in a "DIP" package (DIP is an acronym for Dual
In-line Package) as shown below. Typically on the order of 2.5 x 0.75cm, DIP packages are
most often made from black plastic, and they can have anywhere from 8 to 48 pins protruding
in equal numbers from either side. DIPs are used exclusively in through-hole processes.
Larger chips use many different packages - one common package, the "PLCC" (for Plastic
Leaded Chip Carrier) is shown below. Since these larger packages can have up to several
hundred pins, it is often not practical to use the relatively large leads required by through-hole
packages. Thus, large chips usually use surface mount packages, where the external pins can
be smaller and more densely packed.

Shown below is a representation of a 7400 logic IC that contains 16 transistors

organised as four 2-input NAND gates. This small chip is housed in a 14-pin DIP package
that provides pins for each of the NAND gates inputs and outputs, as well as a power and
ground pin (labelled Vdd and GND). Note the picture shows the four logic gates placed
inside a DIP outline, thereby showing both the function and pinout (or pin definition) of the
IC.

5.6 CAPACITORS

A capacitor is a two-terminal device that can store electric energy in the form of
charged particles. You can think of a capacitor as a reservoir of charge that takes time to fill
or empty. The voltage across a capacitor is proportional to the amount of charge it is storing -
since it is not possible to instantaneously move charge to or from a capacitor, it is not
33
possible to instantaneously change the voltage across a capacitor. It is this property that
makes capacitors useful on the Digilab board.

Capacitance is measured in Farads - a one Farad capacitor can store one Coloumb of
charge at one volt. For engineering on a small scale (i.e., hand-held or desk-top devices), a
one Farad capacitor stores far too much charge to be of general use (it would be like a car
having a 1000 gallon gas tank). More useful capacitors are measured in micro-farads (uF) or
pico-farads (pF). The terms "milli-farad" and "nano-farad" are rarely used. Large capacitors
often have their value printed plainly on them, such as "10 uF" (for 10 microfards). Smaller
capacitors, appearing as small disks or wafers, often have their values printed on them in an
encoded manner (similar to the resistor packs discussed above). For these capacitors, a three
digit number indicates the capacitor value in pico-farads. The first two digits provides the
"base" number, and the third digit provides an exponent of 10 (so, for example, "104" printed
on a capacitor indicates a capacitance value of 10 x 10 4 or 100000 pF). Occasionally, a
capacitor will only show a two digit number, in which case that number is simply the
capacitor value in pF. (To be complete, if a capacitor shows a three digit number and the third
digit is 8 or 9, then the first two digits are multiplied by .01 and .1 respectively). Often, a
single letter is appended to the capacitance value - this letter indicates the quality of the
capacitor.

5.7 RESISTORS

Resistors are two-terminal devices that restrict, or resist, the flow of current. The
larger the resistor, the less current can flow through it for a given voltage (an equation known
as Ohm's law, V=IR, relates current, resistance, and voltage). Electrical resistance within the
resistor body is caused by the collisions of electrons in motion through the resistor. Such
collisions cause energy to be dissipated in the form of heat or light (as in a toaster or light
bulb). Resistance is measured in Ohms - a 1 Ohm resistor is relatively small, and a 100KOhm

34
resistor is relatively large. Resistors find many uses in electronic systems. On the Digilab
board, resistors are used to limit the current that flows into an output LED (so they don't burn
too bright and destroy themselves) and to limit the current that flows in response to a button
or switch input being activated. The Digilab board uses several different resistor values. Of
course, the correct resistor must be loaded in the correct place on the PCB.

Resistors come in many shapes and sizes, and depending on their size and
construction technology, they can dissipate differing amounts of power (the amount of power
dissipated in a resistor can be calculated using the equation P=I 2 R, where I is the current
flowing through the resistor and R is the resistance). Typically, resistors used in digital
systems encounter relatively low voltages and currents, and therefore, they can be relatively
small. The Digilab resistors are rated to dissipate 250mW of power, or 1/4 Watt. Resistors
that can dissipate more than 1/4 Watt are physically larger. For example, power resistors that
can dissipate several Watts or more can be cigar-sized or even larger. For small resistors,
resistor values are "encoded" as a series of coloured bands on the resistor body.

