V V V V V V V V

EL E C T R IC IT Y IS
B E S T FO R L I G H TIN G

C l ean , co ol , a n d f
c om or t i n g
N o fl a m e , no
—and
n ot hing b ut light
s oot , n o s m ok e
y
.
.

N ot hin g t o a e c t
f ff
our c e ilin g s , w a lls , a nd ur ni ture ,
or t he a ir y ou br e a t he .

BE S T F O R IIBA TIN G
'

C lea n , o dourl es s , a nd c he e r ul f .

E le ct ric R a d iat ors c an be obt ain e d

‘
y
i n a gre a t va riet o f d es ig ns .

B E S T F O R C O O KI N G

E c on o m ica l a nd t rus t wort h Noy .

coa l w ood , or m at c hes n o s m o ke

,

or d us t .The p p
r e ar a t ion of
a l m ost a ut om a t ic .
oo d f
EL E C T R I FY B E A U T I FY YO U R H O M E
E D A
. . . E LE C TR I CI T Y SA VE S M O R E TH A N IT C OST S

By

The a ut hor of t hi s b ook g ive s a re vi ew of t he

g en era l n a t ur e of e l ect ri cit y , t he m et hods of
ppp
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a n d t he s er vi ces t o whic h i t i s
The i d ea ca rri e d o ut is t o le t t he g e n era l
r ea d er t horoug hl y und ers t a nd t hi s m os t int ere s t
in g s ub i e ct , a nd s how how e l ect ri c it y is ut ili ed
for li g ht in g , he at in g , c o okin g , we ld in g , ha ulin g ,
z
a nd i n py
t e le g ra h , p
t e l e hon y , m e di c ine , e t c
T ra ns mit t in g a n d D is t ri but ing Ele ct r ic it a nd y
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p y
H ow E l ect r i c it is M eas ur ed a nd Sold or m t w o
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int er est in g cha t e rs in t his v er in s t r uct i v e boo k
f
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Pr i c e 3 / net
Sir Isaac Pitm an Sons, Ltd Parker Street, London . W C2. .

By ment ionin g t hi s book when r ep ly i n g , y ou will obl ig e

A dverti ser , A uthor , a n d P u bl ishers
P I TM AN S TE CH NI CAL PR I M E R SE R I E S
’

E di t ed by R . E . N EA LE , B Sc. .
, H on s .
(L e n d .

A M I E E
. . . .

ELE C TR I CITY IN A GR ICU L TU R E

 PI T M A N S
’

TECHNI CAL PR I MER S

E di t e d by R . E . N E AL E , B Sc
. .
( H on s ) ,

f
IN e a c h b o o k o f t he s e r ie s t he un d a m e n t a l
r in c ipl e s o f s o m e s u b -di v is io n o f t e c h
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n o l o g y a r e t r e a t e d in a pr a c t ic a l m a nn e r ,

p r o v i d in g t h e s t u de n t w i t h a han d y
s ur v ey o f t he pa r t ic ul a r b r a n c h o f t e c h

n ol o gy w it h w hi c h he is c o n c e r n e d The y
y
.

s ho ul d p r o v e in v a l u a bl e t o t he bus

r a c t ic a l m a n w ho ha s n o t t he t im e fo r
p
m o r e e l a b or a t e t r e a t is e s .

U ni f orm w it h t his v o l um e ,

e a ch 2 8 6d
. . n ot

F or C omp le te L i s t s ee end o f book.

EL EC TRIC IT Y I
A G R I C U LT U R E
U SE S O F E L E C T R I C I T Y I N
TH E
AR A B L E P A ST U R E
, D AIR Y ,AND PO U L T R Y
,

F A R M IN G H O R T IC U LT UR E
; P U M PI N G A N D
;

I R R I G AT I O N E L E C T R O C U LT U R E A N D
; ;

GE NE R A L M E C H AN I C A L AND D O M E ST I C

S E R VI C E O N FAR M S

FO R FA R M E R S , A GR IC U L T U R I ST S ,
H OR TI
C U L T U R I ST S U P P L Y ST A T I O N E N G I N E E R S
, S -
,

E L E C TR I C A L M A N U F A C T U R E R S A N D O T H ER S
,

A R THU R H . AL L E N
ME MBER OF THE I I I I
NST TU T ON OF ELE C TR CAL EN G NEER S I

L OND ON
SI R I SAA C PITM AN SONS L TD ,
.

PA RK ER STR EET KINGSW AY W C 2 , ,

. .

BAT H M,
B OU N EL ON N W
R YO K
E, T OR TO, E R

1 922
 PR EFA C E
AB R OA D , the of lect icity i co ectio with
u se e r n nn n

a g icultu l op tio h
r ra tt i d di m n sioer a ns as a a ne e ns

O f which id ts i thi cou t y h v

res en n s n r a e no c on

ce p t i Y t
on th i
. t t h slighte
e t o n e re s no e s reas

why B iti h f m s hould t v il th m lv

r s ar er s no a a e se es

O f t h m ni fold s vic
e w hi ch it
a nd th m er es c an r e er e ,

e ve t t h p e t tim whil t i t h futu

n a e r s en e, s n e re

W wi h w could y t h n e fut
e s e — it i hop d sa e ar ur e s e

th t upply f lect icity will be m d v il ble

a a s O e r a e a a a

in ll p t
a f the l d ar sI f w pl c s it is
O an . n a e a e ,

t u th nk to t h
r e, agy d i i ti tiv f the
s e e n er an n a e O

m ge s f t h loc l lect icity upply u d

an a r O e a e r s n er

t ki g
a n l p og h
s, rea b m d i cqu i t r r e ss as e en a e n a a n

i g th f m
n wi th t h po sibiliti
e ar er d d n e s es an a va

t g of l ct i c l m thod ; but the b ight

a es e e r a e s se r

exc ptio s o ly emph ize t h f ct th t

e n n / as e a a ,
as a

r ul thi v y impo t t subj ct h b en

e, s er r an e as e

ne gl cted by both p ties the f m

e — d th ar ar er an e

s upply utho ity a r .

Th is h dly b ch of g icultu e i which

ere ar a ra n a r r n
e lect icity c ot b mployed to dv t ge ;
r a nn e e a an a

mo ove it imm s ly dd to t h m i ti f
re r, en e a s e a en es O

cou t y lifn r d hould th fo help to st m

e, an s ere re e

t h flow e f pop l tio f om t h cou t y to t h

O u a n r e n r e

tow I th d y of de l bou
n . n ese d f lli g a s ar a r an a n

p ic m ch ni c l ids
r es , e imp tively
a a a ar e er a neces
s ar y to t h f m ; d by dopti g l ct icity
e ar er an a n e e r ,

h e no t o ly fulfil thi equi m t mo t ffici tly

n s s r re en s e en ,

but lso dd v y m t i lly to t h comfo t of

a a s er a er a e r

hi hou hold
s se .

5 0 63 9 ;
vi f PR EA C E E w

It i the im f thi s m ll book—the fi t f

s a O s a rs O

its ki d to be publish d in thi s coun t y—to i di

n e r n

c t a e tho oughly is possible i t h sp ce t

as r as n e a a

comm d the v iou kin ds of s vice w hi ch

an ar s er

e lect icity
r d to t h f m
c an r en the m thod
er e ar er e s

by which he t o c v il him lf of tho

c an a n e a a se se

s er vic ; d th
es v lu f t h f me
an e a e O e ar r, as a

de i abl co um to t h upply utho ity

s r e ns er , e s a r .

In mod t w o k it i bviou ly impo ibl

so es a r s O s ss e

to d l with y it m i g t d t il it i hop d
ea an e n rea e a s e ,

howev th t u ffici t h b
er , a s id g din g en as een sa re ar

t h v iou sp cts of t h bj ct to in t st t h “

e ar s a e e su e ere e

r e d
a d to i duc
er , an him to i ve tig t t h
n e n s a e e

m tt mo f lly
a er re u .

A RT HUR H A LL E N . .
 C O N T EN T S
PR E FA C E

C H AP T E R I

THE I
A PP L C A T I O N O F E LE C T R I C IT Y TO FA R M I N G
p— —W h t
M echa n ic a l w o
t ri c it y ca n d o Pos s ibilit i es
er e s se n t ia l in
of
a gr ic ul t ur e
e l ec t r ifi ca t i on —Exp la ele c
an a
t i on of t ec hn ic a l t er m s

C H AP T E R II

E L E C TR I C IT Y Y S U P PL

So ur c e s
W a t er
p
pp w ——
,o iw — w
W
f
p pw —
o mer Po er ro coal —Power
E lec
f ym— ro oi l
ind o er St or a g e of e l e c t r ic it
y p
o er
t r i ca l la n t
m
A r ra n g e e nt of p —p
C os t of
l a nt
l ant a n d o f e n er g
C a a bilit i es of e l e ct r i c
r od uce d
la nt p
P ubl ic s u pp y
l - A lt er nat in g cur r ent s u l pp y
C H AP T E R II I

THE D I I
S T R B U T ON I OF E L E C T R I C I T Y
y — y — p
D i st rib ut ing s st em
— —
W irin g s st em s L a m s a n d fi tt in gs
—
Ta
E as e
pp of
in g hi gh
c ont r ol
pPow er wi r in g
r e ss ur e m a ins —
O v erhea d lin es
Por t a bl e t ra ns or m e rs f
Fl e xib l e c a b l es

C H AP T E R IV

D O M E ST C I I
A P PL C A T O N S I OF E L E C TR I I Y
C T
— —
he a t in g —
E le ct ri c o wer p —
I n d oor li ght in g El e c t r ic i ron s a n d c ookin g E le ct ri c
El e c t ri c c om m un i ca t ion— C on
p
s um t ion of ow er p
C H AP T E R V
E L E C TR I C I I
D R V N G IN NEE C H A N I C A L O P E R A TI O N S 50
A dva nt a g es o f e l ect ricit y— —
p
Sco e for d ev el o m ent p
p — p —
E xa m l es o f e le ct r ic a l O era t io n M et ho d s of d ri v in g
P or t a ble m ot ors
—
P owe r d at a M ilkin g by e le c t ric it y
y
—
E ns ila g e cut t ing M owin g and har vest in g b y e le c t ric it
f — p
E n glish e l e c t r ica l
El ect ri cit y
a rm s
in hort ic ul t ure
E l ect ric
—
r ogr es s a b r oa d
T hr as hi ng b y e l e ct r ic it y
 C ON T E N T S

C H AP T E R VI

E LE C T RI U I
C PL O GH N G
M p
f—m — p
—
e c ha n ica l p
l ou g hi n g
y
E l e c t r ic o w e r l in es C a bl e
s and — '

t ra ns or e rs
— Pl o ug h ha ul a g e s s t e s - A n E n g li s h i n
m s tal
p —
l a t ion
supp y— l
m
p —w
A ut o obil e l o u g hs
C os t of l o ug hi n g
C on t in e nt a l r o gr es s Po w er
P o er r e qu ir e d for lou g hi n g p
C H AP T E R VI I
E LE CTR C I HA U L A GE

E l ect ric v ehi c l es —P p ll i ng a pp —

a r a t us Ease o f c o nt r ol
U e
ro
B at t e r y c ha r g ing -
s es o f e l e c t r i c v e hic l e s

C H AP T E R V II I
P UM I P NG AND I I
RR GAT ON I
p
P um in g b y e l e c t r i c it y—P mpi u ng dat a

C H AP T E R IX

E LE C TR C TI I Y IN DA R I Y AND POU LTR Y FA R M N G I 90

M ilkin g b y
I n c u bat i o n b y
e l e ct r i c p w y—
o
e l e c t r ic it
er
I n t e ns i v e
z p
El e c t r ica l s t e r ili a t ion of m il k
e g g - ro d uc t ion

C H AP T E R X
E L E C TR O C U U
LT RE

E le ct r ic it y—
a nd t he gr o wt h o f lant s p —
T he hi g h- pre s s ur e
e l e c t r ifi ca t io n— Offi c ia l
di s c har g e
Ot her
R es ul t s
p
e x e rim e nt s
of
T he — t r ia ls
W olfr y n pr oc ess A rt i fi ma l
f z
fi

e rt il i ers

C H AP T E R XI
THE H E R E FO R D D E VE L O P II E N T

L e g is lat iv e Obs t a c l es —
D i ffi c ul t ies o v er c om e—O v er hea d
— y pp
ma ins S s t e m o f s u l y —C os t of e l e ct ri c s u l
p — p The pp y—
n a t io n a l a s e c t C a n a d ia n d e v e lo m e n t s

I I
B B L O G R A PH Y
I X
ND E
 I L LU ST R AT I O N S
5
” a

r S u c t io n g a s e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t in g pl a n t
-

w O il e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t in g pl a n t
-

w 3 W e ir a n d pi pe lin e fo r s m a ll dr o hy
e l e c t r i c in s t a ll a t i o n

s v
W in d t u r b in e fo r d r i in g e l e c t r i c pl a n t
e P e t r o l e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t in g s e t , wit h s w it c h
ge ar
l
f A u t o m a t i c pe t r o l e l e c t r i
-
c
g e n e r a t in g s e t ,
i
w it h s w t c h g e a r
E le ct r ic s t o r a g e b a t t e r y
fo r a r m h o u s e f
f
T r a n s o r m e r po l e in a g r i c u lt u r a l s u ppl y
v
s e r ic e

L O W pr e s s u r e s u ppl
-
y
l in e s e n t e r i n g a rm f
E l e c t r i c l a m p fi t t in g f o r a r m a r d f y
P o rt a ble e le c t r i c l a mp
P o l e s w it c h
m
I m pl e e n t fo r m a kin g c o n n e c t io n w it h
ba r e wi res

Tr a n s f m or er t r u c k fo r a g r i c u lt u r a l s e r v i c e

B o w l fi t t in g f o r e l e c t r i c l a m p
; 18 . Fa l c o e l e c t r i c ir o n

E l e c t r i c c o o k e r f o r s i x pe r s o n s
E l e c t r i c r a d ia t o r
E l e c t r i c kit c h e n m a c h in e
T im e S a e r v e l e c t r i c w a s he r

E le ct r i c fa n
f
E l e c t r i c m o t o r d r I V In g a r m c o u n t e r s h a t f
mg
P o r t a bl e e l e c t r i c mot o r

D ia g r a m O f d o u b l e h a u l a g e d r u m s s t e m -
y
O f pl o u g h in g

D i a g r a m O f s in g l e h a u l a g e d r u m s s t e -
y m
O f pl o u g h in g
X ILL U STR A TION S
28 . D ia g r a m of y
T e s c a r i s s t e m O f h a u l a g e fo r
e le t ri c c pl o u ghin g
29 . A n ch o r t r u c k , Fill e t t pe y
30 . Ga r r e t t e le ct r i c lorr y
31 . y
E l e c t r i c a ll d r i e n
-
v c e n t r if u g a l pu m p

32 . c c v
E l e t r i m o t o r d r i in g a c hu r n
33 , 34 . D ia gr a m s il lu s t r a t in g t he e l e c t r o l t i c y
s t e r ili z a t i o n o f m il k

35 . v
L o a d c u r e o n a r u r a l s u p pl lin e y
T AB L E S
A ppr o x im at e po w e r c on su mpt i on O f e le c

t ric a l a ppl i a n c e s

H o r s e po w e r
-
r e qu i r e d fo r v i a r ou s f ar m
m a ch in e s

C o st pl o u g h in g b y v a r io u s s s t e m s
Of y
C o n s u m pt i o n o f e l e c t r i c it y
f o r p l o u g hi n g

S YM BO L S
AND A BBR EVI A T I O N S
THE f ll wi g ym b l
o o n d sbb vi t i d o s an a re a on s , a o pt e d

by th eI t n ti l El t t
e rn a h i l C mm i
on a e c ro ec n ca o s s io n ,

are u sed i t hi v l m
n s o u e

A am
pe r e W watt
mA m il li a m pe r e ( Q ool A ) kW k il o w a t t
'

V v olt k wh ki l o w a t t -ho u r

Fo r e xpl a n a t io n Of e le c t r ic a l t erm s , s ee pa g e 6 .
 EL EC T R IC IT Y
IN A G R IC U L T U R E

C HA PT E R I
T H E A P PL I C A T I ON O F E L E C T R I C IT Y TO FA R M IN G

YE A R S g icultu w
a go , chief i du t y ;
a r re as o ur n s r

f
ar -r e a chi g co omic ch g s fu d me t lly
n e n an e ,
n a n a

due to t h dev lopm t f the te m gi e nd

e e en O s a en n a

to t h in du t i l volutio b ought bout th by

e s r a re n r a ere ,

depos d it f om th t emin en e h lf c tu y
—
e r a c a a en r

a
g o t po t w
ran s ch p d d rcc le t d as ea en e an a e ra e ,

an d t h p oduc e f th v t f til pl i s f fo ign

r e O e as er e a n O re

cou t i w pl c d
n r es m k t t p ic s
as a e on our ar e s a r e

wi th which u co v tive mi ded f me o r n s er a -

n ar rs

could t comp t though t h high qu li ty of

no e e, e a

thei good e bled th m to et i

r s h of t h
na e r a n a s are e

dem d Thus it c m bout th t i t h y

an . a e a a n e ear

1 9 1 3 50 p , ce t of u tot l qui m ts of food

er n o r a re re en

w as de ived f om fo ig ou c
r B tween r re n s r es . e

1 87 1 d 1 91 1
an c s of bl l d h d
, a re ara e an a

go e out of cultiv tio f it w f mo e p fi t

n a n, or as ar r ro

a bl to d vot it to g zin g c ttl

e e d w g s i
e ra a e, an a e n
the g icul tu l in du t y li k the p ofit we t
a r ra s r ,
e r s, re a

a ve y low bb
r e .

Th c m t h g t w lik
en a h p m dicin e
e e rea ar , e a s ar e

i de d t o ly c lli g
n e ,
no st lw t hu b dm
n a n our a ar s an en

f om th i p c ful occup tio s to t h ste n

r e r ea e a n e r
2 E L E C TR I C I TY IN A GR IC , UL TUR E
o de l of blood d fi but lso th e teni g to
r a an re, a r a n
cut ff u impo ted supplies of food n d to b in g
O o r r a r
a bout the downf ll of the E mpi e by sh t a r e er - s a ry a

tio of t h i l n d Ki n gdom Th t p il w
n e s a . a er as

a ve t d p tly by milit y me u
r e ,
ar but l o in ar as res , a s

g e t p t by t h f v ish ctivity of
r a ar gi e e er a ou r a r

cul tu i ts W h t t h ummo s f the Gove m t

r s , o a e s n O rn en

put fo th ve y ffo t to i c e s the moun t of

r e r e r n r a e a

food p oduc d withi u bo de s Th

r e of n o r r r . e a re a

l d u de the plough w in c ed by
an n r as re a s

a c s i pit f the sc city of l bou (in E gl d

re ,
n s e O ar a r n an

an d W les th we e a f we m l g i e re r e r a e a r

cultu l l bo ra in 1 9 1 8 tha i d it i
u r er s an n an s

highly igni fic t th t this i c e se w ff cted

s an a n r a as e e

l gely by the
ar of mech ni c l t cto d use a a ra rs an

othe m chi s ope t d by m ch nic l powe

r a ne ra e e a a r .

Th co di tio s which still bt i n

e n d nlik ly O a ,
an ar e e

to co ti ue in ope tio compel the B iti h

n n ra n, r s

a g icultu ist to d pt i te iv methods of

r r a e n ns e

cultiv tio n d to m k a nf m chin e y

a f a e u se O a r as ar

as
p ossible i o de to compe s te,
f then hi gh r r n a or

w gea d ths c city f l bou whi ch

an e s ar O a r ar e

e xp i c d in ll p t f t h cou t y
er e n e a ar s O e n r .

Mechanical l in Agriculture Power Essentia .

The futu e of t h g icultu l i dust y in thi s

r e a r ra n r

cou t y d p d p im ily upo the m in te c

n r e en s r ar n a nan e ,
an d t h co tin ued e x t sio of the use of m chin e y
e n en n, a r

f or g ic ltu l op tio
a r uF ili ng tho ra er a ns . a se c on

di t i th
on s , bl l d will i vi t bly be llowed
e ar a e an ne a a

to v t mo re d mo
er to p stu ge d we re an re a ra ,
an

s h ll v tu ll y be mo e th
a e en ve d p den t
a r an e r e en

upo impo ted food tuff

n — e ult whi ch will
r -
s s a r s

imp il er tio l xi t c in t h ve t of t h
ou r na na e s en e e e n e

outb k f othe g t w
re a O n d which wil l
an r re a ar , a
4 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN A G R IC U URLT E

p og mme which is w in cou e of fulfil m t !

r ra no rs en

a Bo d of El ct icity Commissio e h b
ar e r n rs as een

appoin t d whose p ime duty it is to c y t h

e ,
r ar r e

pl i to effect d l dy ig
an n t p ,
an a re a v or ou s s
‘

e s ar e

bei g t ke tow ds th t go l The i how ev

n a n ar a a . re s, er ,

no n e d to w it f t h mill ium f u i v l
e a or e en n O n ersa

supply ; the dv n t g s f elect ic l ope tio a a a e O r a ra n

can be li zed in g e t p t t o ce
rea r a ar a n .

Possibilities of Electrification The impo t c . r an e

O f the ubj ct to l ct icity upply utho iti

s e e e r s a r es

m y be g th
a d f om st t m t by D J F
a ere r a a e en r . . .

C owley in
r p p e d befo e the Roy l Soci ty
a a er r a r a e

of A ts th t in t h Uni t d Kin gdom the

r ,
a e e re are

ove r f ms of f om 5 to 300 c e ch ar r a res a ,

a ve gin g 60 c s whi ch if el ct ic lly op ted

ra a re , e r a er a

would equi e supply of t le st

r r a a a

kwh p um— much is g

e r a nn t d by t h as as e n e ra e e

whole f the l ct icity upply u d t kin g of

O e e r s n er a s

En gl d d W les Obviously m uf ctu

an an a . an a r e rs

O f lect ic l pp tus
e r equ lly i te e ted
a a ar a are a n r s ,

as the e w ould b r e o mo s dem d f thei e an n r u an or r

p oducts
r .

Offici l figu es is ued by t h Bo d of A g i cultu

a r s e ar r re

show th t 1 00 c es f cultiv t d l d t h
a on a r O a e an e

B iti h f m g ow s onl y 1 5 to of co
r s ar er d r ns rn an

1 1 to n of pot toess comp d with the Ge m

a ,
as ar e r an

f m s p oductio of 33 to s of co nd 55 to s
ar er
’
r n n rn a n

O f pot toes ; the output of me t is

a bout t h a a e

s me in both c ses but the B itish f me p oduc s

a a ,
r ar r r e

o nl y 1 7 g to f milk comp ed with the Ge m n

.

ns O ar r a

figu e of 2 8 to
r N e ffo t houl d be sp d to
ns . O r s ar e

in c e se t h effi cie cy f B iti h f min g

r a e d n O r s ar , an

the e is n doubt th t t h use of mech ni c l

r o a e a a

powe which h b e so wid ly dopted in

r, as e n e a
 APPL I C A T I O N O F E L E C TR I C I T Y To FA R M IN G 5

G m y i ste d of m u l d nim l l bou

er an ,
n a an a an a a a r,

i l gely
s espon ible f the di ff e ce in the
ar r s or er n

results obt i d Th t the B itish f me is

a ne a r ar r
— —
.

re dy v a ge to dopt el ct ic l methods
e en ea r a e r a

whe they n m d v il ble to him h been

are a e a a a as

abu d tly d mo st ted by the em k ble

n an e n ra r ar a

d v lopm t of the g icultu l lo d t He fo d

e e en a r ra a a re r ,

u d the light ed l de ship of M W T

n er en en ea r r . . .

K until c ntly the city elect ic l en gin e ;

err , re e r a er

and wh t h bee do the e

a qu lly well
as n ne r c an e a

be do t othe ce t
ne in g icultu l di t icts
a r n res a r ra s r .

l i
Exp anat on of Technical Terms F the . or

b efit
en unini ti t d it is n ece s y to expl i
O f t he a e s ar a n

b i fly
r e t heu t i which powe e gy t
ni s n r, ner , e c .
, ar e

m u d It i impo t t th t the d fini tio s

ea s re . s r an a e n
an d di ti ctio m de i t h followi g p g ph
s n ns a n e n ar a ra s

should be u d tood cle ly othe wis it is n er s ar ,

r e

impossibl fully to pp ci t t h d t given i

e a re a e e a a n
s ubseque t ch pte n a rs .

W k nd or P w Wo k in the
a o er . r ,

en gi ee in g s i
n r d fini te en tity c p bl of
se n e , s a e a a e

e x ct m su eme t in te m f fo c d dist ce
a ea r n r s O r e an an ,

us lly pou ds w ight d fe t ; thus to hoist

ua n e an e a

t uss f h y w eighi g 60 lb to loft 1 5 ft f om

r O a n . a . r

t h g ou d l v l would
e r nq i e the exp ditu f
e e re u r en re O

60 X 1 5 900 foot pou ds of wo k

or Pow -
n r . er

is the t of doi g wo k ra e d i me su ed in n r , an s a r

te m of wo k do p min ute ; thus the s me

r s r ne er a

a mou t of wo k i do e in liftin g the fo e

n r s n a r

s id t u s to t h loft wheth it is do e i
a r s e ,
er n n on e

mi ute two mi ut but the powe i the

n or n es , r n

fo m c s would be twic
r er a e g t in the e as rea as

l tte Powe is xp s d i te ms of ho se
a r . r e r e se n r r

p o w t
er , h umptio
on th t hoe s a ss n a on e r e c an
6 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
l ift lb t height f 33 ft i . o mi ute a O . n on e n

a ctu lly thi is much mo th n ho s

a , s do re a a r e c an

co tin uously Th mou t f p we t k to

n . e a n O o r
~
a en

d ivr e fully lo d d m chi i pp oxi m tely

a a e a ne s a r a

con st t but t h mo t f w k it do d p d
an , e a un O or es e en s

upo the l gth of tim it is i op tio p t i

n en e n era n ar cu

l ars Of t h po w e equi d to d iv v iou m chi s

e r r re r e ar s a ne
u ed f ms
s on giv n p 5 7
ar ar e en o . .

E l t i l U it
ec r ca Elect ic l qu titi m y b
n s . r a an es a e

comp ed with thos m t with i w t

ar pply e e n a er su

thus the l ct ic l p es u e e volt g r a r s re or a e

i s logous to t h p s u f w te i
an a pip e re s re O a r n a e .

Just w t as is upplied to co m s t c t i
a er s n su er a a er a n

pe r ( m y po d p qu in ch )
s s ur e so an i un s er s are ,
so s

e el ct icity suppli d t co s m
r t p ue f e o n u e rs a a r e ss r O

so m y volt an F f m t hi p ss s .
”
or u s e on ar s, s re ur e

s houl d be 1 00 200 volt nl t h di t c

or s, u e ss e s an es

a re g t i w hich c s
re a ,
p u f 5 00 volt
n a e a re ss re O s

m y be a c s y F supply ov co id bl
n e e s ar . or er ns er a e

dist c an f esl ge mou ts of pow t h

. or or ar a n er , e

p e su m y b i d to
r s re avolt mo e r a se s or re ,

but i th t c e kill d p vi io i c s y
n a as s e su er s n s ne e s ar

an y p s bov 2 5 0
r e s ur e a volt must be g d d e s re ar e as

c p bl f givin g f t l hock El ct ic
a a e O a a a s . e r c ur

r ne t m y be comp d with the fl w of w t in

a ar e o a er

g ll o p mi ut
a ns di m s
er di nmpe e . an s e a u re n a re s ,
”

re p e tin g t h
re s n te of fl w A cu t of e ra o . rr e n

e lect icity suppli d t give p u

r pee t e a a n r e ss re re r s n s

pow whi ch m y b m u d i ho e
er , a e eas re n rs

pow ; t h mou t i pow is c t in d by

er e a n O er as er a e

multiplyi g t h cu e t in mp n by t he rr n a eres e

p e u i volt t h
r ss re ult b in g xp
n d i s, e re s e e re ss e n

w tts Thu c
a . t f 30 mp uppli d
s a u rr e n O a eres s e

a t p a e of 1 00 volts equ ls
r e ssu r w tt a a s .

T O v id u i g these l ge fi gu
a o the ele ct ic l
s n ar res , r a
 AP PL I C A T I ON O F E L EC TR I C IT Y T O FA R M I NG 7

uni t of powe gen e lly used is r w tts c lled ra a , a

on kilow tt so th t the powe bove m n

e a ,
”
a r a -
e

t i n d is 3 kilow tts
o e The lde unit of powe a O r r
—the ho se powe —is the sm lle bei g bout
.

r - r ra r a r, n a

g kilow tt so th at 3 kilow, tts equ ls 4 ho se a a a r

powe Thus it will be seen th t 30 mpe es t

r . a a r a

1 00 volts p ese ts 4 ho se powe Simil ly

re r n r -
r . ar

15 mpe es t 1 00 volts ep ese ts 1 % kilow tts

a r a r r n a

or 2 ho se powe r -
r .

