The document discusses atomic structure and the composition of atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the atom's nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in electron shells. The number of protons determines an element's identity and is represented by its atomic number. The total number of protons and neutrons is represented by the mass number. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
The document discusses atomic structure and the composition of atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the atom's nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in electron shells. The number of protons determines an element's identity and is represented by its atomic number. The total number of protons and neutrons is represented by the mass number. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
The document discusses atomic structure and the composition of atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the atom's nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in electron shells. The number of protons determines an element's identity and is represented by its atomic number. The total number of protons and neutrons is represented by the mass number. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
The document discusses atomic structure and the composition of atoms. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the atom's nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in electron shells. The number of protons determines an element's identity and is represented by its atomic number. The total number of protons and neutrons is represented by the mass number. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Chapter 3: Atomic Structure • 3.1 What Is an Atom Made Up Of? • 3.2 How Many Sub-atomic Particles Does an Atom Have? • 3.3 How Are Sub-atomic Particles Distributed in an Atom?
3.1 What Is an Atom Made Up Of? Learning Outcome(s) • Name the three main sub-atomic particles. • Show where sub-atomic particles are in the structure of an atom. • Describe sub-atomic particles in terms of their relative masses and charges.
3.1 What Is an Atom Made Up Of? Textbook Pages 38–39
The Three Main Sub-atomic Particles
• Atoms are electrically neutral. • Number of protons = number of electrons • Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, hence they are called nucleons. • Electrons are found in electron shells found away from the nucleus. Sub-atomic Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge Location in the Atom proton 1 +1 nucleus neutron 1 0 nucleus 1 electron –1 electron shell 1840
Summary of Lesson 3.1 • An atom is the smallest particle that can still have the chemical characteristics of an element. • Protons, neutrons and electrons are sub-atomic particles that exist in atoms.
Sub-atomic Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge Location in the Atom
proton 1 +1 nucleus neutron 1 0 nucleus 1 electron –1 electron shell 1840
Chapter 3 Atomic Structure • 3.1 What Is an Atom Made Up Of? • 3.2 How Many Sub-atomic Particles Does an Atom Have? • 3.3 How Are Sub-atomic Particles Distributed in an Atom?
3.2 How Many Sub-atomic Particles Does an Atom Have? Learning Outcome(s) • Define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number. • Deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in atoms and ions, given proton and nucleon numbers. 12 • Interpret and use nuclide notation such as 6C. • Define isotopes.
3.2 How Many Sub-atomic Particles Does Textbook Page 41
an Atom Have? Nuclide Notation Example: 12 • 6C represents a specific type of carbon atom. • Its nucleon number is 12 and its proton number is 6. • It has: 6 protons; 6 electrons; and 12 – 6 = 6 neutrons. • The atomic symbol and proton number both indicate the type of element the atom belongs to. We can write 12C for carbon-12 instead.
3.2 How Many Sub-atomic Particles Does Textbook Page 42
an Atom Have? Sub-atomic Particles in Ions • An ion is the particle formed when an atom or group of atoms gains or loses electron(s), but the number of protons and neutrons remains the same. • We use charge numbers to indicate the number of electrons that are gained or lost.
an Atom Have? Sub-atomic Particles in Ions Example: charge • Oxygen has the nuclide notation 8O. 16 O2– number • It forms the negative O2– ion, showing 2 more electrons than protons. atomic symbol • It has 8 protons, 16 – 8 = 8 neutrons, and 8 + 2 = 10 electrons. of element
3.2 How Many Sub-atomic Particles Does Textbook Page 42
an Atom Have? Isotopes • Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same proton (atomic) number but different nucleon (mass) numbers. • This means that they have different numbers of neutrons. • Since the proton number of the isotopes remain unchanged, the isotopes belong to the same element. • Most elements occur naturally as isotopes.
Chapter 3 Atomic Structure 3.1 What Is an Atom Made Up Of? 3.2 How Many Sub-atomic Particles Does an Atom Have? 3.3 How Are Sub-atomic Particles Distributed in an Atom?
3.3 How Are Sub-atomic Particles Distributed Textbook Page 44
in an Atom? • Electrons are constantly moving around the nucleus in zones called electron shells. • Electrons in the outermost shell, found farthest away from the nucleus possess the greatest energy. • Inner electron shells are filled first. • The first electron shell holds up to 2 electrons. • The second and third shell can usually hold up to 8 electrons each.
3.3 How Are Sub-atomic Particles Distributed Textbook Page 44
in an Atom? • In the periodic table, atoms of other elements in the same column (group) as helium have two or more electron shells. • They each have 8 electrons that fill their outermost shells. • When the outermost shell is full, the atom is said to be stable and unreactive (inert). • Argon has 3 electron shells and there are 8 electrons in its outermost shell.
• The outermost shell is also called the valence shell.
Outermost electrons are also known as valence electrons.
• The first shell is filled with 2 electrons. • The first shell is filled with 2 electrons. • The remaining 8 electrons fill up the • The second shell is filled with 8 electrons. second electron shell. • The last electron will occupy the third shell. • The electronic configuration of neon is 2, 8. • The electronic configuration of sodium is 2, 8, 1.
3.3 How Are Sub-atomic Particles Distributed Textbook Page 46
in an Atom? Electronic Configurations Step 1 Locate the atom by identifying its element in the periodic table. Step 2 Identify the row (period) it is in. This tells you how many electron shells the atom has. Identify the column (group) it is in. • For the first 18 elements (from hydrogen to argon), use the following rules. o Distribute the electrons based on the 2, 8, 8 rule, starting from the innermost shell. o The first (innermost) electron shell can have a maximum of 2 electrons. Step 3 o The second and third electron shells can usually have a maximum of 8 electrons each. • Elements in the same group will have the same number of valence electrons. o Elements in Groups 1 and 2 will have 1 and 2 valence electrons respectively. o Elements in Groups 13 to 18 will have 3 to 8 valence electrons respectively. o Helium is an exception since it is in Group 18 but has only 2 valence electrons.
Summary of Lesson 3.3 • Electrons fill electron shells starting from the innermost shell, which have the lowest energy. • After the inner shell is fully filled, the electrons fill the next electron shell. • The first electron shell holds a maximum of 2 electrons. The second and third electron shells can usually hold a maximum of 8 electrons each. • We can use the electronic configuration or electronic structure to describe the arrangement of electrons in an atom.
Full Download Heavy metal and metalloid contamination of surface and underground water : environmental, policy, and ethical issues First Edition. Edition Abhik Gupta PDF DOCX
Full Download Heavy metal and metalloid contamination of surface and underground water : environmental, policy, and ethical issues First Edition. Edition Abhik Gupta PDF DOCX