Resistors are manufactured with many body colors, with tan or light brown being the
most typical. The only significant resistor body colors are white and blue; these colors signify
a non-flammable or fusible resistor. Such resistors are used in circuits where overheating
might pose a safety risk.
35
 In circuit schematics and in parts lists, resistor reference designators always begin
with an "R". You can see several rectangular white boxes with "R__" on the Digilab board
silk-screen. The schematic symbol for a resistor is shown above. Resistors are non-polarised,
so they can be placed in a PCB in any orientation.

5.8 INPUTS (BUTTONS AND SWITCHES)

Circuits often require inputs that come directly from users (as opposed to inputs that
come from other devices). Input devices can take many forms, among them keyboards (as on
a PC), buttons (as on a calculator or telephone), rotary dials, switches and levers, etc. The
Digilab board has twelve input devices, including four push buttons (BTN1 - BTN4) and
eight slide-switches and (SW1 - SW8).

The slide switches are also known as single throw-double pole (STDP) switches,
because only one switch (or throw) exists, but two positions (or poles) are available (a pole is
an electrical contact to which the switch can make contact). These switches can be set to
output either Vdd (when the actuator is closest to the boards edge) or GND. The push button
switches are also known as momentary contact buttons, because they only make contact
while they are actively being pressed; they output a GND at rest, and a Vdd only when they
are being pressed.

36
 CHAPTER – 6

6.0 APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES:

6.1 APPLICATIONS

This setup with a little modification can be adapted to the following applications.

1) Combination Lock

2) Home Security System

3) Mobile / Wireless Robot control

4) Wireless Radio Control

5) Continuous monitoring of system status

6) Remote Switches

7) Reporting during car accidents

6.2 ADVANTAGES

 Wireless Control from Remote places.

 Easy of operation.

 By using any mobile possible to on/off motor.

 Speed of motor varies simple pressing remote mobile buttons.

 Display the status of current operation.

37
 CHAPTER – 7

CODE

sbit LCD_RS at RD6_bit; void lcd_puts(char row, char column,

const char *s)
sbit LCD_EN at RD7_bit;
{
sbit LCD_D0 at RB0_bit;
char ii;
sbit LCD_D1 at RB1_bit;
switch(row){
sbit LCD_D2 at RB2_bit;
case 1:
sbit LCD_D3 at RB3_bit; Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_FIRST_ROW);
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit; break;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB5_bit; case 2:
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_SECOND_ROW);
sbit LCD_D6 at RB6_bit;
break;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB7_bit;
}
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISD6_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISD7_bit;
for(ii=1;ii<column;ii++)Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_
sbit LCD_D0_Direction at TRISB0_bit; MOVE_CURSOR_RIGHT);

sbit LCD_D1_Direction at TRISB1_bit; while(*s)Lcd_Chr_Cp(*s++);