W k nd Outp t The mou n t f wo k th t

or a u . a O r a

ca n be do n e with ho se powe depen ds upon on e r -

r

the time du in g whi ch wo k is don e t th t te

r r a a ra ,

usu lly ecko ed i hou s ; thus

a r n m chi e n r a a n
r equi i g 4 ho se powe f 3 hou s con sumes
r n r -
r or r

3 X 4 1 2 ho s powe hou s qu n tity f

r e r- r ,
a a O

wo k r it is oft en c lled en e gy
or , as a ,
r .
”

Wo k r e e gy or lso be me su ed in foot
n r c an a a r

poun ds ; thus ho s powe hou 60 X on e r e- r- r

foot poun ds Whe elec -

. n

t i it y is suppli ed f om the m in s of public “

r c r a a

a utho ity r comp y it is me u ed n t i

or an ,
as r o n

ho s powe hou s but in kil ow tt hou s ;

r e r- r ,
a -
r as

e xpl i ed bove 4 ho se powe equ ls 3 kilo

a n a ,
r -
r a

w tts n d the efo e 4 ho s powe hou s equ ls

a , a r r r e r- r a

3 kil w tt hou o On
a kil ow tt hou is the
-
rs . e a -
r

st tuto y Bo d of T de uni t in te ms of
a r ar ra r

whi ch elect ic l e e gy is bought nd old The

r a n r a s .

cost f kilow tt hou f d ivin g m chin e y

O a a -
r or r a r

v ies f om 1 d to 3d
ar r mo e cco din g to loc l
. . or r ,
a r a

ci cumst n ces the s m moun t of e e gy used

r a a e a n r

f or lightin g how v is usu lly ch g d f t

, e er , a ar e or a a

hi ghe t f om 5 d to 1 0d
r ra e , r mo On . . or re . e

kilow tt hou will th sh eith 1 4 bu h ls of

a -
r ra er s e

t
c a s, 8 bush ls of whe t 9 bush ls of b ley
e a , or e ar ,

i nd 3 b h l f o ts st
us ck 5 to n f h y cut s O a
g r e s. o a , a ,

2
8 E L E C TR IC I T Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
t onof ch ff cut up 6 ton s of tu n ips plough 1 60
a ,
r ,

sq .yds 1 ft .deep cut d bi

.n d g in c op , an a ra r on

1 % c es mi lk 5 0 cows
a r , chu n 80 lb f b i t t ,
or r . O i er ,

or it will k ep 4 0 l mp e ch of 20 c ndl e powe

e a s a a -
r

a light f hou
or a n r .

A bb i ti n rev and S y m b lo s F con veni n c

a o s . or e e

it is usu l to dopt the followin g bb vi tio s

a a a re a n
an d symbols

U ni t . E xa m l e p .

E l e c t r ic a l V o lt 200 v ol t s 2 00 V
pr e s s u r e
E l e c t r ic a l A m pe r e 10 am
pe r e s 10 A
c ur r e n t

H o r s e po w e r
- 2 ho r s e -po w e r
2 hp .

Po w e r W at t wat ts
W
K il o w a t t kW 1 5 kil o w a t t s
1 } kW
f
1

W ork F o o t po u n d
-
ft .
-
lb . 3 o o t -po un d s
3 ft -l b . .

H o r s e po w e r
- h p hr
. .
-
. 4 hors e po w e r ho u r s -

ho u r 4 h p -hr . . .

K il o w a t t kwh 3 kil o w a t t -ho ur s

ho ur 3 kW h

Th s bb vi tio s
e e d symbols
a re a n an a re u eds

h c fo w d th oughout this book

en e r ar r .
 PT E R I ] C HA

CT C Y S UP L Y ELE RI IT P

Sourc es of P ower Whe e supply of elect icity . r a r

i
s no t v il ble f om a outsid sou ce the f m
a a r an e r ,
ar er

mu t of n cessity i t ll his wn ge e tin g

s e ns a o n ra

pl t d the que tion t on ce ises whe ce the

an ,
an s a ar n

motive powe h ll be bt i ed The sou ces r s a O a n . r

O f n e gy e t his dispos l
r co l il pet ol
a a a re a , O ,
r ,

w te f lls d W in d Of these w m y pe h ps
a r a , an . e a r a

r eg d pet ol
ar too costly though othe wis
r as , r e

well d pted f the pu pose

a a d wi n d powe n t
or r an r o
o ly l ck li bili ty but is lso more xpe sive
n a s re a ,
a e n

th might be supposed W t e powe is by f

an . a r- r ar

the most de i bl sou c of e gy but like t h s ra e r e ner , e

wind is pt to v y widely i
,
a st e gth d to ar n r n , an

ltog the in pe iods of p olo g d d ought

a e r r r n e r .

Co l a oil p ctic lly f e f om th s d w

an ar e ra a r e r e e ra

b cka d we s h l l th efo e de l with them

s an a er r a

fi st Withi t h sp ce t
r . di po l we c nn ot
n e a a ou r s sa a

di cu s the subject i g t det il but we will

s s n re a a ,

en d vou to i dic te the m i n fe tu es f e ch

ea r n a a a r O a

mode f d ivi g the pl t ssumi g th t t h

O r n an , a n a e

r equi m ts of t h f m will be met by m ximum

re en e ar a a

c p city of 1 0 h p This m y b p ovided wholly

a a . a e r

by u ni g m chi e y but it is p efe ble to

r n n a n r ,
r ra

e mploy son bl mou t of to ge d w

a rea a e a n s ra ,
an e

s h ll ume th t thi cou s is followed wh eby

a a ss a s r e ,
er

it b comes pos ibl to duce t h output of t h

e s e re e e

g e ti g pl t to y 5 h p
en ra n an ,
sa , .

Power from Coal Co l m y ith be used to . a a e er

i e st m i
ra s boil be g ifi d i
ea
g n a er , or as e n a as

p oduc
r Ther m y bjectio s to the u
er . e are an O n se

9
10 EL E C T R I C I T Y IN A GR IC UL T UR E
Of a ste m en gin whi ch equi es mo tte tion
a e, r r re a n
and hi ghe o de of ski ll t h
a e n i e
r r r an a as n
g g ,

besides bein g ve y w st ful of fuel n sm ll s zes ; r a e I a i

f th se n d othe e so s it m y be di smissed f om
or e a r r a n a r

con side tio in thi s co ection The e is less

ra n nn . r

Obj ection to g n gin e d p oduce f the a as e an r r O

suctio g type ( Fig I ) in which the g is

n- as s ee .
, as

gen e t d utom tic ll y i cco d ce with t h

ra e a a a n a r an e

requi eme ts f the en gi

r The pl t co si t
n O ne . an n s s

of g p oducea simpl pp tus f cl ning

as - r r, a e a ar a or ea

the g n d the g
as , e gin e n d coole f the
a as n a
‘
r or

ci c ul tin g w te Anth cite is ge e ll y used

r a a r . ra n ra ,

an d the p oduce equi es epleni shmen t with

r r r r r

fuel t i te v ls of th ee
a fou hou s whil t
n r a r or r r s

runn in g Othe wise little tte tion is ces

. r a n no

s y beyo n d emovin g the h d cle ni g nd

ar ,
r as an a n a

oiln the e gin e The co sumptio of th cite n . n n an ra

is bout 2 % lb p kwh costin g t £3 p t

a . er , ,
a er on ,

a bout 0 8d -
.

Power from Oil Simple is t h uction g . as e s -

as

pl t an il gin i simpl till d w st o gly

,
an O en e s er s ,
an e r n

re comm d it by f the most suit bl moto

en as ar a e r

in the bse ce of eli bl w te powe The oil

a n r a e a r- r .

e gin e with it cool occupi s little p ce d

n ,
s er , e s a an

r equi e but little tte tio it is e sily st t d

r s a n n a ar e ,

a nd be l ft unn i g ll d y un tte ded It

c an e r n a a a n .

i s highl y co omic l p im move con sumin g

a e n a r e r,

a bout iS lb of il p kwh d the fuel whi ch . O er ,

an ,

is suppli d in d ms b els is cle n n d

e ru or a rr ,
a a

e sily h dl d comp ed with co l The fi

a an e ar a . re

r isk i egligibl if t h xh u t pip i k pt w y

s n e, e e a s e s e a a

f om combu tible m te i ls d t h il i to ed
r s a r a ,
an e O s s r

b low g ou d i s f pl c t di t c f om
e r n or n a a e a e a a s an e r

st cks b s V y littl w t is equi ed to

a or ar n . er e a er r r
12 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C U TUR E
L

fill up the cooli g t k The e gi e should b n an . n n e

bolted to co c et fou d tio a d m y d iv

n r e n a n, an a r e

t h dyn mo by b lt but is f qu tly bbi pl d ‘

e a e ,
re en i e

di ctly to it
re common b dpl t ( Figon a e a e s ee .

Oil gin es
en wid ly us d ow d y f f m
ar e s o e e n a a s or ar

in g op tio s th t the is difficulty in bt i i g

era n a re no O a n n

Huston ck H orn sby L td , .

FIG . 2 .
—O I L -E L E C T R I C GE N E R A T I N G PL A N T . 2 2} kw .

l bou su fficie tly killed to look ft them

a r n s a er .

A s tempo y xp di t t h dy mo m y be
a r ar e e en , e na a

d iv by belt f om
r en il e gi d t cto wh r an O -
n ne ra r en

the l tte is t qui ed f it custom y pu po

a r no re r or s ar r se .

Power Wh w t pow i v il bl
Water -
. e re a er - er s a a a e

i
n sufficie t volume n d n be dev lop d t a c an e e a

r e son bl cost it is t h be t of ll p ime mov s

a a e ,
e s a r er ,
 E L E C TR I C IT Y S UPPL Y 13

as it co sum fu l d w t tu bi e n
n es no e , an a a er r n ca

be l ft unn i g continuously d y
e r d n ight
n , a an ,

without tt n tio othe th occ sion l oili g

a e n r an a a n .

Th co sid tio s which dete mi e whethe

e n er a n r n r

a d qu te w te powe i v il ble
e a a the flow of
r- r s a a a are

w t i cubic feet p seco d the v il ble

a er n er n , a a a

h ight f f ll d the egul ity of t h flow Th

e O a ,
an r ar e . e

di st ce of t h f ll f om t h f m is
an t of much
e a r e ar no
co eque ce p ovided th t pe mi ion
ns n , be
r a r ss c an

O bt i ed to use t h pow
a n n d w yle v s to e er , a a a e

c y the m i c oss t h i t v ni g p ope ty

arr a ns a r e n er e n r r

unf o tun t ly these ofte p ov to be i supe bl

r a e ,
n r e n ra e

obst cles to t h utiliz tion of w t pow

a e a a er - er .

Whethe w t f ll is c p ble of d v lopment

r a a er a a a e e

a t so bl cost is
a re a questio which
na e onl y a n c an

be decided by e gi ee fte i pection of an n n r a r an ns

the sit but i o d to ce t in wheth the

e n r er as r a er re

is y likelihood f its b in g u b l the foll owi g

an O e sa e, n

r ough ul m y be pplied by yon e multiply

r e a a an

feet by t h volu m of flow

.

t h he d of w te i
e a a r n e e

i cubic feet p r seco n d

n d divid the p oduct by
e ,
an e r

12 Th. e ult s pp o ximately the b k ho s

e r s 1 a r ra e r e

powe v il bl The flow of w te should be

r a a a e . a r

m su d tog th with t h h ad di ffe c of

ea re , e er e e or r en e

1 ve1 s
e t v ious p iods f t h y
, a ar p ticul ly er O e e ar , ar ar

th s e on wh the st e m i t its low st

ea s en r a s a e .
!

I o d n to h n r er t h f ll it will usu lly ar e ss e a ,

a

b e ecess y to build d m c o t h t m
n ar a a a r ss e s rea ,

an d t hi s hould b s di pos d to po d b ck e so s e as n a

th w te thus obt i in g ce t in mou t f

e a r, a n a r a a n O

F f th i f m ti
or ur th t im t i
er f w
n or a on on e es a on o a t er

p w o p i bil it i
er d os s m h d f il i z i g w t
es an on et o s O ut n a er

p w o th er ,d h ld ef t Hyd El i D l p
rea er s ou re er o ro- e ctr c e ve o

m by J W M
en t , i f m w i h t hi
. l m ( P it m
. e ar e s , u n or t s vo u e an ,

2s . 6d . n et ) .
FI G . 3 .
-
WE I R SM A L L ST R E A M H Y D R O EL E C T R I C

PL A N T .

FI G . 4 .
—PI PE L I NE FR O M WE I R To I
T U R B N E H OU SE .
 E L E C T R I C IT Y SUPPL Y 15

sto ge ( Fig
ra F om the d m the w te is
s ee . r a a r

led in pip s (Fig 4 ) to t h tu bi e house situ ted

e . e r n -
,
a

at low lev l d the ctu tes the tu bi e

a er e ,
an re a a r n .

The l tt d iv s the dyn mo ithe by belt by

a er r e a e r or

toothed ge in g ar .

Wind- Power Wi d powe is commo ly used . n -

r n

f d ivi g sm ll pumps by me n s of W i d ose

or r n a a a n -
r

or tu bi e but is much less widely used f

r n ,
or
ge e tin g elect icity th n it well mi ght be It
n ra r a

is t u th t the win d is c p icious—f mo e so

.

r e a a r ar r

th n ven w te powe whi ch lso i l gely

a e a r- r, a s ar

depen den t upon the we the —but n eve theless a r r ,

with the id of sto ge its fi kl n a n be ra ,

c e ess ca

n eut lized to g e t ext n t d n occ sion l

ra a r a e , an a a a

S ho t g of win d powe in volvin g the postpon e

r a e -
r,

men t of mech ic l pe tio s is n t n ecess ily an a O ra n , o ar

di s st ous
a In thi cou n t y the ve ge velocity
r . s r a ra

of the wi d th oughout the y is i the n igh

n r e ar n e

b u h d f 7
o r mil s p hou but du i g two
oo O e er r, r n

thi ds f the ye it xceeds 1 0 miles p hou

r O ar e er r,

which is well bov t h lowest speed t which it a e e a

will d iv wi d moto s ti f cto ily F bout

r e a n
'

r a s a r . or a

o n thi d of the ye t h v locity pp o ches

e- r ar e e a r a

1 5 mi les p hou n d i f vou ble itu tions

er r, a n a ra s a

thi m y be much xc eded Th v g velocity

s a e e . e a e ra e

is low t i summe when the dem n d f lighti g

es n r, a or n

is lso l st
a d m y m ch ic l ope tio
ea ,
an an e an a ra ns
on th f m uch e thr shin g g in ding
ar ,
s as a , r ,

cide p e sin g t
r- r su p d d
s , e c .
,
a re s en e .

The win dmill ( Fig 5 ) is mou ted n light see . n o a

t el towe usu lly 5 0 to 70 ft high

s e r, n hi ll a .
, or o a

top ,d is p ovid d with

an utom tic gove ni ng
r e a a r

devices to ccommod te its pect to the st en gth

a a as r

o f the win d ; if p ope ly co st ucted it o nl y r r n r ,

FI G . 5 .
—
WI ND TUR B I N E FO R DR IV I NG E L E C TR I C PLA N T .
 E L E C T R IC I T Y S U P PL Y 17

n eeds n occ sion l visit f lub ic tio

a d th
a a or r a n, an e

cost of ep i s is t ivi l Owi n g to the ve y

r a r r a . r

v i ble speed of the wi n d p i l typ of s lf

ar a , a s ec a e e

r egul tin g dy mo is used to ch rge the sto ge

a na a ra

b tte y The cost of

a r . complete in st ll tion a a a

befo t h w w estim ted t £4 50 cove i g

re e ar as a a ,
r n

t h wi d moto
e d towe dyn mo switchbo d
n r an r, a ,
ar ,

b tt y nd buildin g U de p ese t co ditio

a er a . n r r n n ns

( 1 9 2 2 ) the co t would p ob bly be The s r a

dyn mo would give m ximum with st o g

a a a , a r n

wi n d of 4 h p ,
d the b tte y w ould give n equ l
. .
,
an a r a a

a moun t of powe f 8 hou s ; the b tte y could r or r as a r

give g e te output f
a r sho t pe iod up to
a r or a r er r ,

a bout 1 5 h p f 1 hou mple powe would . or r, a r

u u lly b v il bl f
s a ll o di
e y f mi g
a a a e or a r n ar ar n

ope tio s eve du i g p iod of c lm

ra n ,
n r n er s a .

Storage lectricity E mph sis m y he e be

of E . a a r

l id upo t h f tu e which is commo to ll uses

a n e ea r n a

of elect icity i t h f ct th t it n b sto ed

r , v z .
, e a a ca e r

co v ient ly i t t i y pp tu f
n en t n S a
/
on ar a ar a s or u s e a a

futu e pe iod This m kes it possibl to obt i

r r . a e a n

f omr t e m which is c p ble of givi g onl y

a s r a a a n ,

sa y 2 h p, co n t in uously e n o mously
. i c e sed , an r n r a

output t comm d f sho t pe iod Such

a an or r r s . a

t e m would by ch gi g b tte y co ti uou ly

s r a ar n a a r n n s

d y a d ight an ffo d supply of bout 20 kwh

n , a r a a

d ily which would d ive 5 hp m chi e f

a , r a a n or

s ome 4 hou s t full lo d nd would cov mo t of

r a a , a er s

th equi em n t
e r sm ll f m A imil
r e s on a a ar . S ar

ar gume t ppli s to the n f wi d powe ;

a e u se O n - r

a lthough t h pow ge ted v ies f om momen t e er n era ar r

to mom t n i conve i n c is expe i ced

en , o n n e e r en ,
as

t h e e gy is sto ed i t h b tte y whe ce it m y

e n r r n e a r ,
n a

be d wn t y time d t ny d si d t
ra a
.
an an a a e re ra e ,
18 EL E C T R I CIT Y IN A GR I C U UR
LT E

and the pl t a b l ft unn ing co ti uou ly

an c n
'

e e r n n s ,

un de the co nt ol f utom tic eg l ti g devic

r r O a a r u a n es .

In the c e f wi n d powe the e is

as O q u e stio
-
r r no n as

FI G 6 . .
— P E TR O L -
E L E C TR I C GE N E R A T I NG

SE T , W I TH SW I T C H GE A R .

A s ter E ng in eeri ng C o . L td .

to w yle ves
a a w te ight
, or d the c pit l
a r r s, an a a

cost n be sce t ined p eci ely befo eh d

ca a r a r s r an ,

whe e s in the c e of w te powe the cost f the

r a as a r- r O

d m is somewh t u n ce t in
a a r a .

I view of the high cost of fuel n ow d ys

n d the a a an
20 EL E C TR I C I T Y IN A GR I C U L T UR E
othe item of the pl t The in st ll tion should
r an . a a

be housed in d y d well ven til ted b uildin g

a r an -
a

A us tin M otor C o .
,
L td .

FI G . 7 .
—A U TOM AT C I P E T R O L -E L E C T R I C G E N E R A TI N G
SE T .
§ kw .

a way f om dust d f om m u e h ps ; t h
r , an r an r ea e

l tt giv ff mmoni c l v pou s which

a er e O a a a a r , are

highly in ju ious to sto g b tte ies The sto ag

r ra e a r . r e
 EL E C TR I C IT Y S UPPL Y 21

cell s m y co venie tly be c ied i two tie s

a n n a rr n r

by woode st d sti g n b ck floo (

a n an re n o a ri r see

P r i tchett a nd Gold and E P S

. . .
3

FIG . 8 .
—E L E C TR I C ST O R A G E B A T T E R Y F OR FA R M H O U S E .

Cost Plant and of Energy Produced The

of .

cost f compl t lf t ti g il n gi d iven

O a e e se -
s ar n O -
e ne - r
outfit f 5 h p is £37 5 t the time f w iti g
O . a O r n .

All owi g f tt d c i t t d d p eci tio

n or a en an e, n eres an e r a n,
re p i s d to es d umi g co sumptio
a r an s r ,
an a ss n a n n
of kw h p um the cost f e gy er a nn , O n er
Obt i d by this m s m y be stim t d t
a ne e an a e a e a

6d p . u it Th co t f
er n uctio g pl n t
. e s O a s n- as a

to giv q iv l t vic would be bout £ 300

e e u a en ser e a ,

an d the co t p u it bout 6d Is ch c s er n a . n ea a e

allow c is made f onl y

an e m ll moun t of or a s a a
22 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T U R E
sto ge The cost of w te powe i st ll tion
ra . a a r- r n a a ,

a ssuming th t the hyd ulic wo ks of implea ra r ar e a S

ch cte nd the pipe lin e n t un duly l ng m y
ar a r a o o ,
a

be put t £800 n d the cost of en e gy t 1 0d p

a ,
a r a . er

uni t With win d powe the costs would be

.
-
r

a nd I p u n it espectiv
S . ly I the
er l st two c es r e . n a as

it is ssumed th t sufficien t sto g would be

a a ra e

p ovided to m in t in li ghtin g d othe e e ti l

r a a an r ss n a

se vices f
r fo tni ght These p ices
or me ely
a r . r are r

illust tive so much dep n d upon loc l con di tio s

ra e s a n
a nd the v yin g m ket p i ces f pl t d fuel
on ar ar r O an an ,

th t n close estim te is possible

a o a .

Arrangement Plant I the sp c h e of . n a e er

a v il ble it i impossibl to di scuss the d t ils f

a a s e e a O

the gen e tin g d sto ge pl t mo e fully but

ra an ra an r ,

a few wo ds m y be dd d con c nin g the g

r l a a e er e n er a

arr a n geme t f p iv te in st ll tio A high

n O a r a a a n .

p essu e should t be chose

r r it i c e s the no n , as n r a es

cost of i st ll tio n d m in te c in v ious

n a a n a a n an e ar

w ys n d lessen li bili ty somewh t Whe e

a , a s re a a . r

the di st ce ove which the cu en t is to b dis

an r rr e

t ibuted does t exceed y 1 00 y ds p e su e

r no ,
sa ,
ar ,
a r s r

of 1 00 V is qui te hi gh e ough N highe p u n . 0 r ress re

n eed be used u nl ess the wo kin g d lighti g r an n

pl ces
a wid ly sc tte ed the lo ds exceptio
ar e e a r , or a n

a lly h vy A p essu e f 200 V m y be eg ded

ea . r r o a r ar

as the hi ghest eve equi ed f gen e l di st ibution r r r or ra r

for lightin g he ting nd cookin g d f pow , a ,

a , an or er

up to 1 0 h p but the lowe volt ge is p efe ble

. .
,
r a r ra .

Whe e p ctic ble the e gin e oom shoul d be

r ra a ,
n -
r

ne the hous f con veni e ce of ccess in b d

ar e or n a a

we the but t so e
a r, to c u e n uis ce by no n ar a s a s a an

n oise n d exh ust fumes

a Whe e w t e win d a . r a r or

powe is employed it m y t be possibl to sit

r ,
a no e e
 E L E C TR I C IT Y S UPPL Y 23

the dyn mo oom close t h n d but the sto ge

a -
r a a ,
ra

b tte y should be n e the house if possible in o de

a r ar ,
r r

to k ep it u d bse v tion d to secu e the be t

e n er O r a an r s

re gul tio of the lights Eve y cell of the b tte y

a n . r a r

should be x mi ed o ce week n d ny in dic

e a n n a ,
a a a

tion s of i egul ity should be t o c followed by

rr ar a n e

steps to mov the t ouble Whil e sto gere e r . ra

b tt i s n ow d ys
a er e ve y well m de they a a are r -
a ,

rem i the we kest poi t f the in st ll tion On

a n a n O a a . e

impo t t dv n t ge f low volt ge is th t the

r an a a a O a a a

n umbe of cells equi ed is co espo di ngly low

r r r rr n

33 f 1 00 V system
or a On pe son ought to b-
. e r e

in st ucted in the c e of the pl n t p ticul ly

r ar a ,
ar ar

of the b tte y n d should be held e po sible f

a r , a r s n or

it m i te
s c in good con di tion
a n n an e .

Capabi ities lectric Plant Eve

l ve y
of E . n a r

sm ll pl n t will do su p isi g moun t of wo k

a a a r r n a r .

On the f m f M W W B ll tyn e ar t St tO r . . . a an ,
a ra

fo d Ont io g kW set un s milking m chin e

r ,
ar ,
a r a a ,

a c m sep t o
rea pump in the d i y a ra oot r, a a r , a r

pulpe n emery wheel ho se clippe s sheep

r . a ,
r r ,
a

sh i g m chi e
e ar n f n i g mill a w hin g n , a an n , a as

m chia suction cle

ne , a n elect ic i on nd aner , a r r ,
a a

to t as er ,b sides ch gi g b tte ies f moto

e ar n a r or r

c ar lightin g pumpi g w te f t h house d, n a r or e ,

an

lightin g the f m house nd out buildings ar -

a -
.

N tu lly these devic es

a ra used t v ious times ar e a ar

du i g the 24 hou s d n t simult eously The

r n r an o an .

o wn e fin ds th t he n dispe se with the l bou

r a ca n a r

of m n besides en j oyin g the con veni e ce of

on e a ,
n

l ct ic lightin g etc ( E l t i l N w Jun e 1 t

e e r , . ec r ca e s, s ,

A l g n umb of fi ms both B itish

ar e er r ,
r an d fo eign r ,

are m uf ctu i g sm ll il en gi e
an a r n a O - n and dyn mo a
3
24 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN A GR I C U U LT RE

sets f om kW upw d f p iv te i st ll tio s

, r ar s, or r a n a a n .

I some c s s thes
n to g e t xt t uto a e e ar e a r a e en a

m tic the en gin e d dyn mo st tin g up wh t h

a , an a ar en e

b ttery equi es ch gi n g
a r r ar .

Publi c Supply It is hoped th t t di t t . a a no s an

d te supply f elect icity will be v il bl t

a ,
a O r a a a e a

ll p t of the ki gdom e tow ilw y

'

a ar s n n ar a n or a r a a .

Wh such supply er e be h d t h f me will a c an a , e ar r

b w ll dvi d to use it
e e he wil l the eby ve
a se ,
as r sa

himself the outl y f c pit l p iv t pl t a O a a on r a e an ,

an d wil l void ll i k of p olonged f ilu of t h

a a r s a r a re e

supply b sid s bt in i g e e gy t lowe p ice

,
e e O a n n r a a r r

th n th t of p oductio by p iv t g
a a ti g r n r a e e n e ra n

pl n t Applic tion sho ul d be m de to the supply

a . a a

a utho ity co c d who will t t t h t ms

r n er n e ,
s a e e er on

which co ection be m de Aa ule

nn c an a . s a r ,

f m ar t likely to be situ ted

s ar e n o th out a n e ar e r e

O f exi tin g m i d the efo e p ci l m in s mu t

s a ns , an r r s e a a s

be l id to supply them ; it will the be fou d

a n n

highly dv t geous if n t i disp bl to a an a , o n e n sa e,

co- op te with ighbou in g f ms i bt in i g

er a ne r ar n O a n

a upply of elect icity

S e ch will secu e low r ,
as a r er

te m r d the m i s wi ll be l id in the mo t
s, an a n a s

suit ble di ectio The c bles m y b eith

a r n . a a e er

un de g ou d ove he d f ho t di t ce t h
r r n or r a or S r s an s e

fo m will b p ef ed whe e
r er u de g oun d e r e rr , r an n r r

ne two k is l e dy l id but f di st c s exc d

r a r a a ,
or an e ee

i g
n y h lf
,
mil sa wh t h t
, own h
a i p i a e, or er e e s s

supplied th ough ove h d c bl the l tte r r ea a es, a r

should be mploy d Th pole usu llye e . e s .

are a

e ect d i t h hedg ows (Fig 9 ) to void b t u

r e n e e -r . a O s r e

tion to f mi g op tio s d to su e cce ar n era n ,

an en r a s

ibili t y to th m without d m g to
‘

s p b u t e t h a a e cro s, e

ove h d c bles r be c ied c oss co e s of

ea a can a rr a r rn r
 By c ourtesy o f Mr . W . T . Kerr .

FI G 9 —
TR A N SFOR M E R POL E IN A GR I C U L TU R A L SU P P L Y
V
. .

SE R ICE .

Showin g in c om ing hi g h- p r ess ure lin e , i sola t in g s wit ches , 10 kva

t r a ns f or m er , ow- p re s s ure s wit c h a n d f us es , a n d out g oin g low- p r e ss ure

p
3- ha s e , 4 -wire d ist r ibu t ion .
26 E L E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL UR E T

fiel ds , at a l ss th n 20 ft —
suit bl h ight na e e ot e a .

a t the lowe t poin t Th co t uctio of the li e

s . e ns r n n
will e t with the upply utho ity
r s s a r .

If t h di st c f om t h etwo k i sho t the

e an e r e n r s r ,

supply p s u wil l b th t p v ili g in t h

re s re e a re a n e

town ship but f lo g dist n c s it will usu lly

, or n a e a

be d i bl to t smit e e gy t hi gh p es u e
e s ra e ran n r a r s r

V to V lt ti g cu t— d in , a er n a n r re n an

th t c e t fo m W il l b i t lled t the f m
a as a rans r er e ns a a ar

to educ t h p e u to uit bl v lue Th

,

r e e r ss re a s a e a . e

f m is comme ded to dopt low p e su e

ar er re n a a r s r

f orhi ci cui t
s xpl i ed in the p vious
r s, as e a n re

ch pt a The cost of the t fo m w ill be

er . ran s r er

the s m f 1 00 V f 200 V d while loc l

a e or as or , an a

d le m y b
ea rs willin g to tock l mp etc t
a e un s a s, .
, a

the low volt ge the sultin g in co ve i ce i

er a ,
re n n en s

imm te i l comp d wi th t h dv t g of t h
a r a ar e e a an a es e

lowe p s u r M o ov re s wh s v l low re . re er , en e era

p ssu i st ll tio s h ve b
re re n t t d th a a n a e en s ar e , e

a g n ts wil l w iv th i bj ctio
e d t t h wo st
a e e r O e n an a e r ,

s uppli e coul d lw ys b obt i d di ctly f om

s a a e a ne re r

the m ke s a r .

l i l H vi g con t t
A ternat ng Current Supp y . a n a s an

supply f l ct icity v il bl t h f me will

O e e r a a a e, e ar r

n t o eq i to ge A
r u rem tte f f ct t h s ra . s a a r O a , e

supply i thi ly popul t d n will lm o t n a e areas a s

in v i bly b giv by lt tin g cu t whi ch

ar a e en a e rn a rr e n ,

is n t sui t bl f sto g without co ve sio

o a e or ra e n r n .

The dv t ge f usin g lte tin g cu t

a an a s O a rn a rr e n a re

ve y m te i l ;
r t o ly a its p u be
r a no n c an re ss re

ch ged by t sfo m to y desi ed v lue

an a ran r er an r a ,

a t sm ll co t but l o the moto

a u d with it
s , a s rs se a re

exc edi n gly impl d obust d t h con t olli ng

e s e an r , an e r

ge is educed to the mini mum Thus n

ar r . a
 CH A PT E R III
TH E D I S TR I B U TI O N OF E L E C TR I C I T Y
The Distributing Sy stem supply utho ity The a r
’
s
— t t to y pow s— d t the
.

ma ni sand s a u r er en a c on

sume t min l t whi ch the i comi g c bl

r s
’
er a s, o n n a es

ar e b ought ft p ssin g th ough doubl pol

r a er a r a e- e

switch n d fus s b lo gi g to t h suppli e

a d e e n n e r , an a

mete Beyo d th t poi t the f me h com

r . n a n ar r as

p l te eco t ol ub j ct o ly to
n r the qu i
, em ts e n re r en

of l w th t h h ll n t
a his supply in uch
a e S a o u se s a

w y a to in t f with t h upply to oth

as e r er e e s er c on

sume s The uses of elect icity f lightin g d

r . r or an

f orothe ppli c tio s in the house

r a di cu d a n are s sse

in Ch pte I V ; it o ly
a m i h to co id
r n re a ns ere ns er

how to b in g t h elect i c cu t to the l mp d

r e r rr e n a s an

m t in b
e e rs s d outhous s P op ly h dl d
a rn an e . r er an e ,

elect icity is the most fl xible m s f di t i b t

r e ean O s r u

in g powe in xiste ce ; imp op ly h dl d

r e n r er an e ,

it m y give is to quite unn ce y t oubl

a r e e s s ar r es .

Wiring lightin g pu po s
Sy stems . For r se ,
a

pe m e t y tem of wi g to t h v ious poi t

r an n s s ri n e ar n s

will b n ece s y e ccept d m thod f s ar . The a e e or a

high cl j ob is to e close the i ul t d wi s

-
a ss n ns a e re

eve ywh e i sc w d st l tubi g but thi i

r er n re e ee n ,
s s

n t o t ll ess ti l
a Che pe tubin g sy t ms
a en a . a r s e a re

av il ble w ll sy t ms in which the i ul ted

a a , as e as s e ns a

wi es th mselve
r e clo d withi
e co ti uous s are n se n a n n

m t lli c she th d f most pu pos s t mod t

e a a ,
an or r e ,
a er a e

volt ges such sh th d wi

a ,
p f ctly suit ble ea e re s ar e er e a ,

besid s bein g sy to i n st ll n d d qu t ly
e ea a ,
a a e a e
 l By c our tes y o f M r W T Kerr
. . . .

FI G . l O — L o w P R E S S U R E SU P P L
.
-
Y L IN E S E N TE R I NG

FA R M .

p
Sing le - ha se su pp y
l is t a k en t o the house and p
3 - has e su pp y t l o t he
f ar m b uild ings
30 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN AGR I C UL T UR E
p ot ct d f om m ch ni c l in ju y Alte tively
r e e r e a a r . rn a ,

the in sul t d wi es m y be p otected with

a e r a r a

cov in g of speci ll y tough ubbe simil to th t

er a r r, ar a

used f solid ty es the wheels of vehicl s n d

or r on e ,
a

ge e ll y kn own
n ra b ty sh thin g (C T S as ca -
re ea . . .

Whe e ci cumst ces ll ow of it t h wi

r r an a ,
e re s

should be un n the ext io of the w lls whe

r o er r a ,
re

they less li ble to me t with in ju y th in ide

are a e r an s

b s t d l ooped i arn , e c .
, an -
n

to the i doo li ghti g n r n

fittin gs The switch . c on

t ollin g e ach light houl d r S

be of he vy m k d a a e, an

situ t d high up n the a e o

w ll closed in stout a , or e n a

wooden box .

L a m p s a n d Fi t t i n g s .

e the l mps used Whil a in

f m y d ar buil dl w a n d a r s
ide tic l with tho e are n a s

us d in the hou e with— e s

—E I L th exceptio th t f e n a or
FI G 1 1
I I
F TT N G
.

F Y
.

lighti
FOR
g l
LE CTR
ge sp
AR M
ces
C
t
AM P
h
AR D
n ar a e

type of l mp “
.

g fill d as e a

is p efe ble to the o di n y v cuum type

r ra r ar a
”

ccoun t of its g e t e eco omy—the fittin gs

,

on a r a r n a re

wholl y di ffere t L mps in wo kin g pl ces i

n . a r a or n

the open i should be p otected by fittin g with

a r r s

stout gl ss cove n d p o ided with

a uit ble
rs , a r v s a

reflect o s ( Fig r In ve y expos d positio s

s ee . r e n

fu the p ot ction shoul d b p ovided by met l

r r . r e e r a

gu ds outside the gl ss cov s Th fittin gs

ar a er . e

shoul d be of ve y subst n ti l co st uctio w tr a a n r n, a e r

p oof ii out f doo s n d of suit ble m te i l

r O r , a a a r a .
 TH E D I ST R I B U T I ON O F E L E C T R I C IT Y 0 31

d y fittings if exposed to mmoni c l

Or i n a r ,
a a a

v pou s
a quickly co od d d dest oyed
r , are rr e an r .

An elect ic l mp is p ctic lly devoid of fi r a ra a re

i k u de o m l con di tion s E ven if the bulb

r s ,
n r n r a .

is b ok the l mp c nn ot set fi to n ythin g

r en , a a re a ,

f the fil me t is dest oyed in st ntly d thus the

or a n r a an

cu e t is cut off The only c se

rr n . a

in which fi isk is p ese t is re r r n

when the bulb is in close co t ct n a

with infl mm ble m te i l f a a a r a or a

lo g pe i od whilst bu i g The
n r rn n .

he t b i g th n u ble to esc pe
a e n e na a

f eely the tempe tu e m y ise

r , ra r a r

to ignition poi t He ce it is n . n

impo t t to pl c the l mps

r an a e a

whe e the i r ci cul te f e ly a r c an r a r e ,

a n d the e is possibility of h y
r no a ,

t
e c bein g pil ed up
.
,
to bu y SO a s r

them .

Ease of Control of the . On e !

co ve e ces of elect ic light is

n ni n r

the f cility with which it n B j mi El C

a ca
n ec tr ic
be cont olled R is e sy f F G en a o.
r a or
—
.
,

i st n ce to
n a n ge switches t E
,
P
I L a rr a a
IG .

LE C TR
l2 .

C
O R T A BL E
AM P
e ch n d of lo g c ttle shed so
.

a e a n a ,

th t pe son e te ing t
a a d n switch
r n n r a on e en ca o

the lights p ss th ough n d tu n them out he ,

a r , a r as

le ves t t h oth
a nd without et ci g his
a e er e , r ra n
st ps Y ds n be lighted b i ghtly wi th l mps
e . ar ca r a

moun ted n poles n the w ll s of buil di n gs

o nd or o a , a
a switch n b p ovided in t h f me s bed oom
ca e r e ar r
’
r ,

so th t if he he s suspicious oises in the ni ght

a ar n ,

he n flood the y ds wi th light without le ving

ca ar , a

hi soom r .
32 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T U RE

Po t ble l mp
r a l o f t h g te t utili ty
a s ar e a s O e rea s

to the f me Th bulbs ar mou ted in st o g

r . e ar e n r n
l te n s ( Fig
an r co ected by flexible c bl
s ee . nn a e

of y d si ed le gth wi th plugs w hich c b

an e r n an e

ins ted in w ll sockets pe m e tly fi x d t

er a -
r an n e a

suit bl poin ts Thu t h u

a e c y l te . s e se r c an arr a an rn

f om
r buildi ng to oth
on e bt i i g light with an er , O a n n

which h n i spect t h mote t co s without

e ca n e re s rn e r ,

the le st i k f setti g fi to h y
a r s othe O n re a or r

combustible m te i ls a r a .

The bility to c y wo k i b s etc ft

a arr on r n arn , . a er

d kn e s sets in wh oth light s could t b

ar s , e re er no e

used with s fety is of t h m n y dv t g

a , on e e a a an a es

co fe ed upon the f me by the use of l ct icity

n rr ar r e e r .

Power Wiring Th wi i g f fi x d moto s . e r n or e r

c an be c ied out in the s me m e

arr f a a nn r as or

lightin g Whe t h supply i i gle ph s

. re e s s n -
a e

a lte n tin g cu t d is giv th ough doubl

r a rr e n an en r a e

woun d t nsfo m t h mo t of i ul t d wi
ra r er , e a un ns a e re

r equi ed m y pp oxim tely b h lv d by u in g

r a a r a e a e s

th d co ce t ic wi in g This con i ts f
e ar e n n r r . s s O an

in s ul ted co ducto cove ed by

a n b met l r r a ar e a

she thin g whi ch is used to c y the tu cu e t

a a rr re rn rr n .

This syst m i me tio d e ccou t of the eco omy

s n ne on a n n

in wi in g whi ch it m ke possible
r the y t m i a s s s e s

n t o howeve uni v lly pe mi ssible

,
r, d it e rs a r an

Shoul d be dopted d i st ll d o ly u de the

a an n a e n n r

supe vision of compet t el ct i c l gi e

r a en e r a en n er .
!

This r e m a r k a ppl ie s t o t he w hol e o f t he e l e c t r ic a l

in s t all a t io n f
The a r m e r s ho ul d n e v e r him s e l a t t e m pt
. f
t o in st a l l o r e xt e n d e l e c t r i c a l e qui pm e n t It c os t s l it t l e
f
.

m o r e t o O bt a in pr o e s s ion a l a d v i c e a n d s kill e d l a b o ur a t
t he t im e O f in s t a l l a t io n , a n d b y t h is m e a n s i t c a n be
e n s u r e d t ha t t he w ho l e e qu ipm e n t c a n s u b s e qu e n t l be y
u se d s a e l f y
a n d e fic ie n t l f
by u n s kil l e d l a bo u r y .
 TH E D I S T R IB UTI ON OF E L E C TR I C IT Y 33

supply to po t bl el ct ic moto s w ll
For r a e e r r ,
a

sockets should be p ovided t suit bl poi t r a a e n s

withi 20 ft f wh t h moto will t d t h

n . O er e e r s an ,
e

wi in g thus f bei g f t h cl u d f light

r ar n O e a ss se or

i g
n E ch moto
. will b p ovid d with
a r e r e a

l n gth of flexible c bl n d plug co espon d

e a e a a rr

i g to the
n ockets th t it e di ly be s ,
so a can r a

pl gg d i
u ywh e E ch such w ll sock t
e n an er . a a -
e

mu t b f d th ough switch c p bl of b k
s e e r a a a e re a

i g t h cu
n t t ke by the moto t full lo d
e rr e n a n r a a ,

a n d should b i itu tion p ot ct d f om t h e n a S a r e e r e

we the a r .

verhead Lines In some c ses it will be

O . a

d i bl to
es ra po t bl moto in t h fields w y
e u se r a e rs e ,
a a

f om the buildin gs ; it will l o b n ces y to

r a s e e s ar

c oss p c s betw n b ildin g In such c s it

r s a e ee u s . a se

is p ef ble to c y t h wi ove he d wh
r era arr e res r a ,
er e

they will b out of ch f m ch n ic l d m g e rea O e a a a a e

a n d co osion by seep ge f om m n u e he ps
rr a r a r a or

d i s The height must b chosen to cl

ra n . e ear

fully lo d d c ts f h y etc by t le st t h
-
a e ar O a a a e

h ight f m e ect— y 20 ft f om the g o d

, ,
.

e O a an r sa , . r r un

to t h lowe t poin t of t h wi e poles bein g e ect d

e s e r ,
r e

if n c ss y to tt in th t el v tion
e e ar a a a e a .

Th co n ducto m y be of b e st n ded c ble

e rs a ar ra a ,

of coppe lumi ium Th c bles r or a boun d to n . e a are

in sul to s uppo ted by sw n n eck b cket

a r s r a -
ra s,

c w d in to the poles n d m y b conn ected to

s re e , a a e

t h i n doo
e wi s by unn i g the l tte up t h
r re r n a r e

te min l pole (in n i on pipe if exposed to

r a a r ,

d m g ) n d cl mp n g them secu ely to t h

a a e , a a i r e

c bles
a .

Th te min l pole in the fi ld should b p ovided

e r a e e r

with stout wood n box con t ini n g the socket

a e a ,
34 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C U L T UR E
a nd h vin g lock u p doo By c yi g the b
a a -
r . arr n ar e

c bles
a lin e of poles lo g the side of y
on a a n an

field it is m de e y to t p them ywh e by

,
a as a an er

me of co ducto s tt ched to met l hooks d

ans n r a a a an

p ovided with h ndl e

r desc i bed below a a , as r .

Tapping High-Pressure
While it is Mains .

u desi ble to employ high p s u es n pow

n ra re s r o er

li n es used f g icultu l pu poses ci cumst n ces

or a r ra r , r a

m y en de it n ecess y to do so
a r r nd n the ar , a o

Con tin e t the p ctice isn t u n common I ra no . n

such c ses the o di n y plug n d socket method of
a r ar a

conn ection c nn ot be used Speci l conn ectin g

a . a

devices moun ted n some of the poles whi ch

ar e o

c y the high p essu e m ins These devices m y

arr -
r r a . a

con sist eith of set of coppe hooks moun ted

er a r on

in sul to s t height of bout 20 ft f om the

a r a a a . r

g ou d n d conn ect d by c bles to the lin

r n ,
a e a e

con ducto s speci l sockets n f e ch lin e

r , or a , o e or a

con ducto Alt n tively the co ection m y be

r . er a ,
nn a

m de di ectly to the lin e con ducto s by me n s of

a r r a

speci l t ppi g devices

a a n .

Fig 1 3 shows swit h f moun tin g n the pole a c or o

whe e t ppin g is to be effected t height of

r a a ,
a a

15 2 0 ft f om the g ou d
or The switch d
. r r n .
-
ro

S h n exte n sio n
as a t the lowe d so n ged a r en arra

th t the fle xible con ducto 0 (le din g to the t s

a r a ran

fo me t uck men tio ed l t ) c ot be put n the

r r r n a er a nn o

hook A until the switch h been pl ced i the open as a n

po ition
s il lu t t d in thi s position the
, as s ra e ,

switch isol t s t h hook f om the lin so th t the

a e e r e, a

c ble n be tt ched in p fect s fety by

a ca a a er a

me ns of lon g pole The switch d S i the

a a .
-
ro s n

pushed in to the con t ct B which is conn ected a ,

with the lin e con ducto by c ble L nd r a a , a

36 E L E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR I C U TUR E
L

c bl 0 is cl mp d When the d i d wn down

a e a e . ro s ra

in to t h po itio how t h fu e wi is tighte ed

e s n s n, e s re n
by t h p i g th t if
e s e x c s ive cu e t
r n , SO a an e s rr n
p ss s
a d m lts the fuse wi e t h ds
e an e — pidly -
r , e en ar e r a

sep t d n d t h
ar a e i thu xti guish d A
a e arc s s e n e . n
i sul to I c yin g sock t with bell mouth M
n a r a rr a e a -

i cl mp d to the lowe
s a en d of the b mboo d r e a ,
an

whe co ctio is to be m d
n nn e lo g pol is n a e, a n e

i ted i to t h b ll M to fo m h dl
nser n e e r a an e .

Whethe p ovid d with in g show i Fig

r r e a r as n n .

13 ,
tt ched to t mi l fittin g i Fig 1 4
or a a a er na as n .
,

t h fl xible c ble must be p m n tly fixed t it

e e a er a en a s

othe d to t h
r t mi l i the t fo me
en e er na s n ran s r r

c bia th t it h ll b impo ibl f

n , SO a yo e to s a e ss e or a n n
h dle t h c bles fte they
an e co cted to t h
a a r ar e nn e e

li ne and co seque tly ch ge d t high pn su n ar a re s re .

A ll high p e u li pp tus -
rd c ble
ss re nes , a ar a , an a s

s hould be x mi d d pp ov d by comp t t
e a ne an a r e a e en

e lect ic l gi ee befo bei g put i to vic

r a en n r re n n s er e,

i o de to p eve t
n r r
y i k of ccide tr to u s killedn an r s a n n

e mploy é s .

Portable Transformers Wh p u bov . en a r e ss re a e

5 00 V i mploy d it is ec s e y to t sfo m it e ,
n e ss a r ra n r

to lowe v lu f
a t h moto s
r Th best
a e or u se on e r . e

p ctice is to hou the t n sfo m pe m

ra tly se ra r er r an e n

in we th p oof hut
a abuildi g but i t h
er r or n , n e

U ited St tes d C d t h t sfo m its lf

n a an ana a e ra n r er e

is ofte n m d we the p oof d fix d in the ope

a e a r r an e n,

or ,if of sm ll size n of t h lin e pol the

a , on o e e es ,

gen e l ppe ra c bei g then i Fig 9 This

a ara n e n as n . .

elimi te the m ki g of t mpo y co ectio

na s a n e r ar nn ns
to the hi gh p e u e li but t fo me mu t
- r ss r nes , a ra n s r r s

b p ovid d t e ch poi t f om which it i wi hed

e r e a a n r s s

to t k upply C pit l xpe di tu e i educ d

a e s . a a e n r s r e
 TH E D I S TR I B U TI O N O F E L E C T R I C IT Y 37

and g t fle xibility f s vice is bt in ed by

re a e r O er O a

gi g to m k t mpo y co ectio to t h
a rr a n n a e e r ar nn n e

high p essu li t y desi ed poin t A po t

-
r re ne a an r . r

able t fo me is the equi ed moun ted in

ra n s r r n r r , a

FI G l5 — SE C T I O N A L ELE V I
A T ON OF T R A N SF OR M E R T R U C K
I VI
. .

FOR A GR CU LTU R A L SE R CE .

Showin g 9 0 -kVa
p w
oil- c ool e d
t ra n s
c om a r t m en t for
f or m er , r e a c t a n c e c oil , a n d
s it c hg ea r .

cov d w gon p ovid d with b o d wheels n d

er e a r e r a a

n ged f h ul g by ho es by t cto A '

a rr a or a a e rs or ra r .

t fo m t uck f 70 kW w igh bout th ton

ran s r er r or e s a ree s

compl t n d n be h ul d by t w ho ses Th
e e, a ca a e o r . e

i t io f t h w gon i divid d by p titio in to

n er r O e a s e a ar n

t w comp tm
o t con t i i g t h t n fo m
ar e n s , on e a n n e ra s r er
38 E L E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR I C U T UR E
L

an d the fus s ecess y f its p otection tog th

e n ar or r , e er

with chokin g coil to p ev t d m ge by

a r en a a

lightni g whil t the othe co t in s the low p essu

n ,
s r n a -
r re

switchg d c ble conn ectin g box Such

e ar an a a .
-
a

w go is show in ctio i n Fig 1 5 Th e

a n n se n . . es

po t ble t sfo me s
r a wid ly us d i G m y
ran r r ar e e e n er an ,

oft b in g hi ed out to f m by t h comp y

en e r ar e rs e an

whi ch own t h elect icity supply system

s e r .

l
Flexib e Cab esl T co ct t h t sfo m . O nn e e ran r er

w go with the moto

a n fl xibl c bl is u d r a e e a e se ,

whi ch m y co n veni tly be c ied

a po t ble en arr on a r a

c ble c el if the len gth i g e t It is de i bl

a re s r a . s ra e

to li mi t the length of e ch c bl to 300 yds d a a e .

, an

if g te di st c s h v to be cove ed two mo
rea r an e a e r or re

l n gths
e j oi d togeth with speci l co ecto s
ar e ne er a nn r .

Thus o l y the n ec ss y l gth f c bl i u d in

n e ar en O a e s se

e ch c se educin g the mou t f l bou d t h

a a ,
r a n O a r an e

w e ar the c bl s Th sm lle moto

on a e . e a r rs are

usu lly p ovi ded with sho t l gth f c bl

a r a r en O a e

(
a bout 1 0 whe the moto is so l g n r ar e as

to equi e wheeled t uck c bl d um c yin g

r r a r ,
a a e r a rr

up to 300 yds f c ble b mou n ted

. O th a c an e on e

t uck
r .

C e shoul d b
ar t k to co nn ct the met l e a en e a

f mewo k f the t sfo me w go with the

ra r O r an r r a n
e arth when it is in u by me of c ble conn ect d se , ans a a e

to n i on d d i ve d ply into d mp g ou d
a r ro r n ee a r n .
 CH A PT E R I V
D O M E S TI C A P PL I C A TI O N S OF E L E C TR I C IT Y
Indoor L ghting i By m th l . t impo t t no eans e e as r an

oft he e s Of us
l ct icity th f m e e tho e r on e ar are s

w hich c t d i t h hom te d El ct icity

ar e en re n e es a . e r

c an co t ib t i n r m y w y to t h comfo t d
u e n so an a s e r an

w ll b i g i t h f mily th t its i t oductio go

e -
e n e a a n r n es

f arto mitigate t h i ol tio d mo oto y of lif e s a n an n n e

in a cou t y hou e Tho e w h h v xp i ced

n r s . s o a e e er e n

t h di comfo t of lighti g wi th p
e s r s ffi n l mps d n ara a an

c dl s d i g t h lo g wi t eve i g
an e ur n lieved
e n n er n n s, re

by li ttl i t h w y of public t t i m t
e n e a en er a n en s or

oth di t ctio
er s ra pp ci t t h co t st
ns , can a re a e e n ra

a ffo d d by b illi t illumi tio without dou

r e r an na n O r or

e y t i
e - s ra n ,with t h lt t b fici l ff cts upo
e re su an en e a e e n
h lth d h mou Lighti g i
ea an u tu lly t h r . n s na ra e

fi t co id tion followi g po the p ovisio f

rs ns er a n u n r n O

a s upply f l ct icity d it hould b c i d out

O e e r , an s e arr e

in a cco d c with ci tific p i ciple i o d to

r an e s en r n s, n r er

se cu re ll t h adv t g s f l ct ic l m thod
e a an a e O e e r a e s

witho t i t oduci g u de i bl e ff ct Owin g

u n r n n s ra e e s .

to t h b illi cy of t h i c d c t fil m t
e r an e n an es en a en ,

no l mp should b di ectly Vi ible to the y

a e r s e e,

t h pupil of which if xpo d to

e b ight light , e se a r ,

imm di t ly co t ct d thu l g ly ut liz

e a e n ra s an s ar e ne ra es

th b e efits of mpl illumi tio

en ain f ct e na n a ,
a

Po em i which the e i
n b i ght un sh d d light i
r s a r a e s

e ss e nti lly b dly light d oom d will lw y

a a a e r ,
an a a s

a pp uch
e ar a s s .

E l ct ic light l d its lf lik

e r othe illumi t
en s e e no r nan

39
4
40 E L E C TR I C IT Y I N A GR I C UL T UR E

to co t ol by suit bl h d s d flecto s d
n r a e s a e an re r ,
an

to w ste thi qu lity wo ld b fooli h Th most

a s a u e s . e

pl si g m thod of u in g it i th t kn own s mi
ea n e s s a as e

in di ct lightin g i w hich t h l mp is u pe d d
re ,
n e a s s n e

in t a luc t bow l (mg

ran s en f i ly t h whit . a r n e ar e e

ceili g ; p t f t h li ght p
n ar Oth ough t h e a ss e s r e

s ubst c of t h bow l sh ddi g soft illumin tio

an e e ,
e n a a n
the w ll d t bl on a s an a es ,

whilst p t is th ow di ctly ar r n re

the c ilin g d diffusiv ly on e an e

eflected th ef om t h r er r , e re

ul t t eff ect bein g id lly s an ea

chee ful d pl t Whe e r an e a s an . r

elect ic light is us d r e ,
a

ceili n g m in whi te f re a s or

y s wi thout qui in g e ar re r re

ew l d th w ll s d n a ,
an e a an

cu t i lso k p cl f r a ns a ee e an ar

lo g th with y oth n er an an er

tifici l ill u mi t Wh ar a n an . er e

m H
B r iti sh T ho st o g light is de i d
s on - ous ton a r n s re ,
as

Fm Ski ff upo lib y t bl u it n a r ar a e, s

FOR
.'

E
16
bl fl cto
L E C T R IC
, FI T T IN G
LAM P v il bl a e re e rs ar e a a a e

whi ch W ithout pe mi ttin g

,

S I
EM I- N D IR E C T L I GH T I N G r
SY
,

gl e
ST EM ‘
con c t t t h ar ,
”
en ra e e

light i the equi d di ectio n without plu gin g t h

n r re r n e

re st f t h oom i d kn e s O t h oth h d
O e r n ar s . n e er an ,

wh e ubd d light i e d d
er a s ue i b d oom s n e e ,
as n a e r

wh th e i
ere you g chi ld t h light n b
er s a n ,
e ca e

re duc d to y d i d d g
e an by di mmin ges re e re e a

s witch T cu ll th
. O se dv t ge to t h full
re a ese a an a s e ,

it i dvi bl to mploy comp t t co t cto

s a sa e e a e en n ra r .

If t h pply p e su i 5 0 V 1 00 V t h
e su r s ge
re s or ,
e r an

of izes of l mp v il ble is g t th with

s a a a a re a er an

high p essu es ; m o efficie t l mp

er r r lo re n a s a re a s
 D OM E S T I C AP PL I CA TI ON S OF E L E C T R I C IT Y 41

obt in ble f the low p essu es Th se

a a or er r r . e ar e

impo t t r anon f choo ing low volt g

reas s or s a a e .

A t h hou
S will i
e se n

mo t c s b built a se s e

b foe th
re l ct ic e e e r

light i i t oduced s n r ,

a sy t m of wi in g
s e r

s hould be chos en

w hi ch be c ied can ar r

out without u due n

i te f n c with t h
n r ere e e

w lls d d co tio
a an e
ira ns .
F a lk r k I ron 0 0 .

Such y t em i a s F s E s FI G . 17 ALCO LE C TR IC

the m t l she th d
e a -
a e or
IR ON .

rubb cove ed wi l e dy desc ibed in co ec

er - r re a r a r nn
tion with t h lightin g of the f m buildi n gs
e ar ,

which be i t ll d e tly d u obt u ively

c an ns a e n a an n r s ,

as w ll quickly d t mod t xpe

e as ,
an a era e e n se .

Much d pe d upo e n s n
th p p choic e rO er e

of po itio f t h s ns or e

l mp n d this lso a s, a a

hould b the subject s e

of compet n t dvic e a e

the o di y house r n ar

hold hould e lize er S r a

th t xp i e c d a e er n e an

kill s ti l to s are es en a

FI G 1 8 th tt i m n t of
FA L C O E L E CTR IC e a a n e

the b st ff ects
. .

S
I RON , H H O W IN G EE L R E ST e e .

U IN SE .

lectric Irons and Cooking Th e

E m y . er a re an

othe di ctio i w hich l ct icity

r re lighte ns n e e r c an n
dome tic duties d dd to the meni ties f t h
s an a a O e

home F in st c the elect ic i o (Figs 1 7

. or an e, r r n .
42 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E

and is boon to the hous wife whi ch o c

1 8) a e , ,
n e

she t ied it h wil l n eve willi ngly fo go

ha s r ,
S e r r .

Still mo e de i ble is the lect ic cookin g stove

r s ra e r

Fi
( g w hi ch h be b ought to hi gh d eg ee as en r a r

of pe fectio nd n t onl y impli fi s t h t of

r n, a o S e e ar

cook y but l o er ,
a s

e ff ct o mou e s an en r s

co omy of l bou e n a r

d boli h t h an a s es e

hug co l fi e a re n e c es

y to h t t h sar ea e

l d f hio d ove O -
as ne n,

w h i l s t p oducing r ,

with c t i ty f er a n ,
ar

b tt esult Th e er r s . e

cooke co titut r ns es a

th h vy lo d ra er ea a

2 3 kW b in g or e

n ece y to p p e ss ar re ar

m l f ix ea s or s or

ight p so s but — e er n

t h f ll lo d i o nl y e u a s
J equi ed f h lf
ac kson E lect ric S tove C o .

r r or a an
FIG C 19
h u w hil t
E L E C T R IC O O KE R
-

o r or 80 s
. .