sbit LCD_D2_Direction at TRISB2_bit; }

sbit LCD_D3_Direction at TRISB3_bit; void ShowADC(int x, int y, unsigned int

adcvalue) // Routine to show the value
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit; of the ADC_read
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB5_bit; {
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB6_bit; car = adcvalue / 1000;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB7_bit; LCD_Chr(x,y,48+car);
unsigned int adcvalue,value; Delay_ms(3);
unsigned char car,x,y; adcvalue = adcvalue-1000*car;
sbit lamp1 at RC0_bit; car = (adcvalue / 100);
sbit lamp2 at RC1_bit; LCD_Chr_CP(48+car);
int Detect= 0; Delay_ms(3);
adcvalue = adcvalue-100*car;
38
car = (adcvalue / 10); lamp2=0;
LCD_Chr_CP(48+car); while(1)
Delay_ms(3); {
adcvalue = adcvalue-10*car; // 1
car = adcvalue; if(adc_read(0)>700 && adc_read(1)< 700
&& adc_read(2)< 700 && adc_read(3)<
LCD_Chr_CP(48+car); 700)
delay_ms(40); {
} LCD_Out(1,1,"LOAD1 : ON ");
void main() //LCD_Out(2,1,"LOAD2 : OFF");
{ delay_ms(1000);
ADCON1 = 0b11000010; //Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
ADCON0 = 0b01000000; lamp1=1;
TRISA = 0xFF; }
TRISB = 0x00;
TRISC = 0x00; //2
TRISD = 0x00; else if(adc_read(0)<700 && adc_read(1)>
700 && adc_read(2)< 700 &&
TRISE = 0x00;
adc_read(3)< 700)
CMCON = 7;
{
UART1_init(9600);
LCD_Out(1,1,"LOAD1 : OFF ");
Lcd_init();
//LCD_Out(2,1,"LOAD2 : OFF ");
lcd_puts(1,1,"CONTROL OF");
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_puts(2,1,"HEAVY ELECTRICAL");
//Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
delay_ms(2000);
lamp1=0;
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
}
lcd_puts(1,1,"LOADS USING DTMF");
// 3
lcd_puts(2,1,"DTMF SIGNAL");
if(adc_read(0)>700 && adc_read(1)> 700
delay_ms(2000); && adc_read(2)< 700 && adc_read(3)<
700)
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
{
lamp1=0;
39
//LCD_Out(1,1,"LOAD1 : OFF "); LCD_Out(1,1,"LOAD1 : ON ");
LCD_Out(2,1,"LOAD2 : ON "); LCD_Out(2,1,"LOAD2 : ON ");
delay_ms(1000); delay_ms(1000);
//Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); //Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
lamp2=1; lamp1=1;
} lamp2=1;
//4 }
else if(adc_read(0)<700 && adc_read(1)< //6
700 && adc_read(2)> 700 &&
adc_read(3)< 700) else if(adc_read(0)<700 &&
adc_read(1)>700 && adc_read(2)> 700
{ && adc_read(3)< 700)
//LCD_Out(1,1,"LOAD1 : OFF "); {
LCD_Out(2,1,"LOAD2 : OFF "); LCD_Out(1,1,"LOAD1 : OFF ");
delay_ms(1000); LCD_Out(2,1,"LOAD2 : OFF ");
//Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); delay_ms(1000);
lamp2=0; //Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
} lamp1=0;
// 5 lamp2=0;
if(adc_read(0)>700 && adc_read(1)< 700 }
&& adc_read(2)> 700 && adc_read(3)<
700) }

{ }

40
 CHAPTER -8

8.0 CONCLUSION

This paper presents a method to control a domestic system using the DTMF tone generated
by transmitting telephone instrument when the user pushes the keypad buttons of the mobile
phone connected to the remote domestic system. This control method uses commercial
mobile communication networks as the path of data transmission. This enables the user to
control the by sending the mobile phone DTMF tone. This system is implemented in the 2G
mobile communication network, so video data cannot be obtained. Future work includes
research on the robot ICICI-BME 2009 Proceedings 72 ICICI-BME 2009 Bandung,
Indonesia 5 control system in the 3G mobile communication networks. This will facilitate
controlling the remote robot, using the DTMF of mobile phone with video data from the
remote mobile robot‟s camera.

41
 CHAPTER - 9

9. REFERENCES

[1] Yun Chan Cho and Jae Wook Jeon, “Remote Robot control System based on DTMF of
Mobile Phone” IEEE International Conference INDIN 2008, July 2008.

[2] M J. Callahan, Jr., “Integrated DTMF receiver,” ZEEE J. Solzd-State Czrcuzts, vol. Sc-
14, pp. 85-90, Feb. 1979.

[3] M. Callahan Jr, “Integrated DTMF Receiver,” IEEE Transactions on communications,

vol. 27, pp. 343-348, Febrary 1979.

[4] R. Sharma, K. Kumar, and S. Viq, “DTMF Based Remote Control System,” IEEE
International Conference ICIT 2006, pp. 2380-2383, December 2006.

[5] Oppenheim, Alan V. and Schafer, Ronald W. Digital Signal Processing. Prentice-Hall of
India, 1989.

[6] Er. Zatin Gupta, Payal Jain and Monika, A2Z Control System DTMF Control System,
Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Volume 10, Issue 11, October 2010.

[7] Roshan Ghosh. DTMF Based Controller for Efficiency Improvement of a PV Cell &
Relay Operation Control Smart Home Systems, International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications. Vol. 2, Issue 3, May - Jun 2012, pp.2903 – 2911.

[8]http://www.sudani.sd/PublicOne/Content/Internet/HSDPA?language=en

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