S FOR I x PE R S O N S
h tm g th
.

w p pp ea e ov e n ’
w
T he s i t che s s ho n r ov i de s e a ra t e
hea t nd t h
cont r o l f or t he b oil in g mp
la t es , a e c on s u

tio
gn " a n d o v e n
b g tly '

n c an e re a

di mini h d du i g t h
s e m in de of t h op r n e re a r e e ra

tion s Th v g co sumptio of
. e a gy f
er a e n n e n er or

cooki n g is bout k wh p h d p d y a er ea er a .

The el ct ic cooke e o t b k boil g i ll

r r c an r as ,
a e, ,
r ,

f y
r ,
d ste m ll kin d of food
an ad giv aff s , an es o

no fum s di g bl odou whil t it is lso

e or sa ree a e rs , s a

p fectly cl
er d lw y dy f e an t
an a a s rea or u se a a

mom t s oticen
’
n e .
 H oba rt E l ec tr ic C o

FI G . 21 . E LE C TR I KI
C T CHE N M A C H IN E .

T he s m a ll e le ct ri c m ot or at the t o p of t he
m a chin e is g eared t o a p
v er t ica l s in dl e t o

which a ny one of a nu m b er of i mp l e m en t s
ca n be a t t a c he d fo r p p
re a r in g f o ods t u ff s

p la ce d i n t he d e t a c ha ble v e ss e l T he m ot or
pp y
.

ca n a ls o be a l ie d t o a v a r i et of ot her

s er vi ces a n d t he m a chin e is s o a rra n g e d t ha t a ll

p a r t s ca n b e ke t p c l ea n .
 Gen er a l E lec tr ic C c .
, L td .

FI G . 22 . T I M E -SA V ER E L E C TR IC W A SHE R .

The d ol ly is dr iv e n b y a l h
-
.
p . m ot or which i s p la c e d b e l ow t he t ub ,
o ut of ha r m s wa y cont r ol ha n d l e t he wrin g e r t o be driv en
’
A c a us e s

f f
.

or wa r d s or ba ckwa r ds r om the sa m e m ot or .
46 EL E C TR IC IT Y IN A GR I C U TU R EL

di cted whe ve desi ed ; th

re shes re r r er e are no a

to sweep up n d the pp tus n ed cl nin g

,
a a ar a e s no ea

othe th the usu l du tin g

r an a s .

Othe pplic tio s of the h tin g pow of

r a a n ea er

elect icity r to bed w mi g keepi g b by ar e -

ar n ,
n a
’
s

food hot ll night m ki g t coffee to st n

a ,
a n ea, or a o

the b e kf st t ble he tin g cu li g to g etc

r a a a ,
a r n n s, .

Electric Power Elect icity lso len d it lf to . r a s se

m n y dom stic ope tion s which othe wis nt il

a e ra r e e a

the expen di tu e of m n u l r a a

l bou By pumpin g w t to a r . a er

n lev ted t n k wh ce it n a e a a en ca

be piped to the kitchen n d a

b th oom n of t h most a r , o e e

coveted dv n t g s of city life a a a e

n be cu ed A kitch n ca se r . e

m chin (Fig 2 1 ) b h d a e . c an e a

which will g i d coff t r n ee , e c .

,

sh d v g t bl mi x cu t ds re e e a es, s ar

n d so p chop me t n d m k
E G ‘ 00
a u s, a a a e
F
I F
3 IG us ge
.
b t
2 egg d othe sa a s, ea s , an r
E LE C TR
p p e food f cookin g n t
C AN '

re ar or ,
o

o y
n l t mi imum of expen f it is d i v n by
a n a — se or r e

a v y sm ll moto —but lso with u p isin g

er a r a s r r

e co omy owin g to its m ki n g pos ibl t h use of

n , a s e e

p t of v get bles t whi ch would o di ily

ar s e a ,
e c . r n ar

be con ign d to t h du t bin

s e e s -
.

The lect i c w shin g m chin (Fig 2 2 ) dolli

e r a -
a e . es

cl othes w in g th m n d v
, r v t moun t f s e ,
a sa es a as a O

l bou in the l un d y To w el d ie s d hot

a r a r .
-
r r an

lin en cupbo d u ful in t h b th oomar s ar e se e a r ,

e lect ic f n s (Fig 2 3)
r u f l eve yw he e n d
a . ar e se u r r ,
a

the lect ic h i d ie bl ow b z of h t d i
e r a r r r s a ree e ea e a r

ove the coiffu e Poli shi g m chin b ight n

r r . n a es r e
 D OM E ST I C AP P L I CA TI O N S OF E L E C T R I C IT Y ,
47

the ilv t h lect ic suctio cle

S er , emove du t e e r n an e r r s s

f om c pet
r d the fl ar poli sh se ves t h s, an oor - er r e

pu po in dic t d by it
r se me L tly t h a e s na . as ,
e

po t bl elect ic ki m tog ph e bles the ow

r a e r ne a ra na ne r

t ogive movi g pictu e en te t i m t i hi

a n - r r a n en n s

d wi g oom
ra ccomp i ed if de i ed by
n -
r ,
a an , s r ,
a

f ultle p fo m c of the wo ks of the g te t

a ss er r an e r rea s

compo s t h el ct ic pi
se r o All th se d on e e r an . e an

oth dv t g
er a t th se vic of the
an a e
s
ar e a e r e

f me who n j oy t h p i vil g of supply of

ar r e s e r e e a

e lect icity r .

lc c
E e tri Communi cation Whil t the t lephon e . s e

is in n o w a y co ct d with t h u of lectricity
nn e e e se e

in the hous hold, n d n b i st lled en ti ly

e a ca e n a re

in d p n d tly th of it u doubtedly cl ims

e e en e re ,
n a a

pl ce in thi book A t l phon e pl c the f m

a s . e e a es ar er

i di ct commu n ic tio n with v y oth us

n re of t h a e er er er e

p blic t l phon e y tem th oughout the coun t y

u e e s s r r

a n d n t o n ly n bl
o him to c t in t h l t st e a es as er a e a e

m ket p ice to buy d sell t m g s ve l

ar r s, an ,
o an a e e ra

f ms f om n c t e n d to giv i st uction to
ar r o e en r , a e n r s

t d smen t but l o b i n g ll hi n eighbou s

ra e ,
e c ,
a s r s a s r

who imil ly quipp d within pe kin g

are s ar e e s a

di t n ce t y hou of t h d y ni ght ff o d
s a a an r e a or , a r s

i t t communi c tion wi th t h docto

n s an th a e r or e

vete in y u g on n d p ovide his hou hold

r ar s r e ,
a r s se

w ith ch l f co v tio w ith th i f i n d

a ann e or n ersa n e r r e s,

which g tly liev t h lon elin e s f f milie

rea re es e s O a s

s c tt ed ov t h coun t yside peci ll in t h

a er er e r ,
es a y e

wi n t In t h
er u l di t icts of On t io eve y
. e r ra s r ar r

o the hous i p ovid d with telephon

r e d i th
s r e a e , an n e

P ovi n ce of A lbe t the

r few f m without r a r e are ar e rs

on e .

U fo tu t ly the public t lepho

n r na e e ne se vice r in
48 ELEC TR I C IT Y I N A GR I C UL TUR E
thi s count y i t p t m ch mo e costly th
r s a r esen u r an

it ought to be but th t is oth to y—to which ,

a an er s r

a h ppy co clusio m y y t be w itt Ap t f om

a n n a e r en . ar r

the publi c tel phon se vic i t m m ni

e e r e, an n erc o u ca

tion telepho e system co ctin g the f m house

n nn e ar -

with the outbuildi gs wo kmen s cott g s d n ,

r
’
a e , an

othe poin t r the f m is e sily in st ll d d m y

s on ar a a e an a

p ove of the g e te t v l e
r time s ve r a s a u as a -
a r,

besides ffo di ng con v ient me s of keeping

a r a en an

in touch with pe tio t ll poi n t without O ra ns a a s

pe on lly vi itin g th m
rs a s e .

Consumption Power Some d t g di g of . a a re ar n

the powe con sum d by t h ppli c s m tio d

r e e a an e en ne
in thi s ch pte m y b of use to t h
a r e de It
a e e r a r .

S hould b obs ved th t e ul f w of the

er a as a r e e se

a ppli c s an simult ou ly in use so th t t h

e are an e s ,
a e

m ximum powe ctu lly dem ded is u u lly

a r a a an s a

but sm ll p opo tio of t h m ximum pos ibl

a a r r n e a s e

d m d c lcul t d t h m of ll t h tin g of
e an a a e as e su a e ra s

t h i di vidu l ppli
e n ces A inn um ble p tte
a a an . s er a a rn s

o f domestic ppli ce m d v yin g in iz

a an s ar e a e, ar s e

an d powe t h d t in T ble I opposite must b

r, e a a a e

r eg d d ar pp oxim t
e as a r a e .

Kn owin g the pow co sumptio of n ppli c er n n a a an e,

i w tts t h cost of el ct icity co sumed in p c

n a ,
e e r n ,
en e

p hou
er i obt i
r, d by
s mu l tiplyi n g the
a ne m p c on s u

t io ( i
nn w tts ) by t h a cost of elect icity ( p ce
in e r en

p u
er n it ) d di i di n
ang by F ex
v mpl t h or a e, e

cost of el ct icity f e 30 c rdle pow (40W ) or a an -

er

l mp usin g elect icity t 8d p uni t is 4 0 x 8

a ,
r a . er ,

0 32 d bout % d p hou A ctu lly

. . or a . er r . a ,

the co t of l ct icity i much le th 8d p uni t

s e e r s ss an . er

to f me u in g el ct icity f
a ar r s v iety of e r or a ar

pu po s ( Ch pte X I p
r se s ee a r ,
.
 D OM E S T I C A PPL I C A TI ON S O F EL E C TR I C I T Y .
49

TA BLE I

A PP R O X I M A T E P O W E R C O N S U M P T I ON

OF ELE CTR I CAL AP P L I AN CES

A pp lia n ce .

V a cuum la m p of 15 c a n dl e -po w e r

G a s fill e d l a m p o f 2 0 0 c a n dl e -po w e r
-

R a d i a t o r , a c c or d in g t o s i e z
L a un d r y ir o n
C o o ke r , a c c o r d in g t o s iz e
Be d -w a r m e r
H o t pl a t e ( fo r t a bl e u s e )
-

T o a st e r
Ke t t le
G r il l e r
Fa n
K it c he n m a c hin e
W a s h in g
T o w e l d r ie r
B o ot c le a n e r

H a ir d r ie r
f
R e r ig e r a t o r
S u c t io n c l e a n e r
Se w in g m a c hin e
f
Kn i e c le a n e r
S o l d e r in g i r o n
 CHA PT ER V
E L E C TR I C D R I VIN G IN M E C HA N I C A L
OP E R A TI O N S

IN thi ch pt w sm in ly co c ed with
a er e a re a n er n

the use of elect icity to p fo m duties of m ch ni c l

r er r e a a

d ivin g f w hich st m
r il
or
g in es would ea . Or O en

othe wis b ces yr e e ne s ar .

vantag es of El ec tri city F ming diffe f om

Ad . ar rs r

all oth in du t ies in th t t h f m does n t en t

er s r a e ar er o er

i to cont cts to n y g e t xten t H c ot

n ra a r a e . e an n

count upon ithe c ops p ice he i to high e r r or r s, s a

deg ee depen d n t n the we th

r d h puts e o a er , an e

a l g p opo tion of hi p oduc in to t o

ar e r r s r e s re .

H h to look he d some 1 5 mo ths n d egul te

e as a a n ,
a r a

hi ction in cco d c with ve y un ce t in

s a s a r an e r r a

estim t M o ov a es hi .wo k i i gul re er , s r s rr e ar ,

comi g with nu h t tim e whil t t othe a r s a s, s a r

tim s hi m ne p ctic lly idl f lon g pe iod

s e ar e ra a e or r s .

An y me n s th t will n bl
a the wo k to be a e a e r

sp d out ov the d y n d y
re a should b er a a e ar e

w lcom d n d in vi w of the con tin uou depl tion

e e , a e s e

of the u l popul tion n y dev ice th t will

r ra a ,
a a

re duc the mon oton y of f m life i highl y desi

e ar s r

abl Th e fu ction
. dmi bly fil led by
e se n s a re a ra

l ct icity which p ovides f ch ful li ghtin g

e e r ,
r or e er

without fi i k nd being v il bl t y mom n t

re r s , a a a a e a an e

and i ny w thn a bl f mi n g pe tio to ea er , en a es ar O ra ns

be gul t d to duc t h pe k lo d nd
SO re a e as re e e a a s a

fill up p iods of in ctivity It is n ide l motive

er a . a a

50
52 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN A GR I C U T UR L E

othe B itish c t the f m

r r e ge ly k en r e , ar e rs a r see

co ctio to t h y tem d t k e e gy costi g

nn e n e s s , an a e n r n
£25 ye a th v ge Simil ly in C d
ar on e a e ra . ar an a a,

th e of l ct icity
u se f m is ve y ge l ;
e e r on ar s r n er a
in O t io it i n ar ppli d f om the th ph s su e r ree - ase

lin e of t h H yd o lect ic Pow Commissio

s e r e r er n .

I n Fr c th op tiv ystem is wid ly

an e e c o- era e s e

a dopted eith to g n t pow , to bt i er e er a e er or O a n

bulk pply t h societies

su ssi ted by sp ci l e ar e a s e a

di t ict b n k w hich
s r uppo t d by t h St t
a s, a re s r e e a e,

a nd peci l c dit is ffo d d to g icultu l

s a re a r e a r ra

i t ests I 1 9 1 4 the w e e
n er . ly 1 00 such
n re r n e ar

b n ks in exi te c I Ge m y the w e
a s n e . n r an re re

in 1 9 1 3 65 0 pe tiv oci ti s upplyin g c o-O ra e s e e s

l ct icity f g icultu al pu po s
e e r or a r r r se .

Exam p es lectri cal Operation I Ap il

l of E . n r ,

1 920 , a D ep tm t l Committee of the Minist y ar en a r

of A g icultu e d Fi he ie ubmitted
r r po t an s r s s a re r

on A g icultu l M chin y ( Cm d 5 0 6) in whi ch

r ra a er .

the dv n t g s of elect icity f f min g op tio

a a a e r or ar era ns

w e emph iz d o ffici lly A mo g t those

er as e a . n s

m tio d w
en implicity l w fi t cost in xp
ne er e S , o rs , e en

sive fou d tio y st ti g po t bili ty l w

n a ns , eas ar n , r a , o

co umptio w h
ns n in g idl l g ov lo d
n en run e, ar e er a

c p city m ll w
a a ,
d t littl tte tion
s a e ar an ear , e a n

re qui d v n t nin g ot y motio t O

re ,
e e ur ,
r ar n, e c . ne

w it ess st t d th t
n f m of 800 c in
a e a on a ar a re s

Sw d e p ctic lly v y m chi

en , ra xc pt tho e a e er a ne e e s

u d f cultiv tio w
se or lect ic ll y d ive a n as e r a r n .

Wh b fo the
ere a s , of lect ic pow the
e re u se e r er ,

f me h d h d to employ 1 0 ho s 1 6 m
ar r a a d r es , en , a n

4 boy he w s,w bl to do t h s me wo k with as no a e e a r .

1 ho e 7 m rs d 2 boy ; the p oduct w

, en of an s r as

i c e s d v l e du to the moothe wo kin g of

n r a e a u ,
e s r r
 E L E C TR I C D R IVIN G 53
.

t he m chin y h could th h much e li

a er , e ra s ar er ,

O bt i i g highe p ice d voidi g lo th ough

a n n a r r an a n ss r

the v ges of ts d mic

ra a d h m d tot l
ra an e , an e a e a a

sa vin g of £5 d y the th shi g op tio a a on ra n er a n .

I n D m k ( whe e i
en 1 9 1 7 the e we e 2 7 1
ar r n r r

co-O p tive oci ti )

er a ope tiv y tem w
s e es on e c o - ra e s s as

supplyi g el ct icity ton f m s b sid s

e r ar er , e e

oth con sumeer d w powe st tion w rs, an a ne r a as

bei g bui lt S highly

n th comfo t n d
. O
‘

are e r a

co v ni c of l ct ic l m thods pp ci t d
n e en e e e r a e a re a e ,

th t D ni h f m s t lect ic lly quipped h ve

a a s ar er no e r a e a

di fficulty i t ini g th i mployees

n re a n e r e .

A oth n in st ce of el ct ic l ope tio i

er an e r a ra n s

to b fou d i la ge pig sty in D n m k Th

e n n a r -
e ar . e

sty i t w sto y t uctu

s a in which
o- ni m l r s r re , a a s

ar e housed d eve ythi g is don by lect ic

,
an r n e e r

powe i cludi g g i di g co
r, n emovin g fus n r n n rn , r re e,

an d f tchin g food tu ffs

e d you g pigs f om t h s an n r e

ne ighbou i g town of R d r n R ilw y li es an ers . a a n

ar e l id ll ov t h sty d th e m do ll the
a a er e ,
an r e en a

wo k r .

Methods ving The m thods f pplyin g

of Dri . e O a

el ct ic pow to t h m chin d pen d n whethe

e r er e a es e o r

the l tte st tion y n d un d cove

a r are a ar a er r, or

po t bl In t h fo me c s the impl st pl n is
r a e . e r r a e S e a

to in st ll moto d i vin g coun t sh ft by belt

a a r r a er a

( Fig 2 4 ) t h h ft i fitted with pulleys of v ious

. e s a s ar

s iz cco di n g to the speeds t which t h

es, a r
p a e res ec

tiv m chin e h v to b d iv n Th moto

e a s a e e r e . e r

s hould b f n t l th n 5 h p n d should be
e O o e ss a . .
, a

s uit bly en clo ed to p even t t h cc of du t n d

a s r e a e ss s a

di t to t h i te io f this pu pose t h m chin

r e n r r or r e a e

its lf m y b of the tot lly n closed typ

e a e t a e e, or a

le st of the enclosed v n til ted type which i

a e a ,
s
54 E L E C TR IC IT Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
somewh t che pe If t h upply is di ect
a a r . e s r
cu ren t th moto
r , hu t wou d if lt
e r s n -
n a er
t g t will be of the q i el c g i duction
na in , I s u rr -
a e n
type .

By c ourtes y ,
Br i tis h E lec tr ica l D evel op men t A ss oci a ti on .

FI G . 24 . EL E C T R IC
— M OTOR D R I V IN G FA R M
C O U N T E R S H A P T IN G .

At p
s m a ll e x e n s e c oun t e rs ha f t in g an d p y
ull e s ca n be a rra n g e d

so t ha t a n umb e r o f m a chi n es ca n b e dr iv e n f r om o n e m ot or .

The moto houl d b bolted down to co c t

r s e a n re e

or timb fou d tio er d shoul d be su o dd

n a n, an rr un e

by f c a gu d to p v t d m g
en e or d t ar re en a a e an o

k p t h b lt f e f om i t f c A v y good
ee e e re r n e r e re n e . er

alt t iv i to bolt t h moto to t h c ili g

ern a e s e r e e n

rafte s ; rb ll be i g commo l y fit t d to
as a ar n s ar e n e
 E L E C TR I C D R IVIN G 55

s m ll moto s ow d y the moto will n t eed

a r n a a s, r o n

lub ic tin g f
r months t time d it is well out
a or a a , an

of t h w y ov h d be id s which t h ho izo t l
e a er ea , s e e r n a

b lt d ive is b tt th
e r lopi g d iv nd the e er an a s n r e, a

belt i emoved f om s rdy cc s Although r re a a es .

fi re i k is v y
r s mot it i dvis bl to hi ld er re e, s a a e s e

t h floo i g ov
e t h moto with thi
r n h t i on ; er e r n s ee -
r

this ppli lso to t h t ti g g

a es a if the l tte e s ar n e ar , a r

i
s tt ch d to wood p tition The ce t e
a a e a en ar . n r

li of the moto should be n t le s th 1 0 ft

ne r o s an .

f om th t of the coun te h ft
r a the moto will rs a , as r

g e lly n t
en ra ru d the a or an

sh ft t 1 50 2 00
a a so th t the pull y will
or a e s

be of wid ly di ff e t di m te Th e d iven ren a e rs . e r

m chi e a bolted down to t h floo i g

n s ar e d e r n , an

hould be p ovid d with f st n d loo e pull ys so

,

s r e a a s e ,

th t y a of them
an be t t d t ple su e
on e c an s ar e a a r ,

by shiftin g the b elt The cou te sh ft should . n r a

run i b ll b i gn self oili g b in gs

a it
e ar n s or -
n ear ,
as

is t lik ly to c iv f eque t tt n tio

no e re e e r n a e n .

F sm ll ope tio s such chu n in g d c m

or a ra n as r an re a

se p tin g it i p f bl to
ar a ,
much m lle s
/
r e er a e u se a s a r

moto , ith p t moto to e ch m chi

r e e r a se ar a e r a a n e , or
a si gle n n g d th t it
on e b us d to
so a rr a e a c an e e

d iv y
r of umbe f m chin s
e an on e a n r O a e .

Portable Motors F d ivin g out doo m chin s . or r -

r a e ,

a po t bl moto is qui ed thi

r a e b moun ted r re r s c an e

on c i fitt d with h dl f m u l t s
a a rr er e an es or an a ran

po t if of sm ll pow (up to 2
r , but f such a er or

wo k d ivi g th hi g m chi s moto of

,

r as r n ras n a ne a r

f om 5 to 2 5 hp i eq i ed d this b i g too
r . s r u r ,
an e n

he vy f h dli g must b mou ted n whe l d

a or an n e n o a e e

t uck (Fig
r which it m i whi l t t . on re a ns s a

wo k the wh ls b i g p gged to p eve t

r , ee e n s ra r n
5
56 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN A GR I C U U LT RE

mov m t Th t ti g g sho ld b mount d

e en . e s ar n ear u e e
on the s me t uck d le gth of
a b ty h th d
r , an a n ca -
re s ea e

c ble hould b p ovid d lo g o gh to ch

a S e r e , n en u rea

f om t h wo ki g po itio to t h
r e a t w ll
r n s n e ne res a

socket Po t ble moto should lw ys b p

. r a rs a a e ro
vid d with
e i p oof d d st p oof covra n - d r an u -
r ers , an

By cour tes y ,
Bri ti sh E lec trica l D evel opment A ssoc ia tion .

FI G . 25 .
—P O R T A B L E E L E C TR IC M OT OR OF 30 h p . .

T he mot or is m ount e d on a l ight but r ig id t r uc k wit h br oa d whee ls

f pp
s uit a bl e for r un nin g on s o t gr oun d The m a chi ne is r ot ec t e d
.

b y a d e t a c ha bl e c as in g o f s he e t m et a l t hro ug h w hi c h en et ra t e s
f p p y
y
t he Sha t ca r r y in g a dr iv in g ull e
f
a r e b e lt - dr i v e n r om t hi s ull e
T hr a shers or ot he r mac hines
i n t he us ua l w a y
.

T he m ot o r
pp
is s u
f f p
lie d t hr o u g h a t ra il in g ca bl e r om a l ug a n d s oc ke t or
p ro m a t a p in g on ov e r hea d l in es
.

asthey un t high peeds but d iv low unni n g

r a S r e s -
r

m chi n e they
a oft n fitted w ith eduction
s, are e r

ge i n g h vin g
ar tio of bout 1 to 6 A 2 h p
a a ra a .
-
. .

moto n d c dl with eduction g

r a ran d c bl
e, r e ar a a e,

weigh bout 2 cwt n d n be c ied by t w

s a .
, a ca a rr o

m en
 E L E C TR I C D R I VIN G 57

Power Data T ble II giv s the ho s powe

. a e r e- r

requi ed r f v ious m chi e mployed

or ar a n s e on a

f m of
ar , y 300
sa c s ,
a re .

T A B L E II — H P W R Q I . OR SE -
O ER E U RED F OR

V I F M I AR OU S AR M A CH N E S

M a c hin e
p.
y Ca a c it pe r
t e n -ho ur da y .

f
C ha f c u t t e r 1 0 t on s
R oot 6—7
P o t a t o c r u s he r 20
O a t c r u s he r 2
M is c e ll a n e o u s pu m ps 1 00 g a l l pe r hou r.

M a n ur e m ill 30 t o n s
P o r t a bl e t hr a s he r 2 00 bu s he l s
Gr a in c l e a n e r 8— 1 6 t on s
W in n o w e r 7— 10
D r um t hr a s he r w it h
c le an e r

H a y a n d c o r n ho is t
Fl o u r m il l
B an d s a w , o r S he a r i n g

m a c hin e
M ilkin g m a c hin e
C r e a m s e pa r a t o r l b p er ho u r
.

C id e r m ill in g
E n s il a g e c u t t e r 5 5 t on s

Dr . o ley giv s the followi g d t f

F . C Cr w
. e n a a or

pow pplic tio s soci ted with f mi g

er a a n as a ar n
H
D i y w k ( h
a r d k or di g m hi pw
c u rn s an nea n ac nes
ors e
o er

iz )
.

f l g
O ar e s e 3—5
C t m ki g
ar -
d j i ay (l t h n w d an o ner a es, sa s, an

d r ill in g m a c hin es )
Sa w m ill s ( s a w s a n d gr in d s t o n e s )
L o c k m a kin g a n d s m it h s w o r k ( l a t he s , d r ill s ,
’
-

gr i n d s t o n e s , b e l l o w s , e t c )
B
.

a ke r ie s ( kn e a d in
g m a c hin e s )
B u t c he r y
( m e a t be a t in g , m in c in g , s a u s a ge
-

m a kin g )
 58 E L E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR IC UL T U RE

The s m utho ity t tes th t moto of

a e a r s a a a r

f om 2 to 5 hp will cut i
r hou up to 20 cwt of . n an r .

ch ff with co sumptio of 0 1 to 0 3 kwh p

a a n n - -
er
cwt It u u lly t k
. m hou to cut s a a es a an an r

1 cwt by h d d 2 ho . d d iv n cut
an ,
an r se s a n a r er c a

f om 3 to 4 w t p hou F tu i p cuttin g t h
r c . er r . or rn e

con sumptio is f om 0 0 1 to 0 0 2 kwh p cwt d n r -

er .
, an

f C t c ushin g bout 0 2 5 kwh p

or a wtr A moto a -
er c . r

of 1 hp d l with 4 60 g llo s of mi lk p hou

. c an ea a n er r ,

the co sumptio f ep ti g chu ni g n d

n n or s ar a n , r n , a

k din g t h butt b i g 1 1 4 kwh p 1 00 g ll o s

nea e er e n er a n .

A cco di g to M R Bo l e M tthews the

r n r . . r as -
a ,

ann u l cost of ho s a d d iv is £ 1 4 8 ; 5 5 0 a r e an r er

kWh of lect icity w ill do the me moun t of

e r sa a

wo k costi g eve t l s p kwh o nl y £2 7 1 0

r ,
n ,
n a . er , s .

M n u l l bou cost
a much
a elect icity t
a r s as as r a

1 5s .
p er kWh .

Milking by El ectricity
by co t i i g t . A re n a n n en

cow qui es mot ofs re to d iv the milkin g r a or 1 hp . r e

m chin S ve l cow s
a milk d t the s m
e . e ra are e a a e

time d f om 1 0 to 1 5
,
b mi lk d p hou by
an r can e e er r

on e m te di n g th e mo e milk
an t o ce n r e or r ers a n .

In f m t H efo d 7 0 cows
.
a milk d twice
ar a er r ar e e

d ily with m chi d ive by moto of 8 l h p

a a a ne r n a r ~ ~
. .

Ensi ag e Cutting l
d sil ge is cut d . In Ca n a a en a an

silos fi led with lect ic lly d iven m chi es

ar e l e r a r a n

en sil ge cuttin g i
a utumn lo d d t kes s an a a ,
an a

f om 2 to 1 5 hp L g quipme t used in
r . ar er e n s

C n d t k f om 20 to 2 5 h p
a a a d both a t e d r . .
, an ou an

el v t e e sil g t the te f f om 1 0 to 1 5 to s
e a n a e a ra O r n

i d 39 40 ft p ho
ra se or . er ur .

N l y 1 00 G m
e ar f ms M M tthew st tes er an ar ,
r . a s a ,

use elect icity f p e e vi g g een fodde A r or r s r n r r .

60 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
fitti g f lighti g t h y d This f m co sum d
n or n e ar . ar n e

i n on e y 633 u i ts f li ghtin g t 4 %d uni t

e ar n or ,
a . a ,

an d 930 u ni t f pow t 3d ni t m ki g
s or er a . a u ,
a n a

tot l co t of £23 y
a s t h g u l co t
— a e ar e a v e ra e a nn a s

p er f m i £ar2 0 T h fi t cost
s of t h l ct ic . e rs e e e r

f mi g pl t is h lf th t f t m
ar n an il d iv a a O s ea or O r en

pl t d t h fi i u c p emium i g e tly
an , an e re ns r an e r s r a

r educed M o ov l bo i l s costly d
. re er a ur s es ,
an c an

b e employ d u fully w t d y i cutti g ch ff

e se on e a s n n a

or ki bblin g co rn .

Simi l ly f m of 285 c e
ar , on aAlt i ch m ar a r s n e ar r n a ,

30 l mp w a in t ll d in the h ous
s er e d f m s a e e an ar

b ui ldi n gs d the whol of the m chi

,
an y w e a n er as

d i ven by 7 g h p moto fix d i t h g
r a y; . . r e n e r an a r

t h m chin
e in clud d co n mill ch ff cutt
a es e a r ,
a er ,

r oot pulp c ke mil l etc The supply m in

er , a , . a s

co i ted f h lf mil of co ce t ic c bl l id
ns s O a a e n n r a e a

u d g ou d n d
n er r t sfo m
n ,
t th a f m a ran r er a e ar

r ed c d the supply p essu e of

u e V to 1 00 V r r .

At n othe f m in the No th of E gl d
a r ar r n an ,

e lect icity h b en us d sin c 1 904 it i supplied

r as e e e s

a t 5 00 V f pow d 250 V f
or lighti g f m er , a n or n , ro a

st tion 1 5 mi l s w y by u d g ou d c bl
a ~
e a a ,
n er r n a e .

Th 4 5 li ghti g poi t
er e a re d ccou t of t h n n s , an on a n e

hi gh volt ge l most ll t h wi i g i c i d out i

a a a e r n s a rr e n

sc ewed te l tubin g The v g

r s e u l co t . a era e a nn a s

O f lightin g ove pe iod of 1 0 ye w £5 1 3 4d

r a r ar s as s . .

A 1 0 h p moto is u d to d iv lin e sh ftin g

-
. . r se r e a ,

which xte ds th ough t h w ll of t h moto

e n r e a e r

hou to the mi ll hou

se d d iv s th shi g se , an r e a ra n

m chi b b uise tu i p pul p c k b uis

a ne , e an r r, rn er , a e r er ,

st w cutte bo e c u h f h food n d
ra r, n r s er or en , a

sm ll l th s d d illi ng m chin es in wo kshop

a a e an r a a r .

A moto of 2 hp d ive r chu d m ilk ep . to r s a rn an s ar a r .

It i lso p oposed to in st ll milki g m chin

s a r a a n a e,
 E L E C TR IC DRI VIN G 61

r ef ig to lect ic i cub to ho se clippe

r era r, d e r n a r, r r, an

w shi g m chi e d elect ic h te s in the by

a n a n , an r ea r re

an d mi lk hous The f m ffo ds us ful typ e . ar a r a e e

of lo d to t h upply t tio
a t h m chi n es e s s a n , as e a are

used i the e ly p t of the d y d the g e t st

n ar ar a ,
an r a e

dem d f light nd powe occu s in the e ly

an or a r r ar

mo nin g In 1 90 6 7 thi f m used

r — . uni ts s ar

f powe costin g t 2d p unit £ 1 4 5

or r, a . er s .

c Progress Abroad In It ly n etwo k

E ectri l . a a r

of 25 miles of high p essu e li with 20 di t i -

r r nes , s r

butin g t tio s h b n i t lled n the Rom n

s a n , as ee ns a o a

C mp gn
a n d th shi n g
a nd p s in g ope tion s
a, a ra a re s ra

a re c i d out with po t ble t n sfo me s

a rr e r a ra r r

a nd moto s whil own e s of o ch ds in st ll

r , e r r ar a

moto d iven pumps f i ig tion In B v i

r- r or rr a . a ar a

th er e f w f m without l ct ic powe
ar e e nd ar s e e r r, a

ne Luc n e th
ar ov er f m lect ic lly er e a r e er ar s e r a

equipp d e .

The u of l ct icity is d v loped ve y wid ly

se e e r e e r e

in C lifo n i awh e inf ll is sc n ty In 1 9 1 5

r a, er ra a a .

elect icity w supplied by fou teen comp ni es to

r as r a

in st ll tion s p sen tin g a hp a ,

re re . .
,

a nd bout a moto s of which 80 p cen t r ,

er

w e used f i i g tion n d t h em in de f
er or rr a a e r a r or

mi c ll n eous f min g op tion s Th C lifo ni n

s e a ar era . e a r a

f m s u elect icity f cookin g i o i n g d ivin g

ar er se r or ,
r n ,
r

w shin g m chin s d s win g m chi n es t mo

a a e an e a ,
e c .
,
re

f e ly th n city people n d p t ol lect ic g

r e a , a e r -
e r e n er a

tin g et sold in g e t n mb s In We t n
s s are r a u er . s er

On t io 5 00 f ms
ar co cted to t h supply ar are nn e e

m in s The dv n t g of l ct i c pow
a . so
a a a es e e r er are

highly pp eci t d the e th t f m with elect icity

a r a e r a a ar r

a v il bl f om t h public m in s i wo th t le st
a a e r e a s r a a

mo th n simil f m which does n t re a a ar ar o

62 E LE C TR I C IT Y I N A GR I C U T UR
L E

e j oy th t p i ileg The sy t m of upplyi g

n a r v e . s e s n
e lect icity to f m o igi lly dopted by t h
r ar er s r na a e

H yd oelect i c Commis io n w
r b ed n t h cost
r s as as o e

p ice of
r gy t the muni cip l boun d ies plu
ener a a ar s

the cost of c yi g it ov p ci l li to the a rr n er a s e a ne

co sume but thi s w foun d to be comm ci lly

n r, as er a

fe sibl o ly whe the e we e t le st th ee custom

a e n n r r a a r

e rs
p mil e of t h oute d ten d d to f vou
er e r ,
an e a r

un duly f ms th t w e e the m i n o ds A
ar a er n ar a r a .

bette pl h been d evised cco di g to which

r an as ,
a r n

e ch di t ict is t ted in dep de tly d ll the

a s r re a en n ,
an a

co sum s in th t
n erch g d like the p ic a a re a ar e ar e a ,
r e

dimin i hi n g t h n mb of co sum i t h e
s as e u er n e rs n e ar a

in c s s Eight cl
rea e of vice . t bul ted a sse s s er ar e a a ,

ran gi g f om t h public lighti g of h mlet to

n r e n a a

f m se vic of the h viest type

ar r fix d ch g
e ea a e ar e

is m d f the e vice
a e d u i g ch g
or s r an a r nn n ar e
—
,

depe din g n the co umptio

n f e gyo ns n O n er a

syst m whi ch is ste dily g owing i f vou

e a r n a r

elsewh e l o er a s .

I Aust lin n the big sh p f ms l ct icity

ra a, o ee ar ,
e e r

is wid ly used f sh i g sheep

e or e ar n .

lectricity in Horticulture Tu ni g to h t i ul
E . r n or c

tu e f m k t g deni g l ct icity h m y
r ,
or ar e ar n e e r as an

uses The chief pplic tio i to pumpi g f

. a a n s n , or

which pu pose n elect ic moto i imm sely r a r r s en

supe io to g r rgin e equi i g tt tio

a as en ,
r r n no a en n

an d t kin g up little
a p ce ; it n b co t olled s a ca e n r

aut om tic lly by the height of w te i t nk n d

a a a r n a a ,
a

the cost f m i t ce is t ifli g A 1 0 h p moto

O a n en an r n .
-
. . r

will lift g llo s of w t p hou to h ight a n a er er r a e

Of 5 0 ft costi g t 2 d p uni t 1 d p
.
,
n ,
a . er , . er

g llon s A moto pump n l o be u ed to d ive

a . r ca a s s r

a ci cul to in t h hot w te sy t m in which c s

r a r e -
a r s e ,
a e
 EL E C TR IC D R I VI N G 63

the boil b fix d the g ou d l v l uni fo m

ers c an e e on r n e e ,
r

t mp tu
e b m i t i d
er a d the pipe
re can n e a n a ne ,
an s ca

b fi x ed t
e
y d si d level O
athe pplic tio
an n s e re . r a a

a re to toke hole pump p yi g pl ts ch ff

s -
s, s ra n an ,
a

cutti g sc ni g soil g di g f uit t olley d

n ,
ree n ,
ra n r ,
r s an

co veyo s f movin g f ui t
n r soil utom tic or r or , a a

stoki g ve til tio etc El ct ic light i l o of

n ,
n a n, . e r s a s

g t v lu i
rea u s y g d f night wo k
a e n a n r er ar en , or r ,

an d i heds d ffi ce
n s d in some c s s xp i an o s , an a e e er

m ts en b i g m d with l ct oc ltu (
are e n a e e e r u re s ee

Ch pt a X) By t h
er f lect ic light i the
. e use O e r n

sp i g flow s n be i duced to bloom t

r n , er ca n a an

e li d t th u de tu l con ditio s
,

ar er a e d an n r na ra n ,
an

thu th y s b pl ced e the m ket whe c an e a on ar n

p ices
r high thi p oce s is bein g dopt d with
ar e s r s a e

g t p ofit i ce t i m ket g d s
.

rea r n r a n ar ar en .

Thrashing lectricity Th d ivin g of by E . e r

th hi g m chi s is
ras n xt to ploughi g the
a ne ,
ne n ,

h vi t d mo t impo t t pow se vi c i
ea es an s r an er r e n
ag i cultu
r ; it is l o to
re which t h elect ic a s on e e r

method is most dmi bly d pt d Whe v ’

a ra a a e . re er

ov he d li s
er a v il bl elect ic th shi g n
ne are a a a e r ra n ca

be c ied out in the fi lds so th t t h g i

a rr d e ,
a e ra n an

t w
s ra b put in to to
c an s p tely with the
e s re e ar a ,

mi imum of h dli g d wi thout los of tim

n an n an s e .

Th hi g m chi e m y be obt in ed with elf

ras n a n s a a a s

co t i d moto but the o di y belt d ive

n a ne r, r n ar -
r n

m chia n be used i co ju ction with

nes ca n n n a

po t bl moto Th m lle m chin es equi e

r -a e r . e S a r a r r

f om 2 to 6 hp thos which fitt d with st w

r . e are e ra

p ess s etc
r d
e u u lly d iv by m ch ni c l
, .
,
an are s a r en e a a

pow qui f om 20 to 2 5 hp D F C
er re re r . r . . .

C owley t t s th t el ct ic th shi g m c hi es
r s a e a e r ra n a n
are wid ly u ed in Ge m n y whe the followi n g
e s r a ,
re
64 EL E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL TUR E
res ult h ve been bt in ed f the en gy n
s a O a or er co

sum d i kWh p cwt Rye 0 35—0 7 0 whe t

—
e n er -
a

0 35 — 0 60 ; o ts 0 2 5—
, .
, ,

- -
0 0 ; b l y 0 3 0 55 ;
5 0 a ,
- -
ar e ,
- -

mi xed g i 0 2 80 4 5 M M tthews giv

ra n , d t - -
. r . a es a a

f om D utch f ms pp oxim ti g to the lowe

r ar a r a n r

v lues me tion ed bov

a n a e .

E xpe ie ce h shown th t lect ic is much

r n as a e r

ch e pe th n ste m th shi ng both i fi st cost

a r a a ra ,
n r

an d in wo kin g co t especi lly wh the powe

r s , a e re r

re qui d is sm ll the wo kin g pe iods

re ho t
a or r r ar e s r .

The lect ic th she is ext emely co v ni e t in

e r ra r r n e n

u se , owin g to its light weight nd po t bility a r a ,

its equi i g n supplie of w te d fuel it

.

r r n o s a r an ,
s

in depe de ce f the w th ( it
n n be used
O ea er as c an

i doo s in wet we the with pe f ct s f ty ) the

n r a r r e a e ,

e e with whi ch it n be co t olled d its high

as ca n r , an

efficien cy ven whe wo kin g t light lo d Mo e

e n r a a . r

ove the unifo mity of ot tio of the moto

r r r a n r

re sult in cle e th shi g bett p duct

s a an r ra n ,
a er ro ,

an d i n c e sed output rA ctu l m s

a me ts h ve . a e a ur e n a

S hown i c e se f f om 1 to 1 5 p ce t in t h
an n r a O r er n e

qu lity of g i p oduced by elect ic comp ed

a ra n r r as ar

with ste m th shin g By c yin g out the wo k

a ra arr r

in two st ges—th shin g

.

d ough cle ni g in
a ra an r a n

on e m chin e nd fu the cl ni g d e si g n d
a a r r ea n r s n a

g din g in n othe —the wo k

, . ,

ra b do e with
a r r c an e n a

moto of 5 h p employi g f we h ds
r d
. .
,
n e r an ,
an

sp e di n g the w o k ov
r a lo g p iod A ctu l r er a n er er . a

t ts how th t the pow co t of th she d iv

es S a er s a ra r r en

by il t cto is mo
an O th five times much
ra r re an as

as with t h elect ic moto t 5 d p kWh ( R B

e r r a . er . .

M tth ws )
a e .
 C HA PT E R V I
E L E C TR I C OU H NGPL G I

Mechanical Ploughing Of ll t h mech nic l . a e a a

O pe tio s co ducted
ra n f m t h mo t duous
n on a ar ,
e s ar

an d t h most impo te t is ploughi g It is unf r an n . or

t un t th efo th t this i lso the mo t di ffi cult

a e , er re , a s a s

ope tion to de l with bv m ch ni c l m thod i

ra a e a a e s n
pl c of nim l pow ! Th wo k is di st ibut d
a e a a er e r r e

ov erl ge a v y in ch of which h to be
ar are a , e er as

op t d upon
era e d in t hi p ct ploughi g
,
an s res e n ,

h v stin g , d cultiv tio

ar e di ti guish d f om
an a n are s n e r

a ll othe m ch ni c l p oblem
r e a a r s .

The implest m thod f de ling with this cl

s e O a a ss

of wo k i c t i ly to use
r s utomobil plough
er a n an a e

or r e ap which i i d p den t of ll othe pp

er , s n e en a r a a ra

tus ,
d t hi s is the solutio
an which h mo t n as s

f qu tly b
re en dopt d in this cou t y with t h
e en a e n r e

a id of the p t ol e gi n e but it h c t i d w
e r n as er a n ra

b ck uch the g t w ight f t h m chi e

a s, s as re a e O e a n ,

which p tly u do s the wo k of the plough by

ar n e r

comp cti g t h oil the ec ssity of kill d tten

a n e s ,
n e s e a

tio high fi t cost high cost of fu l d n

n, rs ,
e ,
an co

s id bl
er a fi i k A g icultu l t cto we e
e re r s . r ra ra rs r

built d pu ch d with he dlo g h ste du in g t h

an r a se a n a r e

l tte p t of the w but p oved om wh t

a r ar ar , r s e a

di ppoi tin g to th i optimistic dvoc t s

sa n e r a a e .

An othe solutio n to the p obl m is foun d i

r r e n

t h syst m of h uli g ploughs to

e e d f by m n
a n an ro ea s

O f st tio y e gi e usu lly te m e gin

a n ar n n s, a s a n es,

which is f ee f om om of t h objectio s to the

r r s e e n
66 E L E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR I C U U LT RE

a utomobile pp tus d h been in use f m y a ara ,

an as or an

y e ar s .

Both t h bov methods h v bee d pt d e a e a e n a a e

to elect ic l op tio but t h utomobil l ct i c

r a e ra n, e a e e e r

plough n h dly be con id ed ca p omisin g ar s er a r

devic bein g ve y he vy— though it i eco omic l

e, r a s n a

i wo kin g
n d f ee f om fi
r isk The h ul g
,
an r r re r . a a e

system the othe h d le ds its lf e dily to

, on r an , n e r a

elect ic l pe tio r d h
a been dopted v y
O ra n, an as a er

e x te sively n t h Con tin t Ap t f om othe

n o e en . ar r r

a dv t ges it is che pe both in fi st cost nd i

an a , a r r a n

ope tion th ste m h l g

ra d employ le an a au a e, . an s ss

l bou
a the e i n co l w te to b c ied
r , as r s o a or a r e a rr

to t h h ul ge e gin s e a a n e .

A but little xpe ie ce h

s been g in ed in thi e r n as a s

co t y we must go b o d f d t g di n g
un r ,
a r a or a a re ar

wo kin g sul ts A cco di g to It li n exp ien ce

r re . r n a a er

i
n 1 91 4 ho e ploughi n g cost f om 22
,
to 24
rs r 8 . 8 .

p er c ste m ploug h
a re ,i g 1 8 d lect ic a n s .
,
an e r

ploughin g 1 2 6d p c (with elect icity t s . . er a re r a

1%l p C unit ) ll costs bein g i clud d L te

. er , a n e . a r

d t f om It ly publi shed in M ch 1 920 ill u t t

a a r a ,
ar , ,
s ra e

the ch g d co di tio ; lect ic ploughin g cost

an e n ns e r

26 in clu ive of l bou in te est

s . sn d d p eci tio a r, r ,
a e r a n,

while pet ol t cto s co t n le s th l 2 1 6d

r ra r s o s an s . .

owin g to the exce ive cost of fuel ss .

lectric Power Lines A ssumin g th t t h c ble

E . a e a

h ul g sy t m is mployed the equipmen t is

a a e s e e ,

n tua lly divided i to two ctions The lin e

ra n se !
supplyin g pow to t h m c hi n s ; d th er e a e an e

h ul ge d ploughin g ge
a a Th lin e will
an ar . e c on

sist of b copp lumi nium co ducto

are er or a n rs

c i d n wood n poles by me n s of po cel in

a rr e o e a r a

i sul to
n d will wo k t
a f i ly hi gh volt ge
rs , a n r a a a r a ,
68 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A G R IC U URLT E

Cab es l flexibl c bl
and Trans formers . A e a e

p f bly of the tough ubb sh th d type

re era -
r er - ea e

compl t the co ectio to the pp tus whi ch

e es nn n a ar a ,

is mo t d w h eled t uck
un e t ucks ; I t h
on a e r or r n e

c of 5 00 V di ect cu e t supply n t
a se a -
r - rr n ,
o r an s

fo m i n ce s y the cu e t b in g led to the

r er s e s ar ,
rr n e

mot th ough or doubl pole switch ci cui t

r a e- ,
r

b e ke (w hich
r a p f bl to fu es ) d
rs are r e e ra e s , an an

a mm te whi ch in di c t s the l o d
e r, t h moto a e a on e r .

If n t h othe h d the supply i th ph s

,
o e r an ,
s ree - a e

FI G 26 — D IA G R A M D O U B L E H A U L A GE D R U M S Y STE M
I
. . or -

or PL O U G H N G .

A t il t in g p l ou g h i s ha ul e d t o and fro b y ha ul a g e e n gin es a t e a c h s id e

o f t he fi e l d .

a lt ti g t p u bov 5 00 V t
e rn a n , a a r e ss re a e ,
a ra ns

fo me will b
r r ces y to educ t h upply e ne sar r e e s

p es u to mod te v lu which hould t

r s re a e ra a e, s no

exc ed 500 Ve .

A s p t t uck is us d f t h t fo m
e ar a e r e or e rans r er ,

(
s ee F ig 1 5 p 3 7 ) the
. hi gh p u e,
co nn ectio.s - r e ss r n

an d t sfo m bei g complet ly closed so

ran r er n e en ,

th t t h wo km
a e n isk f comi g in
r en ru n o r O n

c o t ct wi th con ducto t d nge ous volt ge

n a rs a a a r a .

Plough Haulag e Sy stems We com- . e n ow to t h e

h ul ge m chi e y which m y be
a a a n r ,
a a rr a n gd ie n
 E L E C T R IC PL O U G H IN G 69

th di ffe t w ys O m thod i to
ree two
re n a . ne e s u se

s ingl d um h ul g m chi
e -
r e ch sid of a a e a n e s o n e on a e

t h field to be plough d which h ul t h plough

e e ,
a e s

a lt tiv ly to d f (Fig 2 6) i thi c

e rn a e an ro . n s ase a

powe li mu t b p ovid d
r e ch sid of the
ne s e r e on a e

fi ld An othe m thod i to u
e double d um r e s se o n e -
r

h ul g m chi e the c ble p si g ou d pull y

.

a a e a n a as n r n a e
,

on a n cho c i g t t h oppo ite sid of the

an r arr a e a e s e

fi ld d the g b i g ev d i di ction t
e ,
an e ar e n r e r se n re a

Anc hor

FI G . 27 .
—D I A G R A M OF SIN G L E H A U L A GE D R U M S -
Y S T EM
OF PL O U G H I N G .

y
O nl o n e ha u la g e e n g in e i s r e quire d b y t his m e t ho d Of l ou ghi n g ,
p
t he ha ula g e r o e pass mg r o un d an a n chor dr u m a t on e s id e of t he
p
fi e ld a n d b ei n g d ri v e n by a rev ersi b l e d oubl e -drum ha ul a g e m achin e
.

ea ch of f ow (Fig
en d Th t hi d m thod a u rr . e r e

us st tio y doubl d um h ul ge m chi

e s on e a n ar e- r a a a ne ,

with t w c bl s p i g in ppo it di ectio

o a e ass n O s e r ns
rou d the fi ld ov pull y t the co n e s d
n e er e s a r r ,
an

rou d pull ys t t h d of t h fu ow lte n tely

n e a e en s e rr ,
a r a

h uli g t h plough to d f (Fig

a n Thi s
e an ro .

system i u ed ve y wid ly i It ly ; it h t h
s s r e n a as e

adv t ge th t t h h ul ge m chin e i t moved

an a a e a a a s no

U til the whole fi ld h

n bee plough d d e as n e ,
an

the fo lo g t ili g c bl s
re re t equi ed
‘
n ra n a e ar e no r r .

I ll the sy tems co sid

n a d t h h ul g g s n e re e a a e e ar

co sist of moto d i i n g d um
n s d ums a r r v a r or r ,
70 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN A GR I C UL T U RE

th ough eductio ge with clutches which e ble

r r n ar , na
t h idl d um to
e f e wh p ying out c bl
e r r un re en a a e .

I the c se of double d um m chi

n a the moto -
r a ne s , r

d ives t h d um lt t ly th ugh suit ble

r e r s a e rn a e ro a

g i g h li g in t h c bl
e ar n , d um whil
au n -
e a e on on e r e

t h oth e p ys it out The moto hould b of

er a . r s e

f om 30 to 5 0 h p
r t h w o k i v y he vy to . .
,
as e r s er a

plo gh fi ld 1 2 i d p with multiple h e

u a e n . ee -
s ar

Roa d

FI G 28 —D IA G R A M OF TE S C AR I S STE M Y OF H AU LA GE
I I
. .

F OR E L E C T R C PL O U GH N G .

s in g l e , ha ul a g e e n g in e i s u s e d
r e v er sibl e T he
A
f f
.

a n c hor t r u c k s , 5 , e ar e m o v e d t o t he l e t a t e r ea c h
t ra v ers e of t he l ou gh p
The ha ul a g e e n gin e a nd t he
a n chor d r u ms c , d re m a i n in t he
p
.

o sit ion s a l , c l , d l , un t i l
l ou g he d , w her e u on t he a r e
p p y
t he w hol e of fi e ld I is
p p y p
m ov e d t o a z , 0 2 , d2 , r e ara t or t o lou g hin g fi eld I I .

ploughs cove in g width of 3 ft equi bout r a . r res a

30 h p in h vy soil but to
. .
,
llow f to e ea ,
a or s n s,

roots etc 5 0 ,
60 hp mu t be p ovid d.
,
In or . s r e .

p ctice plough of thi o de would d l wi th

ra ,
a s r r ea

about 8% c s in d y of tw lv ho s At thea re a a e e ur .
!

end f ch fu ow t h plough i tilted in ste m

O ea rr e s ,
as a

ploughin g to m k t h etu n j ou n y , a e e r r r e .

M R B l rM tth w
. t t th t
.
l g h l g or a s e a e s s a es a a ar e au a e

s et w ill pl o u g h 1 9 t o 2 0 acre s a da y , a s c o m pa r e d w it h 1
a c r e by ho r s e ha ul a ge .
 E L E C TR I C PL O UGHI N G 71

mo gst the d n
C ompa ra tive A dva n ta ges . A n a va

t ge of
a s double e gi e system of ploughin g
t he n n -

are the followin g It is e i to djust qui as er a , re r es

less ope r be used ov u n v n g oun d nd

,
c an er e e r , a
“

c an

plough fu ows up to 65 0 yds lon g On the othe

rr . . r

h d it is costly to i st ll d equi e supply

an n a , an r r s a

of pow t both ides of the fi ld

er a S e .

FI G . 29 .
-
AN C H OR TR U C K, F I LLE T T Y PE .

t r u ck T his la t e
pp p
en e t ra t es eas il y
p
The t r uck i s r ov id e d wit h a n a n chor lat e , a r al l el t o t he l en g t h of t he
p i nt o t he g roun d as t he t r uck
f .

f p p p pp
is m ov ed orwa r d but O f ers g rea t r esist a n c e t o t i
of t he l ough-r o e u ll
in g i n t he di re ct ion
.

The sin gle gin yst m disp n si g with-

en e s e ,
e n on e

of t h h ul g n gin e but pl cin g it by n n cho

e a a e e s re a a a r

t oll y c yi g p ll y ( Fig
r e arr is oth wi e
n a u e s ee . er s

ve y simil to the fo m
r it h the dv n t ges
ar r er as a a a

Of ch p n s both in h ul ge pl n t n d in l ct ic l
ea e s, a a a a e e r a

in t ll tion but eq i e mo e op i mo
s a a ,
r u r s r r e, s re

di ffi cult to djust n d c nn ot be used ove

a hi lly ,
a a r

g oun d whe the d iv c nn ot see the ign ls

r re r er a S a

of the ploughm n a .

6
72 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C U T UR E
L

The dv t g s f t h thi d syst m h v l e dy

a an a e O e r e a e a r a

b n m tio d but t h oth h d it equi e

ee en ne , on e er an ,
r r s

a still g t l gth of c ble d dditio l cho

re a er en a an a na an r

pulleys d i u suit ble f u

,
anu ve s n a or se on ne n
g ou d
r n .

An Eng ish Installation A l x mpl of t h . S an e a e e

u se of t w i gle d um h l g m chio s n we m y -
r au a e a nes, a

t k the f m f M Cho lton t C otg v

a e ar O r . r a ra e, n e ar
Nottin gh m which l ct ic l methods h v be
a , on e e r a a e en

i use si c 1 9 1 0
n The f m h
n e f 240 . ar as an are a O

a c d the oil i of
res , an h vy t qui i gs s a ea n a ure , re r n

th re e fo ho ses to h ul plough St m
or ur r a a . ea

ploughi g w t i d but p ov d s ti f cto y

n as r e ,
r e un a s a r ,

an d in volved t h s vic s of t w th m d e er e o or re e en an

a ho to v the e gi b id s th m n
r se s er e n ne , es e re e e

O pe ti g t h pp tus Th l ct ic l quip
ra n e a ar a . e e e r a e

m t i clud
en n25 h p ctio g gi
es d a -
. . su n- as en ne an

p oduc d i vin g 5 00 V dyn mo i

r er , r t a -
a n an ou

buildi g thi pl t uppli

n l ct icity f s an s es e e r or

fightin g w ll f,
t h po w
as qui m t e as or e er re re en s

of t h f m e ar .

Th cu e t i c i d to t h v iou p t of
rr e n s a rr e e ar s ar s

t h f m by ov he d li
e ar of b copp with er a nes ar e er ,

w hich co ctio i m d by fl xibl co ducto s

nne n s a e e e n r ,

which tt ch d to the li
a re by hook
a ad e nes s an

s lid lo g them
e a q i d Th l ct i c plo gh
n as re u re . e e e r u

i g t ckl
n comp i t w t oll y w hich
a e fit t d r se s o r e s a re e

with l ct ic lly d i v h ul g g
e e r d t v l
a r en a a e e ar s , an ra e

a lo g oppo it id s of t h field d cultiv tio

n s e S e e un er a n,

h li g
au nv ibl th f o w plough to d
a re ers e r e e - u rr an

fro b tw e th m by m een of c bl Afte e ean s a a e . r

ea ch j u y t h t oll y
o rn e mov d fo w d by e r e s a re e r ar

h li g
au n c bl cho d t t h f
on a d of t ha e an re a e ar en e

fi ld by m s f c bl d m mou t d
e ,
ean th O a a e ru n e on e
 E L E C TR I C PL O U G H IN G 73

tr olley The plough h ulin g ope is 400 yds lo g

. a r . n ,

an d weigh h lf t n it is c p bl of su t inin g
s a a o a a e s a a

pull of 5 to s if qui d A 25 h p win ch n n re re .

~
. . ca

h ul t h th plough sh s th ough the he vi st

a e re e -
ar e r a e

an d sticki st cl y ploughi g 8 9ie d ep nd a ,

n or n . e a

9 or10 i wide Th h ul ge t olleys w igh 4 to s

n . . e a a r e n

ea ch th y would be mo co veni t to h n dl
e re n en a e

if they we e m d c p ble of p opelli g them r a e a a r n

se lv s The t oll y moto

e . fitted wi th pull y r e r s a re e s,

so th t wh they u clutch d f om the wi di ng

a en ar e n e r n

d ums they
r be ed to d iv th hi g
,
can us r e ras n

m chin t by m s f l the belts they

a es , e c .
,
e an O ea r are

a l so suit bl f h owi g mowin g cuttin g d i s

a e or a rr n , , ra n ,

t
e c d.
,
op t d by t h f m h ds It is
an a re er a e e ar an .

t ted th t field 2 89 yds squ e of h vy cl y

s a a a . ar , ea a

soil b plough d 8 i
,
c an deep with e xp di e n . an e en

tu e of 1 % to s of co l Ni mile of si gle
r n a . ne s n
fu owrr b cut p hou co s mi g 8 kWh
c an e er r, n u n ,

whi ch t 2d p u nit wo ld cost 1 4d ( to whi ch

a . er u s . .

must be dd d the co t of l bou c pit l ch g s

a e s a r, a a ar e ,

le Ploughs Whil t h
Automobi of . e e u se an

automobile plough quipped with sto ge , e a ra

b tte y h b co id d t h g t weight of
a r ,
as een ns er e ,
e r ea

such outfit d t ct f om it effici cy o wi g

an e ra s r s en , n
to t h comp e io of t h oil by t h w h l of t h
e r ss n e s e ee s e

t cto An lt tiv method i to employ

ra r . a ern a e s a

moto plough co ct d to the supply li by

r , nn e e ne
a t ili g c bl w hich is p id out d picked up
ra n a e, a an

agi t h plough p ss
a n as to d f I o de to
e a es an ro . n r r

p ovid
r po itiv m e of h ul g
a ch i i s e eans a a e, a a n s

t tch d c os t h fi ld b twee n c ho n d t h
s re e a r s e e e n a rs , a e

moto t h plough d iv
r on wh l which g g e r es a ee en a es

w ith the ch i This type of plough h high a n . as a

74 E L E C TR I C IT Y I N A GR I C UL T UR E
e fficien cy d i light comp tively in e x p sive
, an s , ar a en ,

a n d completely u de t h co t ol of the ploughm n r e n r an .

A moto of 1 5 to 2 0 hp su ffices to op
r te t h . er a e

e quipmen t The complet pl t With 2 7 5 y d

. e an , s .

of ch i two cho s 650 yds of t ilin g c ble

a n, an r , . ra a ,

a n d 6 whe led suppo ts f the c ble is s id to

e r or a ,
a

co t f om £35 5 to £600 cco din g to the size f

s r , a r O
the moto Ste m h ul ge ge wo ld cost f om
r . a a a ar u r

fi veto t times much The cost f ploughing

en as . O

14 i deep i giv
n . bout 9 p c e with s en as a 8 . er a r ,

e lect icity t 2d p uni t

r a . er .

l Progress O the Con ti ent g t

Continenta . n n re a

p og ss h bee m de in the dev lopm t of

r re as n a e en

l ct i c ploughi g A Ge m n h ul g ge i
e e r n r a a a e ar s

p ovided wi th two spe ds—2 5 d 3% miles p

.

r e an er

hou — d t h c i g is self p opellin g the moto

r an e a rr a e -
r , r

bein g coupl d ith to the c ble d um e to t h

e er a r s or e

r e ar wheel t ple su Th h ul g d um is
s, a a re . e a a e r

d ive by b lt
r n th t i t h v t of topp ge
e ,
so a n e e en s a

of the plough by oot l g sto s t h belt r s or ar e ne , e

s lips d d m ge i do to the m chin y

an no a a s ne a er .

The s m d ivin g pull y n be us d to d iv

a e r e ca e r e

th shi g m chi s etc The cho c i g

ra n a ne ,
. an r a rr a e

u es d with si gle h ul ge t uck weighs bout

a n -
a a r a

4 to d i p ovided w ith di sk h ped whe ls

ns , an s r -
S a e

to bit t h g o d it e b
e dv ced by po w
r un c an e a an er

d i ved f om t h h ul g c bl
er r t h wo k p e a a e a e as e r ro

cee d A se io
s . bj ctio to t h out fi t i t h g t
r us O e n e -
s e re a

w ight of the h ul ge e gin e whi ch is les th n

e a a n ,
no s a

1 3 to A F ch quipm t i m uch li ghte

ns . r en e en s r,

the t uck w ighing 4 to with mot of 4 5 h p

r e ns a or . .
,

a n d exe ti g t h s me m xi mum pull

r n the Ge m n e a a as r a

pl t viz
an ,
lb Th t ck i lf p op lli g
.
, . e ru s se -
r e n ,

an d i cho d by p d w hich i fi st d iv
s an re a s a e, s r r en
76 E L E C TR IC IT Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
g ou d li ght uppo ts b ing v il bl f thi
r n , s r e a a a e or s

pu po e r s .

M R Bo l e M tth ws h de c ib d F
r . . ch
r as a e as s r e a ren

po t bl pl t comp i i g 5 0 h p p t ol t cto
r a e an r s n a -
. . e r ra r

to h ul the pp tu f om f m to f m moto
a a ar a s r ar ar , a r

of 1 25 po t ble V ove he d t n s a r a r a ra

missio lin e d t ili g c ble n d teel plough

n an ra n a s, a s

ropes t h equipme t b i g gu
, teed to plough
e n e n aran

c es p e son a r er s a .

Cost Ploughing Th cost of ploughin g

of . e

with ho ses oxen is f om 24 to 40 p c

r or r s . 3 . er a re ,

b in g g
e ll y th
en erahi gh figu ( n e a r er e er re on a

p w
re - b is ) arI o d to asmech nic l . n r er u se a a

ploughin g eco omic lly t h pl n t mu t be k pt n a ,

e a s e

a t wo k co tin uously po ible The figu es

r as n as ss . r

in T ble IIIa l t to t hou d y th ough re a e a en - r a ,

r

out t h ploughin g e son ( condi t ion which sea a

ca n o n ly b fulfill d l g f m e by t h e on a ar e ar ,
or e

pe tio of
c o- O ra n umb of m ll f m )
n a er s a ar er s .

Th plough d wo ul d be
e are a c (d p ) e a res ee or

TA BLE I II

C OS T OF PL O U G H I NG BY V I
AR OU S SY ST E M S
( P r e -
Wa r Va lu e s )

D ee O r di na r y
S yt
s em —
p
P1 o ug hi n g Pl o ug hi n g
—
( 1 2 1 4 in ) .
(7 8 m ) .

C os t pe r a cr e . Cos t pe r a cr e .

St e a m ha ul a g e e n g in e s
Pe t r o l t r a c t or
E l e c t r ic ha ul a g e e n g in e s , w it h
e n e rg at y
1 d pe r un it . 16 6 1 1 45
 E L ECTR I C PL O UGHIN G 77

a c ( or dinar y )
by h ul ge d 65 0 c s by
re s a a ,
an a re

t cto Th c pit l ch ges fo m l g p opo

ra r . e a a ar r a ar e r r

tio of the co t d th fo e
n g m t should
s , an ere r arr a n e en s

b m de to keep t h pl t e g g d th oughout
e a e an n a e r

the ploughi g s so by op tion b tw

n ea n, c O- er a e een

a dj oinin g f m s if cess y ; fu the t h

ar er ne ar r r, e

h ul g pl n t hould be u d f oth pu poses

a a e a s se or er r ,

s uch h owin g mowin g th shi g etc wh by

as ar r , ,
ra n , .
,
er e

th p opo tio of the c pit l ch ges ll oc t d

e r r n a a ar a a e

to ploughi g is educed n r .

It should b bs v d th t wh the ub oil e O er e a e re s s

i good d ep ploughi g
s ,
ults in c ops he vi
e n re s r a er

by 20 to 35 p c t th o di y ploughi g er en an r n ar n ,

an d th t d ep ploughi g by lect icity i much

a e n e r s

ch pe th n by st e m
ea r a a .

I It ly i 1 9 1 4 ploughi g 1 00 d y p
n a ,
n um ,
n a s e r a nn ,

it w foun d th t t h cost w 2 1 p c with

as a e as s . er a re

st m d 1 4 p c with l ct icity t 2 d
ea , an s . er a re e e r a .

p erk w h I 1 9 2 0 xpe ime

. t with the Vniol ti e r n s a

T i l ct ic system showed th t c could ’

e s c ar -
e e r a an a re

b plough d t
e co t of 2 6 i cludin g ll c pit l
e a a s s .
,
n a a a

ch g t h n h a c d co t of l bou t U i g
ar es , e e n e s a r, e c . s n

t cto t h co t w
ra rs ly fou times much
e s a s n e ar r as ,

owing to the high co t of fu l s e .

A cco din g to d t f om the R t h m t d xp i

r a a r o a s e e er

m t l f m ploughi g n be don e with t cto

en a ar ,
n ca a ra r

th ee fou tim s quickl y with ho

r or r d e as as r se s , a n

t hus full dv t g b t kea of f vou ble

an a e can e a n a ra

w thea ; ll t h ploughin g
er n ba do befo e e ca e ne r

C h i tmr s l vi g tim in the sp i g f

as, ea xt n e r n or e ra

ploughin g which imm ly imp ov t h c op

, en se r es e r s .

It h b fou d th t t h b ct i which f tili z

as een n a e a er a er e

th oil
e mo t ctiv in t h utum
s ar e d th t s a e e a n , an a

th e li eard quick l d i plough d t h

er an er an s e e

g e te i its f tility A l O—c e field

,

r a r s b er . a r c an e
78 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR IC UL TUR E
plough d in two d y by e m n with t cto a s on e a a ra r, at

a less cost ( t p ese t w ges ) th b fo e t h w a r n a an e r e ar

with ho ses r .

Power Required for Ploughing AS i fo m tio . n r a n

r eg ding the m ch ni l spects of ploughing i
ar e a ca a s

no t ge n e lly v il bl the followin g p ticul

ra a a a e, ar ar s

m y be fou n d us ful
a It h b e fou d by xp i e . as e n n e er

me t th t to plough li ght oil equi s

n a e ffo t s r re an r

of 7 40 to 820 lb p sq ft h vy oil to . er . . ea s ,

1 2 30 1 b ;
, fou ye luc . 1 7 80 1 b ; h th r- ar er n e , , . ea

l nd
a lb D otin g thi s effo t by
, th . en r c, e

ho se pow
r equi ed to h ul t h plough t
-
er r r a e a

the te of ft p sec when plo ghing

ra 7) . er .
,
u a

fu ow ft W ide n d d ft deep is give by t h

rr . a .
,
n e

fo mul r a

Ho se powe x w x d X
r -
5 50 r c o T .

The v lue i doe n t u u lly e x ce d 3 mil s p

a . O 7) s o s a e e er

hou 4 % ft p
r, sec F om thi fo mul t h
or . er . r s r a, e

ho se pow equi d to plough 3 ft wide 8 in

r -
er r re .
, .

de p t 3 m p h in li ght oil would b 800 x 3

e a . s ,
e

X x 4% 55 0 1 3 hp I he vy soil u n de . n a ,
r

the s m co di tio the pow

a e qui ed would b
n ns, er r e r e

X 3 X 4% 5 50 2 0 hp A m gi . ar n

O f pow how v mu t be ll owed f l g

er , e er , s a or ar e

ston e n d othe obst uctio s n d f this

s a o r r n ,
a or re a s n
t h h ul ge n gin
e a hould b bl to e x e t twice
a e e s e a e r

the n o m l fo ce r a r .

A th e s sq ft in n c the a e
er are . . a a re , r a

th t coul d b plough d by plough 3 ft wid t

a e e a . e, a

3 mph ( %
4 ft p . pp e tly would b . er a ar n e

3 X 45 X 1 1 c e p hou -
a r s er r,

or 11 c s in t n hou d y ; but in p ctic

a re a e - r a ra e
 E L E C T R IC PL O U GH IN G 79

del ys occu
a d it m y b t ke
r, an th t 8 c a e a n a a re s

would be n th m k e are r e ar .

M R Bo l se M tthew giv the following

r . . r a a s es

figu s f re ctu l sult bt i ed with el ct ic

or a a re s O a n e r

ploughin g quipm ts e en

T A B L E IV

C I E
ON SU M PT ON IIY P I
OF L E C TR C T F OR L O U GH N G

D pt h f f
e w oA l
urr o
p g h d C
, m pt i pcre s ou e on s u on er
in c he s .
pe r ho u r .
!
a cre , kwh .

A c res per hour d e p e n d s on c a p y p

a c it Of l oug hin g s et .
 PT E R VII CH A

C H U G E L E C TR I A LA E

El ectri c Vehi cl es V hicl p opell d by l c . e es r e e e

t i it y
r c t ft met with f b yo d t h
are no O en ar e n e

outski ts of town m in ly bec use th y

r s, t a a e are no

con v i tly d pt d f lo g jou ey Th

en en a a e or n rn s . e

reas on f thi i th t ch gin g t tio

or s s t a ar
“

s a ns a re no

y te v il bl t t h o d ide whe s pet ol

a a a e a e r a s ,
rea r c an

b pu ch s d
e r ywh ea e doubt this d fici cy
an er no e en

will b emedi d i t h futu e f l ct ic v hicl

e r e n e r , or e e r e es

are g ini g in popul ity d el ct icity supply

a n ar ,
an e r

a utho itie r l ni g to pp ci t t h v lu
s are e ar n a re a e e a e

of this outlet f th i p oduct well th i

or e r r , as as e r

duty to fulfil p blic w t I t h m tim a u an . n e ea n e,

how v w mu t t ke the situ tio

e er , e s we fin d it a a n as ,

an d dmi t th t i mo t p t of t h cou t y
a a n s ar s e n r

ch gi g st tio
ar n l cki g An lect ic w go
a n s ar e a n . e r a n
c an t ve se di st ce of bout 4 0 mil befo
ra r a an a es re

re qui i g f h ch ge u le it is k ow th t
r n a re s ar n ss n n a

the ch gin g ar b do t th d of t h jo
can eey ne a e en e ur n ,

to ena ble t h vehicl to t e it i bvio th t e re u rn , s O us a

t h m ximum
e a di s of op tio s f om t h hom
ra u era n r e e

ch gi g t tio i 2 0 mil
ar n s a d it i w i
n to k ep
s es , an s se e a

f w mil s i h
e d
e th t outw d j u y of
n an ,
so a an ar o rn e

15 1 6 mile i
or bo t t h w o ki g limit H ow v
s s a u e r n . e er ,

this di us should b mpl f mo t of t h qui

ra e a e or s e re re

m t of the f m d t h l ct i c v hicl off

en s ar ,
an e e e r e e ers

so m y dv t g f f m
an a th t it i wo th
an a es or ar u se a s r

whil to giv b i f cou t of its ch ct i tic

e e a r e ac n ara er s s .
 ELE TR IC HA C ULA GE 81

Propelling Apparatus Th body of l ct ic . e an e e r

vehicle m y t ke v i ty of sh pes— ope a a a ar e a n or

cove d re w go ,
p ovided with se ts f
v a n or a n , or r a or

p e ge — but the p op llin g m ch ni sm lw ys

a ss n rs r e e a a a

co i ts f th ee e e ti l compo e ts— n
ns s O r two ss n a n n o e or

el ct i c moto
e r b tte y f ccumul to rs,d a a r O a a rs , a n a

co t olln r Th moto er of
. peci l d ig e rs are a s a es n

to with t a d t h w the s d ton x clud dust e ea r an e e

an d d mp f om the i te i o ; th y
a r ome n r r e a re s

time mou ted in t h wheels thems lves but

s n e e , ar e

mo oft n ge d to t h wheels with ch in n d

re e are e a s a

sp ocket whe l Whe

r moto is p ovided
e s . n on e r r

for e a ch b ck wh l diff ti l g is qui d

a ee ,
no er e n a e ar re re ,

n or is th clutch C d n sh ft ;
e re the
a or ar a a

m ch ism i th fo ext m ly imple d

e an s e re re re e s an

r eli ble 3 Th b tt y i ho d i
a . box lu g
e a er s u se n . a s n

u d t h ch s i
n er d i of typ p ci lly
e a s s, an s a e s e a

dev lop d t de l with t h sev con di tio

e e o f a e ere ns O

lo din g to which it is ubj ct d it m y be of t h

a s e e a e

le d d s lphu ic cid typ

a an of t h ni ck l
u r a e, or e e

i o lk li typ t h fo m h vin g dv t ge
r n a a e, e r er a a an a s

i
n ope tion nd the l tte
ra much lo g li f a a r a n er e .

Usu lly t h w o ki g volt ge of t h moto

a e d r n a e rs an

b tt y i 80 V n d the ch gin g volt g bout

a er s ,
a ar a e a

1 00 V The co t oll is kind of el ct ic switch

. n r er a e r ,

t ki g t h fo m of ot t ble d um clos d in
a n e r a r a a r en e a

c si g ; it
a n bl th moto to b d iven f en a es e r e r or

w d ar b ckw d t y p ed withi the

s or a ar s a an s e n

comp ss of the quipm t Suit bl b kes

a e en . a e ra are

p ovided d f
r i hi lly cou t y it is pos ible
, an or u se n n r s

to p ovid m r f ch gin g t h b tte y whilst

e e an s or ar e a r

r u nn in g down hill thus cov i g som f t h , re er n e O e

ener gy xpe ded in p op ll in g t h v hi cl uphi ll

e n r e e e e .

F or h ul ge cultiv t d l d the i ms of t h
a a on a e an r e

d i ving whe ls h ve to be fitt d with st ke

r e a e ra s
82 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
to secu hesio which hin de the
r e ad f v hicl n, r use O e es

on o d r to ov com thi s diffi cul ty

a s It li er e an a an

fi m h
r d vis d ts of d t ch ble ubb block
as e e se e a a r er s,

w hich b bolted th
c an ims thu i efew on e r ,
s n a

mi n t e co ve ti g
u l d t ct to
s n o d r n a an ra or a r a

vehicl e .

FIG . 30 . GA R R E TT E L E C TR I C L OR R Y . 3% -
TON M OD E L .

T he s t ora g e c e lls are hun g b e n e at h t he c ha s s is in t he ca s in g be l ow t he

sa c ks i n t his ill us t ra t ion .

Ease of l An outst din g f tu e of

Contro . an ea r

t he elect c v hi cle is the p fect e with whi ch

ri e er a se

it c a n beco t oll d It i x gge tio to y

n r e . s no e a ra n sa
th t i
a hou y p o of v g i telli g c
n an r an ers n a er a e n en e

c an l n ll th t th is to l
e ar ain thi s co ec a er e e a rn nn
tio n,d in f ct t h
an l ct ic i b olut ly a e e e r s a s e

u pp o ch d by y othe type of utomobil

na r a e an r a e

in thi f cili ty of m
s gem t O thi ccou t it
a an a en . n s a n
is p ticul ly w ll d pt d f
ar ar by wom if e a a e or u s e en ,

n ec y Rep i s
e ssa r so eldom equi ed th t
. a r are s r r ,
a
84 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C U U LT RE

ni ck l—i o c ll ) d t o g cu t flow w hi ch
e r n e ,
an a s r n rr e n s,

g du lly dimi ishe

ra a the b tte y b comes n s as a r e

ch g d This is ve y co v ni e t m thod
ar e . a r n e n e , as

no t t e tio i
a c ny ft the ch ge is
n s n e e ss a r a er ar

comme c d but xt full ch ge t hi gh

n e , an e ra ar a a er

volt g hould b giv occ sio lly

a e S Boostin g e en a na .
“ ”

co si ts of givin g the b tt y p ti l ch ge t
n s a er a ar a ar a a

ra pid t d is v y simil
ra e , to t h co t t
an er ar e ns an
p s u m thod it peci l fu ctio i to ef h
re s re e s S a n n s r res

a p tly di ch g d b tt y in
ar sho t time
s ar e a er a r ,

f ori st c whil t the d i v is h vin g lu ch t

n an e, s r er a n a a

m ket tow ft
ar lo g un whi ch h d plet d
n, a er a n r as e e

the ch ge u duly By this method b tte y

ar n . a a r

w hi ch h b h lf di sch g d
as h v e en a ar e c an a e o ne

thi d of it full h g put in W ithin

r s hou c ar e an r, or

if it h b full y disch g d t h m tim

as e en ar e , e sa e e

s u ffic s to give it h lf its o m l ch g Wh

e a n r a ar e . ere

it i po ibl to
s ng f
ss boo tin g ch g
e arr a e or s ar es en

t th
rou e , dius of ctio of t h v hi cle is in c s d
e ra a n e e rea e

m t i lly
a er a .

If the ppply p su t the f m is 1 00 su res re a ar or

1 1 0 V di ct cu e t ch gi g is
, re simpl m tt rr n ,
ar n a e a er .

If t h cu t i lt ti g
e t
rr e n di ffe e t s a er n a n , or a a r n

p sure s moto ge e to wil l b ec

re , a y r- n ra r e n e ss a r ,

co i tin g of
ns s m ll moto d iv by the f m a s a r r en ar

s upply d d i vi g
,
dyn mo whi ch ge e t
an r n a a n ra e s

cu e t t p u uit bl f ch ging t h
rr n a a re s s re s a e or ar e

b tt y A di ct cu t upply t 200 220 V

a er . re -
rr e n s a or

could b u d without e moto g seto by a r- e n er a r,

i e ti g
ns r i t c in the ch ging ci cuit but
n res s an e ar r ,

this i w t f l y t m An lt tiv to t h
s a as e u s s e . a e rn a e e

mot g or - to in t h c e of
e n e ra lt ti g r, e as an a e rn a n

c t upply i
u rr e n m c y v po
s ctifi ,
s a er ur a ur re er ,

whi ch h movin g p t as d co ve t
no th ar s , an n r s e

c t to di ct cu en t f t h b tte y
u rr e n re rr or e a r .
 E L E C TR I C HA UL A GE 85

G lly t n fo m would b equi ed with

e ne r a a ra s r er e r r

th ectifi to give the co ct volt ge d

e r er , rre a , an as

th is co t t d op of 2 0 V so i t h ecti
er e a n s an r or n e r

fi th
er , sy t m i t much mo
e eco omic l
s e s no re n a

th n t h moto g
a to but it is imple d
e r- en er a r, a s an

co v i t d vice I ithe c se th i equi d

n en en e . n e r a ere s r re

a sm ll switchbo d equipp d with

a mm t ar ,
e an a e er ,

a voltm t d utom tic s witch to e u

e er , an an a a ns re

t h co ect ch a gi g of the b tte y which might

e rr r n a r ,

othe wi b ev sedr mish dl d i oth

se e r er , or an e n er

w y Th e i howeve
a s . difficulty in the
er s, r, no

ope tio ra n .

Uses lectric Vehicles Th v hicl wh n

of E . e e e, e

m de i t h fo m of w go
a n eb n g d to r a a n , c an e a rr a e

tip its co te t d this op n tio b effect d

n s , an era n c an e e

with pow d i ved f om t h b tte y A milk

er er r e a r . s a

c t delive y
ar or the el ct ic vehicle is id l
r v an , e r ea ,

as it i t it b st w he m ki g sho t u with
s a s e n a n r r ns

f que t stops ; u d th s co ditio it is f

re n n er e e n ns ar

sup io to ho sed
er r pet ol v hicl both in r or r e es

e co omy of c pit l d l bou

n d i th apidi ty a an a r , an n e ra

with which it m k s the ou d F thi e o a e r n . or s r as n

th l ct ic w go f collecti g efuse h b
e e e r a n or n r as een

a dopted v y wid ly by loc l utho iti the s vi g

er e a a r es , a n
e ff ct d by it
e e h vi g been d mo st ted s u se a n e n ra

re p tedly F coll ecti g c t in c op

ea . or n er a r s, or

dist ibuti g m u the el ct ic w go i w ll

r n an re , e r a n s e

a d pted whe eve it stops t h moto stops d

a n r ,
e r , an

co um ns n gy whil t it
es no e be st t d g i er ,
s c an ar e a a n

w ith mov me t of t h co t oll h dl A

a e n e n r er an e .

p t ol gin
e r the oth h d i u u lly k pt
en e, on er an ,
s s a e

runn n i g du i g sho t top co sumi g fu l ; if

r n r s s, n n e

it is stopp d it h to be t t d g in l bo iou ly
e ,
as s ar e a a a r s

b fo t h vehicle
e re be mov d
e c an e .
 CH A PT E R VI II
P U DIPI N G A N D I RR I G A TI O N

Pumping by Electri city On of the pplic tion s . e a a

o f l ct ic pow
e e which i eeded most commonly
r er s n

on a f m n d f which it i uit d most dmi bly

ar , a or s s e a ra ,

i pumpin g w te
s f u i the hous a f m r, or se n e or ar

building f i ig tio Quite f qu tly

s, or or rr a n .
- re en

sm ll pumps
a p t d by w in d pow f omare O er a e -
er , r a

wi d ose moun t d
n -
r t ll st l tow d e on a a ee er , an

d i vin g
r cip oc tin g pump but whe e elect icity
a re r a , r r

is v il bl it i f b tt
a a a d ch pe to in t ll
e s ar e er an ea r s a

a m ll moto d i vin g c t ifug l pump (Fig

s a r r a en r a .

by whi ch bu d t upply f w te an a b n an s O a r can e

ra ised f om d pth f 25 ft to y h ight up to

r a e O . an e

1 00 ft ( highe if ecess y wi th mo xp iv
. or r n ar ,
a re e en s e

type of pump ) .

Th in st ll tio
e of such pumpin g outfit i
a a n a s

simple the pump d moto b ing mo ted togeth

, an r e un er

on a c st i o bedpl t whi ch is bolted dow to

a -
r n a e n a

timbe co c te foun d tion d coupled to t h

r or n re a , an e

c s y pipin g The t is co t olled by

n e e s ar . se n r a

simple st tin g switch d eeds ar tte d c , an n no a n an e

exc pt f oilin g occ sio lly It i e y to pply

e or a na . s as a

a utom tic co t ol to such pl t th t it pump

a n r a an ,
so a s

w t un til t nk is ful l d the stops w o kin g

a er a a ,
an n r

u til the w t l v l g in f lls to p dete mi d

n a er - e e a a a a re r ne

v l e The only diffi culty th t m y be m t with

a u . a a e

i due to t h
s eed of p i min g ; if t h pump i
e n r e s

full of i it wil l t st t liftin g un til it h b n

a r, no ar as ee

86
 88 E L ECTR I C I T Y I N A GR I C ULT UR E
che p a fi st cost ; it is l o che pe i m i
er in r a s a r n a n
t e n an c e d tten d ce A cen t ifug l pump
an a an . r a

c ot co v nie tly b d ive by windmill

a nn n e n e r n a ,

which is the efo est ict ed to the u of t h r re r r se e

in efficien t plu ge pump M o eove moton r . r r, a r

pump will l st f ye whilst ecip oc ti g

a or a rs , a r r a n
pump is subject to we d co osio which ar an rr n,

c us le k g
a e In some c ses how ve it m y b
a a e . a , e r, a e

n ec y to d i ve ecip oc tin g pump by moto

es s ar r a r r a r

this p e ts n di fficulty sui t bl

re s n ductio o , a e re n
g i g bei g p ovid d Such c se occu s wh
e ar n n r e . a a r en

w te h to be ised f om w ll mo th
a r as ra r a e re an

2 5 ft deep . it is t desi ble to fix moto

,
as no ra a r

pump b low g ou d Seve l in g niou d vic

e r n . ra e s e es

O f th ch i n pump typ h ve been d velop d

e a -
e a e e

f orliftin g w te f om deep well s without fixin g

a r r a

pump below g ou d d th se dily be r n , an e c an rea

d ive by elect icity W te

r n lso b ised r . a r c an a e ra

f om bo hole only few i che in di m t e by

r a re - a n s a e r

the i lif t pump which

a r- be d iven by , c an r

elect ic powe r r .

I C lifo n i
n hu d eds of thou d of c
a r a n r s an s a re s

of g icultu l l d in id di st icts
a r ra i ig t d an ar r are rr a e

by me s f lect ic pumps n d the output of food

an O e r , a

p oducts w en o mously in c sed du in g t h

r as r re a r e

w ar , m inl y by the u of thi s sy tem I thi

a se s . n s

coun t y in is n t so sc ce but in som dist ict

r ra o ar ,
e r s

i ig tion is n ecess y whi lst in othe d in ge i

rr a ar ,
rs ra a s

equ lly eedful d f both pu poses t h l ct ic

a n ,
an or r e e e r

pump is ide lly d pted a a a .

It is estim ted th t elect ic moto of a gg eg t a r rs an a r a e

powe f r O hp in use in the Uni t d St te . . are e a s

on f ms nd th t of this tot l
ar , a l ss th a a no e an

hp is used f i i g tion
. . d the or rr a an

recl m tion of dese t l n ds

a a r a .
 P U M PING AN D IR R IGA TI ON 89

Pumping Data To i 1 00 g llo . f w t r a se a ns O a er

p ermi n ute th ough h ight of 3

r 3 ft qui es a e . re r a

ne t expe di tu of 1 h p but owin g to losses i

n re . . n

the moto pump d pipes t l st doubl thi

r, ,
an ,
a ea e s

a moun t mu t b suppli d elect ic lly Th wo k

s e e r a e r

don in lif tin g w te is me u ed in ft —

.

e al b by the r as r . .

p oduct of g llo s f w t in to the h ight in

r a n O a er e

f t multiplied by 1 0 g llon of w te w ighin g

ee ,
a a a r e

1 0 lb H n ce in o de to fi n d the
. e ,
w te ho se r r a r r

powe the esult thus bt in d is divided by the

r, r O a e

time occupied in min utes n d by A a s

l dy m tion ed twice thi ho se powe mu t

a re a en ,
s r -
r s

be suppli d to the moto u l s t h pl t is

e r, n es e an a

l g
ar e — t h best e ult without
on e e llowi g f r s ,
a n or

loss of he d in the pipin g bei g bout 7 3 p ce t

a ,
n a er n

efficie cy f n town upply

or a s .
 CHAP E T R 1X

E L E C T R IC I T Y I N D A IR Y AN D PO U L TR Y
FAR M IN G

Milking by lectric Power W h v l dy E . e a e a rea

me tio d the use of el ct i city f milki g cow

n ne e r or n s

this p oc ss is elect ic l onl y in th t t h milki g

r e r a a e n
m chi n e is d i v by sm ll el ct i c moto By
a r en a a e r r .

n o othe me n thr powe be pplied d

an s ca e r a an

co t olled so con v ni e tly nd it is

n r of t h e n , a on e e

outst di g dv t g s of t h
an n a of lect icity
an a e e u se e r

o n the f m th t it so g e tly f cilit t t h

ar a r a a a es e

a doption of mech nic l milkin g thus bolishin g a a , a

t h open mi lk p il with ll its in ni t y

e -
a m a sa ar a cc o

p n
ai m n t d e
e su i n g the
s, puanity of the mi
n lk r r ,

besid s immen sely educin g the tim

e d l bou r e an a r

in volved A moto of 1 h p n milk five cow t

. r . . ca s a

a tim d m
e , an tten d to th ee
on e fou
an c an a r or r

milke s Milk bein g fe tile medium f ge m it

r . a r or r s,

is most impo t t to shi ld it by ve y possiblr an e e r e

device f om inf ction but thi s c nn ot be

r e ,
a

a ccompli hed whe e h d milkin g i in vogu

s r an s e .

At C di n d i y wh e elect icity w f ely

a ana a a r er r as re

used in 1 9 1 3 it w fou d f om co ds t ken ove

, as n r re r a r

six mo th th t the e e gy co sumed f mi lki g

n s a n r n or n

cost sixtee th of pe y p cow d f

on e - n a nn er ,
an or

c m sep ti g lightly ove %d p hou

re a ar a n S r . er r .

A cco di g to M r L Bi ks elect ic l engi n e

n r . . r ,
r a e r

to the D omin ion of N w ! l d A p il 30t h e e a an , on r ,

1 92 0 out of,
milk supplie to the d i y -
rs a r

f cto ies
a r we usi g mil ki g m chi
,
re n n -
a n es
92 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C U L UR T E

f eed f om b cte i n d quickl y becom s s lf

r r a r a a e e

co t min ted g in elect ic lly ste ilized milk

n a a a a ,
r a r

FI G . 33 .
—D I A GR A M IL L U S T R A T I NG E L E C TR OL YI T C

ST E R I L I z A T I O N OF M IL K .

re m in s sou d
a n a nd sw eet f or s e v e ra l d ys
a , or ev en

The m thod illu t t d i Fig 33 co ists in

e s ra e n . ns

t rea ti g t h milk with lte tin g c

n e t whilst a rn a urr e n

FI G 34 —
A N E LE C TR OD E F OR THE S T E R I L I! AT ON I
I
. .

or M LK .

it is flowing lowly th ough gl ss tub b tween

s r a a e e

copp el ct od es (Fig
er e m i n t in d t
r . a a e a a

pote nti l diffe n ce f

a to re V Th O . e

p ge of
a ssa m ll cu t th ough the m lk
a s a r re n r i

ra ise its t empe tu e to ab out 1 4 7 F h whi ch

s ra r
°
a .
,
 D A IR Y AN D PO UL TR Y FA R M I NG 93

p ovide
r con veni ent me s of obse vin g the
s a an r

O p tion of the pp tu it is held th t t h

er a a ar a s a e

he tin g pl y n pp ci bl p t i the p ocess

a a s o a re a e ar n r ,

as milk is d to the s me tempe tu by othe

ra e a ra re r

m n s is t te ilized The un t ted milk is

ea no s r . re a

pou ed i to t k f om whi ch seco d t nk is

r n a an ,
r a n a

f d th ough
e b ll v lve so th t the milk in t h
r a a -
a , a e

l tte ves el i kept t co t t l vel nd th e

a r s s a a n s an e a er

fo e flow s th ough the pp tus t unif o m

r r
'

a ar a a a r

t
ra e fte ste ili z tio t h mi lk is delive ed into
a r r a n e r

o n oth of two t k f om whi ch it is un ff

e or er an s, r r o

i to m i c iv the u of the uxili y t ks

n a a n re e er , se a ar an

b in g to p eve t y milk flowin g di ctly in to

e r n an re

the m i t k i the ve t of ny f ilu e of the

a n an n e n a a r

a pp tus Th co ectio
ar a . so g d th t e nn n s a re a rr a n e a

no pe o touch the liv

rs n high p e u
can e - r ss re

te mi l d t h milk both t s d le v the

r na ,
an e e n er an a es

a pp tu t th pot ti l so th t the pp tu
ara s a e ar en a , a a ara s

i
s a bsolut ly s fe to h dl e a an e .

The t e ted mil k is p ctic ll y f e f om

r a ra a r e r

b cte i but othe wi e is n t lte ed in y w y

a r a, r s o a r an a ,

its t te bei g u ffected Th b illu li

as n
/
na . e ac s co ,
a

common inf ctio d the b illu tu b

e ul i n, an ac s er c os s
are completely dest oyed eve in mil k whi ch r ,
n
i ich in these b cte i
s r the l ct lbumin whi ch is a r a a a ,

co gul t d in mil k t e ted by the o di n y m thod

a a e r a r ar e

of st ili z tion n d the en zym s

er a un ffected
, a e , are a

by the elect ic l p ocess At Live pool t h r a r . r e

e xpe ime ts we e so successful th t pl n t w

r n r a a as

l id down by the Co po tio t n of its milk

a r ra n a o e

d pot f t h t e tme t of milk

e s or l ge sc le
e r a n .
on a ar a ,

ove 1 00 g llon s of milk bei g t il iz d d il y nd

r a n s er e a a
dist i but d i bottle
r e n s .

B id t h ste ilizing pp tu sm ll t s
es es e r a ar a s, a a ran

fo me i equi ed t o aise the p essure of t he

r r s r r r r
94 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN A G R IC U TUR L E

a ltetin g cu t to the ecess y hi gh p essu e

rn a rren n ar r r ,

and if the elect icity supply is di ect cu e n t r r rr , a

moto gen e to is used to con v t it to lte n tin g

r- ra r er a r a

cu en t t h Live pool pl n t givin g 2 A t

rr ,
e V r a a ,

8 kW
'

or .

othe method of st ilizing mi lk i by e xpo i g

An r er s s n

it to t violet ys p oduced by me cu y v pou

ul r a -
ra r r r a r

l mps
a .

Incubation c On the poult y by Electri ity . r

f m w ch with the d i y is u su lly u nde the

ar , hi , a r , a r

co nt ol of the hous wif lect icity n b ppli ed

r e e, e r ca e a

to d iv pp tus to m sh pot toe mix food

r e a ara a a s,

s tuff etc Its dv n t ges

s, ho w ev mo
. a a a a re , er , re

con spicuou in conn ection with the h tchin g of

s a

e gg f which pu po it is ide lly d pted

s, or r se a a a .

B in g f f om f mes n d fi i k n d u n d
e re e r u a re r s , a er

p f ct con t ol it is by f the b t me n s f
er e r ,
ar es a or

he tin g in cub to
a The h ting ppli n ce n a rs . ea a a co

s ist of c bon fi l m n t in c n de c n t l mp which

s ar -
a e a s e a s,

are xt emely ch p n d most e dil y in se ted

e r ea a r a r

or pl c d while the in cub tin g ch mbe is

re a e ,
a a r

con st uc t ed of wood in two comp tmen ts n

r ar , o e

a bov t h oth t h lowe n con t inin g the eggs

e e er , e r o e a

a n d the uppe n th he te s A the most t r o e e a r . r a

is pl ced in t h i n cub ti g comp tmen t n d

a e a n ar ,
a

i co
s cted with the he tin g ci cuit con t ollin g
nn e a r , r

th cu n t so
e to m in t in
rr e con st n t as a a a a

tempe tu e of 1 0 3 F in the ch mb
ra r
°
. a er .

M R Bo l se M tthews emph i the im

r . . r a a a s se s

po t n ce of ci cul tin g the i in the in cub to

r a r a a r a r

with n elect ic f n H st tes th t in his

a r a . e a a

e
gg in cub to thus equ i pped the
a v ge p
r, opo , a er a r r

t ion of fe tile ggs h tched i 83 5 p

r cen t Thi e a s
-
er . s

in cub to me su es 5 ft qu
a r by 32 in d ep a r . s ar e . e .
96 EL E C TR I C I T Y I N A GR IC UL T UR E
with the p ofits cc uin g f om the s l of the
r a r r a e

eggs .

U d C n di co dition s chickens h tched

n er a a an n , a

out wi th i cub t s b fo t h d of M ch wil l

n a or e re e en ar

l y ggs in win t
a e if p ovided with el ect ic light
er, r r .

E x pe i m ts c r ied out t t h M ni tob Ag i

en a rr a e a a r

cultu l C olleg Winni peg in 1 9 1 9 p oved

ra e, , ,
r

b yo d doubt th t by thi s m s n bu d t
e n a e an a a n an

supply of gg coul d be bt in ed in wi te wh
e s O a n r en

the p ic f ggs w t it high t Th l mps

r e O e as a s es . e a

we e us d f om dusk to
r e r
p m d f om . .
, an r

7 am to d ylight
. M R B M tthews st t s
a . r . . . a a e

th t f om 1 0 to 25 p c t mo e egg
a r b er en r s can e

O bt in ed du i g t h wi te mo th t co t f
a r n e n r n s a a s or

lighti g of o l y 2d p bi d p
n n um . er r e r a nn .

The l t i l gg t t co ist of box

e e c r ca e -
es er ns s a c on

t in in g
a elect ic l mp d h vin g
an r op nin g a , an a an e

ra the sm ll th n n egg w h
r a er egg i pl c d
a a ,
en an s a e

a g in t thi s pe tu with t h l mp light t h

a s a r re , e a a ,
e

i te io of t h gg i b ightly ill umi t d d it

n r r e e s r na e , an

is e sy to judge of its co ditio

a n n .
 C HA PT E R X

E L E C TR O C U L T U R E

E lectricity Plants F m y
and the Growth of . or an

y t h ide of cc l
e ar s tin g the g ow th f pl t
e a a e er a r O an s

by l ct ic l t e tme t h b e t h ubject of
e e r a r a n as e n e s

exp im t d mo e
er l s sci tific e ch
en an r or es en r se ar

on the p t of i v to but t h ar ult n t h n en rs , e res s o e

whol h ve bee di ppoi ti g Of the um ou

e a n sa n n . n er s

method of pplyi g l ct ific tio th t h v

s a n e e r a n a a e

b t i d v y f w h v how
een r e ,y l p omis
er e a e s n an re a r e,

an d o ly h sho wn f i ly co i ten t d
n on e as a r ns s an

f vou bl
a ult viz th t which m k s u of
ra e re s s, .
,
a a e se

a high p u l ct ic l di ch g i to the i
-
r e ss re e e r a s ar e n a r

ove t h g owi g pl t D u i g the p t fifte n

r e r n an s . r n as e

y s good d l of tt tio h b n devoted

e ar a ea a en n as ee

to this p oce s by umb of p ti t xp i

r s a n er a en e er

m t d it pp
e n er s , a n to be c t i th t othe a e ar s er a n a , r

thi gs b i g equ l the hi gh p essu e disch ge

n e n a ,
-
r r ar

do s i c se the yield d h ste the g owth of

e n rea an a n r

pl t The mou t of the i c e

an s . v i a n n r a se ar e s a

good de l with the s so s w the d wit h t h

a ea n
’
ea r an e

mode of co ductin g the p oc whi ch is still in

n r e ss ,

th t g of expe ime t
e s a e r n .

i Pressure Discharge This p ocess of

The H gh- . r

el ct ific tio of pl t is k own

e r a Elect o
n an s n as r

cultu d is u u lly c
re ,
”
i d out by u pe di g
an s a a rr e s s n n
ov t h you g pl t
er es ie of p llel wi es
n an s a er s ar a r

of m ll ectio whic h m i t i d t p essu e

s a s n, are a n a ne a a r r

of f om r to V bove th pot ti l a e ar en a .

The t tm t i ppli d f
re a f w hou d ily
en s a e or a e rs a ,

97
98 E L E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T U RE

mo ni n g d evenin g Th fi n p llel wi
r an . e e ar a r e s ar e

suppo ted by stoute wi e u nnin g lo g ch

r a r r r a n ea

s id of the field un de t tmen t d tt ched

e r rea , an a a

to i sul to s n pole in som c ses the etw o k

n a r o s e a n r

i fixed t
s h ight su ffici t to cle lo d d w gon s
a a e en ar a e a ,

i othe s it i o nl y 5
n 6 ft f om t h g ou d so
r s or . r e r n ,

th t it h to be emoved b fo e the h vest i

a as r e r ar s

t k a d i othe expe ime ts the etwo k h

en , an n r r n n r as

bee suppo t d f om t h pol in suc h w y th t

n r e r e es a a a

it n b k pt withi 1 2 ft of the tops of t h

ca e e n or . e

g owi g pl n ts th o ghout thei d velopme t d

r n a r u r e n . an

h ul d up out of t h w y f h v stin g Th
a e e a or ar e . er e

i littl doubt th t t h l t
s e med m thod i t h a e as -
na e s e

mo t eff ctiv Th
s two k is ve y light d
e e . e ne r r an

e as ily i ed low ed Acco din g to D C

ra s or er . r r . .

Ch e u ni fo m co di tio
re ,
t the level of t h c op
r n ns a e r

c an b cu d if t h di t ce b tw e n dj c t
e se re e s an e e a a en

w i s doe
re t e x c d t h h ight of t h wi es
s no ee e e e r

a bove the c op r s .

P efe bly t h ch g i u idi ctio l the

r ra e ar e s n re na ,

w i s b i g po itive w ith eg d to t h
re e n th but
s r ar e e ar ,

in some c s lt t i g cu t h b e u d ;
a es a e rn a n rr e n as e n se

t h l tte i t h
e a i to pply t h p oductio f
r s e eas er a ,
e r n O a

co ti uous cu e t t such high p ssu es p es t

n n rr n a re r r en

in g some techni c l di fficul ties which howeve a ,

r a re

n t in up
o ble In ll c es the high p u
s era . a as -
r e ss re

cu e t is obt i d by m s of t sfo me i
rr n a ne e an a ran r r n

the fi t i st c b i g ft w ds ectified The

rs n an e, e n a er ar r .

fi t in ve tig to in thi
rs count y who bt i n ed
s a r s r O a

m ked sults w Si Oliv Lodg who u d f

ar re as r er e, se or

the pu pose of ectific tion device kn ow

r th r a a n as e

Lodge v l ve which p mi ts the cu e t to flow

a ,
er rr n

th ough it i only
r di ctio d this system
n on e re n , an

h as b follow d by mo t of the se ch
een e s re ar ers .

An oth effective ectifi is th t f D lo which

er r er a O e n,
1 00 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
s olubl mo e y of s imil tio ; th t t h
and re e as a s a n a e

sa
p i e n bl d sto flow mo e vigo
a ously en d the r r , a

fo m atio of t ch d ug i i c e s d th t
r n s ar an s ar s n r a e a

re pi tio
s ra b o ptio d
n, v po tio a s r n, an e a ra n are

accele ted d by in c
ra s d ch mi c l ctivity
,
an re a e e a
.

i the pl n t its whol f b ic i imp ov d

n a e a r s r e .

c l ials In 1 9 1 6 fu th
Offi ia Tr xp im n t . r er e er e s

w c ied out n Miss D udg on f m un d

er e a rr o e
’
s ar , er

the ob v tion f P of V H Bl ckm n n d

ser a O r . . . a a a

M r I J g n n nd w
. . or d sc ib d in t h
e se ,
a ere e r e e

J u n l of the Bo d of A g i cultu e
o r a Th c op ar r r . e r

w aso t n d t h fi ld h d be n in p stu e without

a s, a e e a e a r

m n u e f th e y s Th n etwo k con i t d of
a r or r e e ar . e r s s e

N O 2 4 S W G b on z wi
. . 4 % yds
. p t up
. r e re s . a ar ,
s

po t d t thei en d t 7 ft f om the g oun d d

r e a r s a . r r , an

sa gin g to 6 ft t t h cen t e ( the wi h d be n . a e r r es a e

1 0 ft high in 1 9 1 5
. nd 1 5 ft in Th ,
a . e

cu n t w 3 A t 5 0 V in the p i m y ci cuit
rr e as a r ar r ,

a nd t h lect i c l di ch ge w u d f 848 hou

e e r a s ar as se or rs

du in g the e son in t h d ytim Th e ult w

r s a ,
e a e . e r s as

a n in c e s of 4 9 pr ce t i the yield of g in n d
a e er n n ra ,
a

88 p cen t in c se in st w in pit of h vy
er re a ra , S e a ea

lo s of g in th ough sto my we th
s ra Th r r a er . e

in c d v lue f t h c op w c lcul t d t
re as e a O e r as a a e a

£6 7 8 c w h il t
ert h n e gy e x p n ded co t
a re , s e e r e s
p .

11 s t 1d p
. a un it . er .

Other Exper ments om in t e tin g xp i i . S e res e er

me ts we e c i d out t Ll twit V d
n r e
a rr e a an a re , n ar

Po typ idd in 1 9 1 7 d 1 9 1 8 The pl t in cluded

n r ,
an . an

a D lon ectifie d m in t in d
r p ssu of er , an a a e a re re

to V t h n etwo k cco din g to on e r ,

a r

the we th ; it co t £3 00 d w c p bl of
d lin g with 1 00 to 1 5 0 c s— y £3
a er s ,
an as a a e

ea ce a re sa ,
an a r .
 E LECT ROC U L TU R E 1 01

The etwo k w s Of g alv ni ed st ed WIr a d cost ’ Q

n r a a z e, n

( f or 1 2 c s ) bout £ 1 2
a re £ 1 0 c e m ki g
a , or an a r ,
a n

a tot l fi st co t of £ 1 3 p c e Th c op w
a r s er
'
a r . e r as

pot to s n d in c es of 1 7 2 d 1 2 6 p ce t
a e , a reas -
an -
er n

we re giste ed in comp ison with co t ol

re r ,
ar n r

plots the yield i 1 9 1 8 moun tin g to 9 4 6 nd in

,
n a -
a

1 9 1 7 to 7 5 to s p c -
The du tio of t e t
n er a re . ra n r a

m t w 2 82 h in 1 9 1 7
en as d 5 88 h in 1 9 1 8
r .
,
an r .
,

an d the cu e t goi g t t h n etwo k wrr n 2 5 mA n o e r as

i 1 9 1 7 ( d y ) to
n much 7 m A (wet w the )
r ,
as as ea r

i
n 1 9 1 6 with diff e t
,
g m t of the a er n a rr a n e en

n etwo k the cu r e t ve g d 0 5 m A
,
rr n a ra e .

M y othe an eco ds could be given if p cer r r ,

s a

pe mitt d but we must b co te t with t tin g

r e , e n n s a

th t m y expe ime t l i t ll tio s h v be

a an r n a ns a a n a e en

se t in ope tio d t h Bo d of A g icultu e is

ra n , an e ar r r

co ducti g es ches with vi w to d velopin g

n n r e ar a e e

the ystem n cie tific hn

s The l t t epo t
o S n es . a es r r

of committ e ppoin ted by the Bo d to in vesti

a e a ar

g te the subject st tes th t the ve ge effect

a a a a ra

of l ct ific tion n p i g sown o ts n d b ley

e e r a o S r n -
a a ar

is a n i n c e se of 2 2 p rce t in the yield

a er n .

Th p ocess i ppl c ble to g ee houses

/
'

e
qu ll
r
y i s e a a a r n ,

an d in umbe of m ket g de s it h been

a n r ar ar n as

e mployed with success tom to s cucumbe s ,

a e ,
r ,

st wb ies etc bein g e dy f m ket f om

ra e rr , .
,
r a or ar r

two to th weeks befo e u l t ifi d p oduce

re e r ne ec r e r ,

an d comm di g co espondin gly hi gh p ice

an n a rr r .

The cost of n pp tus f fou l ge g ee a a ar a or r ar r n

hou s 200 X 2 8 ft in cludi g

se , il n gin e w .
, n an O e , as

£ 1 35 d the unni n g cost w

,
an 2 6d rw ek as 8 . . a e .

The Proc ess Wolfry n . D u in g

r cen t y re e ars

much h b en cl im d f as e a e or a s ytm s e f l ct ifyi g O e e r n

seed b fo owing—t h
s e re s e Wo lf y n p oce
r in r ss ,
 1 02 E L E C TR I C IT Y IN
“
AGRI CUL T UR E

which the s d o ked in a weak Solution of s lt

“

ee is s a c f
a

c lcium c o de th ough whi ch cu e t is

or a hl ri ,
r a rr n
p ss d f seve l hou s ft whi ch the s ed i
a e or ra r , a er e s

d ied in kil L ge e w e own with the

r a n . ar ar as er s

elect ified eed in D o set n d the il lt S Ob t in d

r s r ,
a res a e

we s id by m y f me s to b quite comp bl
re a an ar r e ar a e

with tho give bove f se l ct ocul tu n a or e e r re .

Repo ts of the Di ecto of the Gove n m t Ag

r r r r en ri
cultu l E xpe ime t l St tion t R t h m t d
ra r n a a a o a s e ,

an d by Mess Sutto d Son t Re din g

rs . n an s a a , on

t i l c i ed out in 1 9 1 9 we howeve unf vou

r a s a rr ,
re , r, a r

a ble While in both c ses some te t showed

. a s s a

slight in c s of yield othe showed t h con t y

rea e ,
rs e ra r ,

an d the con clusio w th t t h p oc s l cked n as a e r es a

c t in ty n d coul d t be comp d i ff ctive

er a , a no ar e n e e

n es with m u i n g t h soil It w
s g ded
an r e . as r e ar as
an dv tu whi ch might mi ght t p ove
a en r e,
”
or no r

p ofit ble At t h tim f w itin g th fo it

r a . e e O r ,
er e re ,

c nn ot be conside ed soun d p oce s

a r a r s .

A mo gst othe method of in c e sin g pl n t

n r s r a a

g owth the u f tifici l light h b

r ,
tid
se O ar a as een r e ,

with the id of elect ic l mps By this me n s t h

a r a . a e

ra te of developmen t is doubled but the cost i , s

con side ble n d the p ocess is suit ble f use

ra ,
a r a or

onl y un de speci l ci cum t ce ( r Ch pte a r s an s s ee a r

V p , .

The use of chemic l f

Artificial Fertil z ers i . a er

t ili z ersis n in di p n s ble f tu e of mode

a s e a ea r rn

a g i crul tu e d g e t rqu n titie

,
of an ni t te r a a s
“

ra

are impo ted f om Chile f thi s pu pos

r r w ll or r e, as e

as v ious chemi c ls f om oth sou ces In

ar a r er r .

r ece t ye s g e t p og ess h be n m de in the

n ar r a r r as e a

p oduction of nit oge ous m u

r such r n an r es , as

sul ph te f mmoni by t h
a O fi x tio
a of a, e
“
a n
 CHA PT E R X1

TH E H E R E F OR D D E VE L O PM E N T

l ve Obstacles Whil t i othe cou t i

Legis ati . s n r n r es
t he u se of l ct icity in g i cultu h bee e e r a r re as n
d veloped widely i G t B it in it h m d
e , n re a r a as a e

but little p og ss P ob bly t h chi f e o f

r re . r a e e r as n or

this b ckw d e is t h f ct th t u d t h
a ar n ss e a a n er e

co ditio s whi ch h v hi th to obt i d upply

n n a e er a ne , a s

of elect icity h ely b e v il bl to the

r as rar e n a a a e

f min g communi ty The legi l tiv est ictio

ar . s a e r r ns
which h ve so lon g h mp d t h d v lopm t of
a a er e e e e en

l ct icity supply i this co t y in clud d t h

e e r n un r e e

t ict confin eme t of

s r o din y t tuto y n an r ar s a r

a utho ity to set bou d u u lly tho of t h tow

r n s, s a se e n

or u b di st ict co ce n ed
r an th t f m r n r ,
so a a ar er a

f w y d b yo d t h bou d y could
e ar s e t leg lly
n e n ar no a

b uppli d with l ct i c l e e gy f om t h tow

e s e e e r a n r r e n

m i M o eove
a ns .
y tt mp t r t h p t of r, an a e on e ar

th utho ity to bt in po w
e a r to upply i O a e rs s n

adj oi i g di t ict w g
n n lly sist d by t h
s r s as en e r a re e e

au tho iti s gov n in g tho di t ict

r e ho ter se s r s, a s r

sight d poli cy w hich

e o ly b sc ibed to c an n e a r

je lou y which w g tifi d t t h xpe of the

a s ,
as ra e a e e n se

u fo tu t
n r sid t i t h oute
na e e s The
re en s n e r ar a .

e t blishme t of
s a Bo d of El ct icity C m
n a ar e r o

mi sio s howeve with t h d fini t duty of

n ers , r, e e e

t ki g me u es to xt d t h upply of lect icity

a n as r e en e s e r

th oughout the le gth d b e dth of t h l d

r n an r a e an ,

with speci l ch ge to p ovid f t h ed of

a a ar r e or e ne s

ag icultu
r d with xte d d pow f th t
re , an e n e e rs or a

1 04
 TH E H ER E FOR D D EVEL OPM E N T 1 05

pu pose h fu d me t lly lte d the situ tio

r , as n a n a a re a n,

and though the ccomplishm t of thei t sk will a en r a

occupy m ny y th w y i w cl to the
a e ar s , e a s n o e ar

desi ed go lr a .

Difi vercome In the me n time the

culties O . a ,

f ct th t whe e the wi ll to ov come t h b t cles

a a r er e O s a

is p esent the w y n be foun d h b n dmi bly

r , a ca ,
as ee a ra

demon t ted in f w e s of whi ch the most

s ra a e ar a ,

n otewo thy is th t of He efo d

r n u n de t ki n g a r r ,
a r a

to which we h ve ev l tim s fe ed in the a s er a e re rr

cou s of thi s wo k F t h m k bl p og ess

r e r . or e re ar a e r r

which h been m de in th t qu te the c edi t

as a a ar r r

must be given to t h City Coun cil which own n d e ,

s a

con t ol t h lect icity supply un d t ki g nd in

r s e e r er a n ,
a

p ticul to the in ight n d p seve n ce of t h

ar ar s a er ra e

City el ct ic l en gin e M W T Ke
e r a er , r . . . rr ,

At fi st p og es s w
r low but by st dy p p
r r as s , ea rO a

g n d n d educ tion l ffo t M K e g du lly

a a a a a e r r . rr ra a

s ecu ed the con fiden c of the f me s

r oon e ar r as s as

a few of them dopted elect ic l methods nd a r a ,

a

le n d to pp ci t t h b n fits they de iv d
ar e a re a e e e e r e

t he ef om ;r t heir quickly followed n d t h

o
‘
s ,
a e

p obl m chan g d f om c n v s f con sume s to

"
r e e r a a as or r

a se ch f pl n t to upply th m
ar or a
‘

s e .

E v n b fo the w t h g icultu l supply

e e re ar e a r ra

h d been dev loped n d pl ced n

a oun d footin g
e a a o a s

in di ectly the w g v it m k d impetus f

r ar a e a ar e , or

pl n t which h d b en in st ll d f the m n u
a a e a e or a

f ctu e f muni tion s of w w m d v il bl

a r O ar as a e a a a e

f the purpose of p e ce p tly by t h assist n ce

or s a ,
ar e a

of t h D evelopmen t Commissio e s who le n t

e n r ,
ar

th t l ge n umbe f f me s w e n xiou ly
a a ar r O ar r er a s

w iting f
a supply of elect icity with li t tle
or a r ,

M K ig rd hi
.
pp i t m t l y i 1 922
e rr r e s ne s a o n en ear n .
1 06 E L E C TR I C IT Y I N A GR I C UL TUR E
p o p ct of it b comin g v il bl the whole f
r s e s e a a a e, O

the Co po tio ou c bei g fully t k n up

r ra n s
’
res r es n a e .

Th Commi io
e th efo m d lo to t h ss n ers er re a e a an e

C o po tio
r f th pu po of cu i g t h
ra n or e r se se r n e

Gov m t g ern ti g pl t d d voti g it

en en e r a n an an
“
e n
to t h upply of l ct i city ov
e s di of 1 5 e e r er a ra us

mil s thu i ff ct t h w o d w b t i to
e s, n e e ,
e s r s ere ea e n n
plough h s ar e s .

verhead Mains Th existin g n etwo k of

O . e r

m i i chi fly ov h d lin c i d n w ood n

a ns s e er ea es arr e o e

pol s t h p ssu b in g
e ,
V Such li n e
e re re e . a

costs t p n t p i c £850 a mil A he vy

a r e se r es e . a

lin i b in g ect d n teel l ttic pol

e s e bout er e o s a e es , a

3 6 ft high with p n s of f om 320 to 35 0 ft ;

.
,
s a r .

for comm n c m t t h li e will un t 1 0 %

a e e en e n r ou

mi l but l t it will b xt d d to 1 6 mil s

es , a er e e en e e .

W yle v s h v b en bt i d without much

a a e a e e O a ne

di fficul ty t m ximum en t l of 1 p pole p

, a a a r a S . er er

a nn um m in ly by t h t ct ,
nd p siv pow
a e a a e rs u a e e rs

of M K who h secu d w yl v s f
r . err , as re a ea e or a

tot l of 65 mil s of ove h d lin

a d ov e r ea e s an er

pole Th cost of t h t l pol li n e i

s . e e s ee e s

p ermil L w p s eelin . co t £3 00
o -
r e sur es s

p ermile v y li ght l ch pol ,

bei g used 4 0
er ft ar es n , .

lo g with t h b tt ch d to p ve t d c y ;
n ,
e u s arre re n e a

t h l w p e u e upply i th ee ph
e o -
r t 4 00 V
ss r s s r -
a se a

a nd t h lin c ie 60 kW d uppli es up to
e e a rr s an s a

di t c of t h mil es f om t h t n sfo m s
s an e ree r e ra r er .

Sy stem Th e in t h H efo d of Supp y l . er are e er r

dist ict ov r f m w hi ch if they u d er ar s, ,

se

in te l combustio
rn a gi es f pow ge tio n en n or er nera n,

would con sum t 5 00 g ll o s ch d 2 8d e, a a n ea an S . .

a g llo ove
a wo th of p t ol m p
n, r r e r eu er
1 08 E L E C T R I C IT Y IN A GR I C UL T UR E
n eed n t be pl ced in buil din g whi ch
o costly a s, are

th y m y b mou t d
e pole b t usu lly
a e n e on s, u a a

vill ge equia w te t nk fed by n utom tic

r res a a r a a a a

e lect ic pump r d good pl ce fo the t ,

an a a r r an s

fo me is u d the t nk A typic l lo d cu v
r r n er a . a a r e

for a r u l supply li e e H e efo d is p oduced

ra n n ar r r re r

in Fig . 35 .

Cost c c Supply M K fin ds th t t h
of El e tri . r . e rr a e

u se of n l ct ic i on f a f w d y i e e ufficien t r r or a e a s s s

to con v t t h u to din to t y n ythin g

er e ser a re a e ss r a

th t i l ct ic lly op ted d thu le d to t h

a s e e r a er a ,
an s a s e

a doptio of elect ic cook n di to s t r ers ,

“

ra a r , e c .

Simil ly ar f m who h in t ll d lect ic

,
a ar er as s a e e r

light n d pow in hi f m buildi n g is lw y

a er s ar s a a s

willi g to t y oth l ct ic l pp tu in t h
n r er e e r a a ar a s, e

light of t h f vou ble xpe i c th t h h e a ra e r en e a e as

g in d Th v ge d m d of t h f m i
a e . e a era e an e ar s

15 hp the powe bei g ppli d to pumpin g

. .
,
r n a e ,

pulpin g m chin etc lightin g fl t i o s cooke

a es , .
, a -
r n , rs ,

a nd di tora Th t i ff is b seda n fixed

rs . e ar a o a

a n n u l ch ag of £ 1 0 p kilow tt of v g
ar e er a a er a e

d m n d tog th with u ni g ch g of 2 }d
e a ,
e er a r n n ar e . .

p er u ni t co um d f t h fi t 5 2 0 u n it
ns
p e ,
or e rs s er

kilow tt ft w hich the p ic i duc d by h lf

a ,
a er r e s re e a .

An x mpl of the pplic tio

e a f t h t iff i given
e a a n O e ar s

b low f n i t ll tio of 20 l mps of 5 0 W e ch

e , or a ns a a n a a ,

tw 1 kW
o di to
-
4 kW cook d
ra n a rs, on e -
er , an o e

moto of 8 h p u d 2 hou d ily The ve g

r . . se rs a a ra e

d m n d i 3 2 kW n d t h con sumption
e a s ,
a e

u it p
n s um er an n .

Th co t of lightin g by l ct icity is foun d to b

e s e e r e

a bout n thi d of th t with p t ol um in ddi tion

o e- r a e r e , a

to whi ch th is m ked vin g in p i ti g n d ere a ar sa a n n a

deco tio ra n .
 TH E H E R E F OR D D E VE L O P M E N T 1 09

8 . d .

F i xe d c ha r g e a t £ 1 0 pe r kil o w a t t pe r annum 32
un it s at 2 %d . 17 6 8
2 5d l e s s 5 0 pe r
. c en t 17 7 6

T ot a l £ 66 1 4 2

A v e r a ge p i r ce
pe r u n it , 3-2 d .

The Nat ona Aspe t l Mrc i K

e r r ha s poi ted out . . n

th t if
a f m s
t he ar e r a r e li ob ged to so t to il
re r O or

p t ol
e r for e r th i motiv po
e w e r t he bulk of t h , e

g cultu l m chi y will

a ri ra a ner be d p d t po
e en en u n
impo ted fu l t h supply of which i li bl to b cut
r e ,
e s a e e

O ff by e emy ctio i w n tim ; t h x t sion

a n n ar - e e e en

of lect icity supply to cultiv ted

e r s i thus a ar e a s a

m su of tio l d f c Th w g p id
ea re na na e en e . e a es a

f or ag i cultu l l bou ow d ys
r rahigh e ough a r n a a ar e n

to tt ct t h b st type f m
a ra d wom
e to e s O en an en

th l e d if t h li vi g co di tio s
an ,
m de ch ful
e n n n ar e a e er

an d comfo t ble t t to which the

r a of ,
a s a e u se
l ct icity i highly co duciv Som
e e r s n e . e

a c s f l d W t out of cultiv tio i 1 92 0

re O an
’

en a n n ,

an d ll cl s s of c
a l c ops
as e d c e in g i erea r are e r as n
volum well t h umb of c ttl d h p
e , as as e n er a e an s ee

th i g t i sk to t h tio l in t ests u l s
er e s re a r e na na er n es

t h mig tio f om the l

e ra d i checked
n r an s .

F or v y ho th t i displ c d by t h sub
e er rs e a s a e e

s t it u t i of m ch ic l pow
on outl y of £5
e an a er , an a

a w k i ved d th
ee s sa c e of l d is t f ,
an ree a r s an se re e

f or mo fficie t utiliz tio I F c

re e d n a n . n ra n e an

H oll d l g an um b i g p ovid d by the

ar e s s are e n r e

r esp ctiv gove m ts f t h p po of upply

e e rn en or e ur se s

i g l ct icity i
n e e g ic lt l di t ict owi g to t h
r n a r u ura s r s, n e
i mp ov d ults Obtain d by it u
r e res e s se .
 E L E C TR I C I T Y IN AG R I C UL T UR E

Canadian De velopments F m n y y s t h . or a e ar e

imm n s w t pow
e e sou ces of the P ovin ce
a er - er re r r

O f O t i o h ve b n in cou se of d v l opm n t
n ar a ee r e e e

by the Hyd o Elect ic Commission of th t P ovi ce

r -
r a r n

whi ch i ch g d with t h duty f utili zin g t h

s ar e e O
‘

F lls of Ni g
a d oth iv s f t h g n tion
a ar a an er r er or e e er a

of elect icity n d di st ib ti g el ct ic l e gy
r ,
a r u n e r a n er

to t h loc l utho i ties th oughout t h P ovi c

e a a r r e r n e .

N tu lly the Commi ion is d ply i t

a ra , td ss ee n eres e

in t h w lf e of t h f mi n g commu i ty which
e are e ar n

fo ms so impo t t s ction of t h i du t i l
r r an a e e n s r a

pop l tion of C n d n d h sp d n ffo t

u a a a a, a as ar e o e r

to d velop t h u of l ct icity f ll g icultu l

e e se e e r or a a r ra

pu poses With this n d in Vi w t h Commi sion

r . e e , e s

h as pe iodic lly o g ni z d l oc l xhibitio of

r a r a e a e ns

a pp tus f domestic n d i dust i l u

ar a or n a n r a se o

f ms well t velling outfit f demo st ting

ar , as as ra s or n ra

the v ious pplic tio of lect icity in vill g

ar a a ns e r a es ,

t
e c .Th e p op g d ffo t
es f lly d c ib d
r a an a e r s ar e u es r e

in the nu l epo t f t h Commi io to w hich

an a r r s O e ss n,

the g t t c di t is due f its p ctic l n d

re a e s re or ra a a

in tellig t policy en The t v llin g outfit . ra e s are

t ke to f ms n d set in op tion f om the

a n ar a e ra r

hi gh p su e t n mis ion lin

-
res r nd t h moun t
ra s s es , a e a

of wo k ccomplish d tog th with t h e gy

r a e ,
e er e n er

con umed t e ch f m i published with com

s a a ar s

p t
ara i d t veshowi ng the much
a a g t cost r e a er

of doin g t h m wo k by othe m n Th e sa e r r ea s . e

Commi io l so h
ss in op n t io n a umb of as era a n er

d mon st tion f m compl tely equipp d with

e ra ar s e e

elect ic power ccu t eco ds of wo k don d

r a ra e r r r e an

en gy con sum d
er k pt d t h po t of t h e ar e e , an e re r s e

C ommission mi e of in fo m tion
a re th a n r a on e se

p in t ( Bibliog phy p
o s s ee ra ,
.

It is n t onl y n f ms within e ch Of t h
o o ar r a e
 BI BL I O GR A PH Y
F O R fu rt h e r i n o r m a t o n , t h e f i r eader is r e fe r r e d to
t he fo l l o w in g pu b li c a t i o n s

y
E le c t r ic it i n A gr i c u l t u r e a n d H or t ic u lt u r e , by S Le m s t r om .

( Be n n B r os ,
f y
.

i t h R e por t o f t he H d r oe l e c t r i c C o m m is s io n o f O n t a r io
F 1 9 1 3)
R e po r t o f B o a r d o f A gr i c u lt u r e a n d Fis he r ie s , by H J . .

C a b e ll
y
E le c t r i c it i n F a r m in g ( E l R ev , 4 t h u n e , pp 7 9 6 7 9 9 , J —
J — J —
. . .

1 1 t h u n e , pp 8 3 7 8 3 9 , a n d 1 8t h u n e , pp 8 6 9 8 7 1 ,
y J
. .

f o r t he F a r m , A n d e rs o n ( M a c m il l a n ,
”
E le c t r ic it by F . .

N Y
i i y
. .
,

El e ct r c t on a N ot t in gha m s hir e F a r m .
( E l R ev . .
, 1 1 th
Fe b , 1 9 1 6, pp 1 8 5
y
. .

The A ppl i c a t i o n o f E le c t r ic it t o A gr ic u lt u r a l P u r po s e s ,
by W T . . K
e rr ( P r o c I n c M u n i c E l A s s oc , . . . . .

E le c t r o c u lt u r e a n d C r Op Pr o d u c t i o n R e s u lt s d u ri n g
( E l R ev , 1 1 t h M a y , 1 9 1 7 , pp 5 0 7
”
1 91 6
y
. . .

The U s e o f E le c t r ic it i n A g r ic u l t u r e ( E l R ev , l gt h
J a n , pp 6 2 64 , 2 6t h J a n , pp 88— —
. .

—
.

1 1 6 1 1 8,
. 8 9 , a n d 2 n d Fe b , pp . . . .

O v e r he a d E le c t r i c D is c ha r g e a n d C r o p Pr o d u c t i o n , by
V H B l a c km a n a n d I
. . o r ge n s e n ( ou r . J
B oa r d of A gr i c , J . .

A pr il , 1 9 1 7 , pp 4 5 .

R e por t o f Su b c om m it t e e t o t he C o n j o in t B o a r d o f Sc ie n t ifi c
-

S o c ie t ie s o n t he A pplic a t i o n O f Sc ie n c e t o A gr i c u l t u r e ( N ov .

( A b s t r a c t E l R ev 9 t h N O V , 1 9 1 7 , pp 4 3 9 . . . .

E le c t r i c Pl o u g hi n g ( a b s t r a c t o f a r t ic l e by A D e la m a r r e , .

l h
—
’
i n R ev Ge n d E L ) .
( E R. e v 8 t F e b ,.
pp 1 2 8-
1 2 9, a n d
. . . .

1 5 t h Fe b , pp 1 5 0 1 5 1 ,
J
. .

N o t e s o n E le c t r o c u lt u re , by I o r g e ns e n ( E lec tr i ci a n ,
J
.

1 4t h u n e , 1 9 1 8 , pp 1 2 2 .

E le c t r o c u l t u r e E xpe r im e n t s a t L l a n t w it Va d r e ( E l R ev . .

6t h D e c , 1 9 1 8, pp 5 3 6
y J y
. .

The U s e O f E l e c t r i c it i n A g ri c u l t u r e , by F C r o w le
J
. .

( ou r R o y a l S o c A r ts , 3r d a n d 1 0t h O c t
. . .
,

E le c t r o c he m i c a l T r e a t m e n t o f D r M e r c ie r
y
.

R e por t on t he P r o po se d E le c t r o l t i c T re a t m e n t o f
Se e ds ( W o l fr y n Pr o c e s s ) b e or e So w in g ,
”
by E R u s se l l f . J .

( J ou r M i n i s tr y of A gr i c , Ja n ,
. . .

113
1 14 E L E C TR I C IT Y I N A GR I C UL T UR E
L e L a b ou r a g e E le c t r i qu e , by H G u é de n e y ( B u ll S oc . . .

F r a n ca i s e d es El ec tr i c i e n s , N O 8 6, F e b ,
y
. .

R e po r t O f t h e D e pa rt m e n t a l C o m m it t e e o f t he M i n is t r
o f A g r i c u lt u r e a n d Fis he r ie s o n A g r ic u lt u r a l M a c hi n e r y
( C m d 5 0 6 A pr il ,
z J y
.
,

E le c t r i c a l St e r i l i a t i o n o f M i l k ( E l T i m es , 1 5 t h u l ,
‘

1 9 2 0 , pp 5 1 .

E le c t r i c P o w e r f or M ilki n g Pl a n t s , by L B ir ks ( N e w -
.

! ea la n d J ou r f of S c i e n c e a n d T e chn ology , Vo l I V, N O 3 ,
‘

. .

pp 1
. 1 0- 1
1 3,
A n E le c t r o c u lt u r e Pr o b le m , b y C C hr ee ( P r oc P hy s S oc . . . .

L on do n ,
E le c t r o F a r m in g , o r t he A ppli c a t io n s o f E le c t r ic it
-
to y
b y R B o r l a s e M a t t he w s ( J o u r I E l E , M a y ,
”
A g r i c u lt u r e , . . . .

1 92 2 )

T he un der m e n t i on e d T e c hn i c a l P r im e r s u n i o r m f
v
,

wi t h t his o l um e ( Pit m a n 2 s 6d n e t ) d e a l wi t h , . .

j
s u b e ct s of a s so c ia t e d in t e r e s t

S t ea m B oi l er I ns p e ct i on a nd M a i n t e n a nc e , b y R e g C l a t o n . y .

S e c o nd a r y C e l l s by G , C A lli n g ha m ( l n pr e pa r a t i o n )
. . . .

E l ect ri c C a bl es , b y F W M a in . . .

I n du s tr i a l M ot or C on t r o l ( D i r ect C u rr e n t ) , b y A T D o v e r . . .

T r a ct i on M ot or C on tr ol ( D i r ec t C u r r e n t ) by A T D o v e r . . .

D y na mo a n d M ot or F a u lts ( D i r e ct C u r r en t ) b y R M Ar c he r
y
.
, . .

B elts f o r P ow er T r a ns m is s i on , b y W G D u n kl e . . .

E le m e n t s of I l lu m i na t i n g E n gi n e e r i ng b y A P T r o t t e r , . . .

I n du s t r i a l E le ct r i c H ea ti n g b y J W B e a u c ha m p
y
. . .
,

E l ec t r i c Ve hi c l es , b y F A t o n ( I n pr e pa r a t io n )
. . .

M echa n i ca l H a nd l i n g of Goods , b y C H W o o dfi e l d . . .

P n eu m a t i c C o n vey i n g b y E G P hil li ps
K
.
, . .

I n d u s tr i a l N i tr og e n b y P H S , e m pt o n . . . .

M an y o t h er v o lu m
in pr e pa r a t io n fo r t his
es a re

s e r i e s f u ll p a r t i c u l a r s o f w hi c h c a n b e O b t a in e d fro m
,

t he pu b lis h e r s a t P it m a n H o u s e , Pa r ke r S t r e e t ,
K in g s w a , W C 2 y . . .
1 16 IN D E X
H o r s e -po w e r de fi n ed, 6, 7 , 8 O IL po w e r , 1 0 , 1 2
ho u r , 7 , 8 O v e r he a d m a i n s , 2 4 2 6, 33,
y
-
,

H d r o e l e c t r ic C o m m is s io n
-
of 66 , 67 , 7 2 , 1 0 6
On t a r io , 5 2, 62 , 1 1 0
PE T R O L e l e c t r ic pl a n t 1 8, 1 9
I
I N C U B A T O N b y e l e c t r i c it , 9 4 y y
Pi gs t , e l e c t r ip , 5 3
I r r ig a t i o n b y e l e c t r i c pu m ps , P l ou g h , a u t o m ) bl 1e , 6 5 7 3
Pl o u g hin g b y e l e c t r ic it 65
,

y ,

Ir o n s , e le c t r ic , 41 49 c o s t , 6 6 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 6, 7 7

It a l ,y e le c t r i c f a rm s ,
,

61 y
ha u l a g e s s t e m s , 6 6, 68,

J O R GE N S E N , I 1 00 , po w e r re qu ir e d , 7 0, 7 3,
7 8, 7 9
K ER R W T 5 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 8, 1 0 9 pr e s s u r e 6 7 , 7 5
Ki l
. .
, , ,

ow a t t 7, 8
, , rat e , 7 0 , 7 3, 7 8 7 9 ,

-ho u r 7, 8 P o w e r c o n s u m pt io n , 4 8, 4 9
, ,

c os t , 7 5 7 , 60 7 9
pr odu c t 7 Pow e r de ne d , 5 fi
Ki t
,

c he n m a c hin e , 4 4 49 e l e c t r ic , 6
,

us e d o n a rm s , 5 1 f 1 07 ,

L A M P S , e le c t r i c , 3 0, 3 1 , 3 2 , 4 9 s ou r c e s 9 ,

L i g ht in g , in d o o r , 3 9 , 4 0 , 5 9 , Pr e s s u r e c ho i c e , 2 2
,

1 02 e le c t r ic a l 6
o u t d o or , 3 0 o f pu blic s u ppl , 2 6
,

y
s e m i -i n d ir e c t , 4 0 Pr o d u c t i o n , c o m pa r a t iv e 4
f y
,

L l a n t w it Va dr e , 1 0 0 P u m p e fi c ie n c of e l e c t r ic

f
, ,

L oa d c ur v e , H e r e ord , 1 0 7 87
f
a c t or o n a rm s , 1 0 7 f P u m pin g a u t o m a t ic c o n t r o l
, ,

L o d g e , Sir O li v e r 9 8 ,

e l e c t r ic , 46 5 7 , 62 , 86
y
,

M AR K E T i po w e r r e qu ir e d , 89
ga rde n s , e l e c t r c it

in , 62
e l e c t r o c u lt u r e in , R A D I A T C R S e le c t r ic 4 3 4 9
fi , , ,

1 01 R e c t i e r D e l o n 9 8 1 00
y
, , ,

M a t t he w s R B , .3 , 5 1 , 5 8, 5 9
.
, , m e r c u r -v a po u r , 8 4
64 , 7 0 , 7 6, 7 9 , 9 4 , 9 6 1 0 7
z Y
,

Mi l k , e l e c t r i c s t e r il i a t io n o f, S A F E T o f e l e c t r ic l ig ht in g 3 1 , ,

91 32
M il ki n g b y e le c t r c i i y t , 5 7 , 5 8, Sa e t f y pr e c a u t io n s 3 6 6 7 , ,

1 S a v in g d u e t o e le c t r ic po w e r ,
c ost , 90 5 2, 5 3
M o t o r g e n e r a t o r 84
-
, She a r i n g S he e p 62 ,

M o t o r s e le c t r ic 5 3 5 5 St e a m po w e r , 1 0
y z
-
, ,

M o w i n g b y e l e c t r i c it 5 9] St e r il i a t i o n o f m ilk 9 1
,

S t o r a g e o f e l e c t r i c it , 1 7 2 0 y ,

N E W ! e a l a n d d a ir ie s 9 0 9 1 , , Su c t i o n c l e a n e r , 4 7 , 4 9
N ig ht w o r k W i t h e l e c t r ic l ig ht g a s po w e r , 1 0 , 1 1 , 7 2
63
,

y
Su ppl m a in s , 2 4 2 5 2 9
fi
, ,

Nit r o ge n , xa t i o n o f, 1 03 Sy m b o l s , 8
 IN DEX 117
o

I
T A PP N G o v e r he a d m a in s , 3 4 , Ve hic l e s r a d iu s
, o f a c t io n ,

67 , 7 2 V o lt 6, 8
T e le pho n e s , 4 7 , 4 8 V
,

o lt a ge de fi ned , 6
y
T e s c a r i s s t e m o f pl o u g hin g , 7 0
T hr a s hin g by e l e c t r i c it , 5 7 , y W A L L s o c ke t s 3 3 ,

60 , 6 1 , 63 , 6 4 W a s hin g m a c hin e 4 5 4 6,
f , ,

T r a n s o r m e r , po l e , 2 5 , 3 6 W a t e r po w e r 1 2 1 4
-
, ,

t r u c k, 3 7 , 68, 7 5 W att 6 8
f , ,

T r a n s o r m e r s , por t a b l e , 36, 6 8 W in d m i l l 1 5 ,

W in d po w e r 1 5 1 6
U LTR A - VI OL E T r a y 94 v e l o c it y
,

15
,

U
s, ,

n it s , e l e c t r i c a l , 6, 8 W i r i n g , c o n c e n t r ic , 3 2
f
su r a ce , 4 1
V I E H C LE S , e le c t r i c , 80 y
s s t e m s , 2 8, 4 1

c a pa c it y 83 t o m ot o r s , 3 2
,

c o n s t r u c t io n , 81 W ork d e n e d , 5 , 7
”
fi
c on t rol, 82 W o lfr y n pr o c e s s , 1 0 1 , 1 0 2

Pri nted i n Ba th, En glan d , by S i r I saa c Pi tman dt S on s , '

x
P it ma n ’
5 T echn ica l Pr inter s
E ach n et

The St eam Locomotive . By E . L . A hr on s ,

Belts for Power Tr ansm i ssion. By W G D . . u n kl e y ,

B Sc . .

( H ons ) .

Wat er-Power Engineering . By F F . . Fe r gu s s o n ,

Photogr aphic Techn ique . By L .

J . H ibb e r t ,

Hy dr o-El ectric Devel opment . By J . W M ea r e s

.
,
F R A S . . .

The Electrifi cation of R ail way s . By H . F . T r e wm a n

M A . .

Continuous Curr ent Arm ature Winding . By F . M D e n t on

.

Munic ipal Engin eering . By H . P yerc Bo u l n ois ,

Foundry work . By B en Sha w and J am es E d ga r .

Patt ernmakin g . By B en Sha w a nd J a m es E dgar .

The El ectric Fur nace . By Fr a n k J . M ofi e t t , B A .

M C ons E
. . .

Small Singl e-Phase Tr ansformers . By E . T . P a in t o n

B Sc ( H o n s )
. .
,

Pn eum atic Con vey ing . By E . G . Phi l lips , M IE E . . .

Boil er Inspection Maintenance an d

R C l a t on . By . y .

El ectricity in St eel Works W M c Fa r l a n e B S c . By .

, . .

Modern Central Stations C W M ar s ha ll B Sc . By . .

, . .

Steam Locom otive Con struction and Maint enance . By

E . L . A hr o n s ,

High Tension Switchg ear By H E P . . . ool e , B Sc ( H o n s )

. .
,

High Tension Swit hb d By t h

c oar s. e s am e A u t hor .

Power Fa ctor C ti By A E
orrec on. . . C la t on y , B Sc .

Tool and M ac hi S tti g

ne By P G t
e n . . a es .

Tidal Power . By A St b . ru en,

Pit ma n Techn ica l Pr inz er s
’
5
E ach n et

Sewers a nd Sewerage . By H . Gilb e r t W hy a t t ,

El ements of Illum in ating Engineer ing . By A . P T r ot t er

.
,

Coal -Cutting Machin ery . By G . F F E a ge r. .

,

Grinding Machines an d Their Use . By T . R . Sha w ,

Electro-Deposition of Copper . By C W . . D enn y ,

Directive W ir el ess Tel egraphy . By L . H . W alt er M A ,

Testing of Continuous-Curr ent Machines . By C . F Sm i t h .

,

D Sc
. .
, M I E E W
,

The El ectrical Transmission of Energy . By W . M .

T ho r n t o n ,
D Sc . .

St eam Engine Valves and Valve Gears . By E L . . A hr o n s ,

Mechanical Handling of Goods . By C . H . W o o dfi e l d ,

Industrial an d Power Alcohol . By R . C . Fa r m e r , O B F. . .

D Sc
. .
, Ph D . .
,
F I C. . .

R a dioa ctivity an d R a dioactive Substan ces . By J . C ha d

w i c k Ph D M Sc W it h 3 Fo r e w o r d by S i r E rn es t
f
. .
, .
,
. .

R u t he r or d F R S , . . .

House Decor ation s a nd R epairs . By W . Pr e bbl e .

Electric Power Sy st ems . By C a pt . W . T . T a lo r y

High Voltage Power Transform ers . By t h e sam e A u t hor .

The Manufactur e an d Uses of Explosives . By R . C .

Fa r m e r , D so . .
, Ph D . .
,
F I C . . .

Cotton Spinning Machin ery an d Its Uses . By W . Sc o t t

T a gg a rt .

Town Gas Manufaqture . By C a pt . R a lph St a l e y ,

M C . .

El ectric Cabl es . By F . W M a in .
,

Capstan and Aut omatic Lathes . By Philip G ates .

 Piz m a n
r ‘
Techn ica l Pr inz er s
’
s
E ac h net

Kinematograph St udio Technique L C M a c Be a n . By . . .

Industrial Nitrogen P H S K e m pt o n B Sc ( H on s ) . By . . .
, . .
,

The Testin g of Transformers and Al ternating-Curren t

Machines . By C ha r l e s F Sm i t h D S c .
, .

Con tin uous Wave W ireless Tel egra phy . By B . E . G .

M it t e ll ,

Switching an d Swit chgear . By H E P . . o ol e , B se . .

( H o n s ) .

Industr ial Mot or Contr ol . By A T D . . ov e r ,

Petrol Cars and Lorries . By F H p . ea .

Oils, Pigm ents, Paints an d Varnishes . By R u pe rt H

T r u e lo v e .

Filtration . By T . R . W o l l a s t on ,

Met allurg y of Iron and St eel . B a sed on Pa pe r s b y Sir

R o b e r t H a dfi el d , Bt .

El ectric Traction Controls A T . By . . D ov e r ,

Industrial Application of X- R ay s . By P . H S Ke m pt o n
. .

E Sc (H o n s )
. . .

Abrasive Materials . By A . B . Se a r l e .

Sparking Plugs A P . By . . Yo u n g an d H . W a rr e n .

Electricity in Agricul ture . By A . H . A ll e n ,

R ailway Sig nalling ! Automat ic By F R aym

. . ar W il s o n .

R ailway Signalling Mechanica l By F R y

. . a nar W il s o n .

Lubricants and Lubricat ion e of the . By J H H yd . .

,

N a ti on a l P hy s i ca l L a bora tory .

Special Steel s B
a s e d o n N o t e s b y Sir R ob e r t H a dfi e l d

B B
. ,

art ; c o m pil e d b y T H u r n ha m E Sc ( D o u b l e . .
,
. .

Vo l pr i c e 5 8 n e t )
.
, . .

The Diesel Engine A r t on . By . O .

Dr op For ging and Dr op Stamping . By H . Ha y es .

D e s c r ipt ive L i s ts p os t f ree on a ppl i c a t i on .

S IR I SA A C PIT M A N A ND SONS ,
L TD .

PA R K E R ST R E E T , KI N G S W A Y ,
L O ND O N, W . C 2 .
 s d
I Y I B
. .

A R C H TEC T U R A L H G E NE . . F . H P Fl et c he r 1 0
an d . .

AR ITHMET C I OF AL T E R N A T N G I C U R R E N TS E H . . .

AR ITH M E T C O F
’
I E LE C TR I C AL E NG N EE R N G I I . Whit
t a ke r s

I
A R T H M E T C O F T E LEG R A PHI Y A
ND T E L E PH O N Y .

T E H e r be r t an d R G d e
. . . W ar d t
I
. .

A R M A TU RE C O N S T R U C T H M H oba rt and
”

ON . . .

A G Ell is . 25 O
A II
R T F C IAL S IKL I TS
A ND M AN U FA CT U RE .
J .

Fol t z e r . Tra n sl a t ed by S . W oo dhou se 1 O

A S ER O N O M E R S , G R E AT . Sir R . B a ll 7 O
A S TR ON O M Y FO R E VE R Y B OD Y . Pro f S Ne w co m be. . 7 Q
AS T R O N O M Y F OR G E N E RAL R E AD E R S . G . F .

Cha m b e r s 4 °
A U TO M O B I C E II L E A ND A W J d ge3 0 0A R RA FT NG N E S . . . u

A U TO M O B I II I VLE TIMI S
G N T ON A N D A L VE N G, TA R T
IN G LI I AN D J B R t hb GH T N G . . . a un

BA U D O P I I TT SY M
R NT N G H W E L E G RA PH S TE
P d y
. . .

en r

BL U E P I I M
R N T NG P C YI AN D OD E R N LAN OP NG

m
B J H ll
.

. . a mO
B RE WI MNG I J R M k i
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