History F1

STUDY NOTES (HISTORY FORM 1) COMPILED BY MOSES MTIMBE
THE STUDY OF HISTORY
 History is the study of past events to which the present generation have
attached significance
OR
 It is the study of human experience that took place in the past and present
time
TYPES OF HISTORY
- Some of the types of history are; political, social, economic and
environmental history
1. POLITICAL HISTORY
- This history studies leaders of community, nation, kingdoms and empires
- It also studies form of government
- It looks at the rise, decline and fall of kingdoms or empires e.g. Malavi
Kingdom
2. SOCIAL HISTORY
- It is the history that examine the lives of people as they interacted in their
society
- It looks at how people related to each other in various aspects such as
religion, music, dance, culture, language, dressing and games
3. ECONOMIC HISTORY
- This history concentrates on how people earned their living in a society in
order to survive e.g. trade, mining, hunting, fishing, farming, etc.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
- This history deals with the way people used their environment e.g.
exploiting natural resources such as wildlife, minerals, vegetation, etc.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
- Historians get historical information from various sources
- Sources of history include the following:
i. Written sources
ii. Archaeological sources
iii. Oral sources
iv. Visual sources
1. WRITTEN SOURCES
- These include books, magazines, newspaper, constitution, documentary
journals, diaries or pamphlets
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CLASSES OR CARTEGORIES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

- Written sources are classified into three; Primary, Secondary and Mixed
sources
a. Primary written sources or records

- These sources or records are written by the person who had witnessed the
event
- In other words, primary sources are written by an eye witness
b. Secondary written sources or records

- These are records written by people who may have heard or read from
primary record or source
c. Mixed written sources or records

- These are written by people who combine what they witnessed with
information from other sources
ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

 It is easy to trace the origin and locate the time and place of events
 The information is generally reliable
 They provide substantial amount of information
 They can be kept for relatively longer period of time
 They are readily available
DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

 Some written documents may not be genuine as they could be
fabricated
 Language from very ancient manuscripts may not be understood by the
reader
 Cost of production of written materials can be expensive
 Written sources or records are limited to those who can read and write
 They require great care in order to safeguard against fire, water or bad
weather
 Mistakes may take long to be corrected once a book has been
published
2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
- These are sources that study belied artefacts and fossils
- Archaeological sources are also called digging history
- Artefacts are surviving objects which people used in the past
- Fossils are the remains of prehistoric plants or animals embedded in rocks
and preserved in petrified forms
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- People who analyse and interpret fossils and artefacts are called
Archaeologists
ADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES

 Provide information on events which have no written records
 Give evidence of human settlement and ancient social economic
activities
 They help us to know how ancients people looked like
 It help to estimate date of artefacts and fossils using carbon 14 dating
 It interpret the activities of the past like farming, fishing, trade, etc.
DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES

 It fails to give information about non-material things such as language,
religion and language
 It is expensive as compared to other sources of history
 It cannot be used on things or objects that decay easily such as animal
skins
3. ORAL SOURCES
- Oral sources are the information which is passed from one generation to
the other through the word of mouth
- Oral sources are in forms of songs, poems, legends, folktales and myth
ADVANTAGES OF ORAL SOURCES

 Oral sources provide information which cannot be found in written sources
 It is cheaper than other sources of history such as archaeological sources
 Accessing information is easier since it depends on verbal communication
 People interact as they share information with each other
 One can verify information by asking the narrator relevant questions
DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL SOURCES

 Some events can easily be forgotten
 People tend to exaggerate what actually happened
 The narrator may tell lies or tell more details which are not necessary
 People can be biased when telling what happened for one reason or
another
 A person who knows the events well may die before sharing the memories
4. VISUAL SOURCES
- These are sources which use photographs, paintings, galleys, movies and
documentaries to describe the past events
ADVANTAGES OF VISUAL SOURCES

 It can be kept for long time
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 It is accessible to many people

 It spread fast to many areas
DISADVANTAGES OF VISUAL SOURCE

 It is expensive to have those documentaries and movies
 It requires great care
REASONS FOR STUDYING HISTORY

It is inevitable to study history because of the following reasons:
1. It assist people to understand the past and present human experiences
2. It give pleasure especially on events of the past legends
3. It help to avoid past mistakes done by ancient people
4. It promote national unity and identity through the study of origin of
groups of people
5. It help to plan for future needs of society
6. The study of history help us to learn from the achievement of other
people e.g. One Village, One Product from Japan
7. It help to understand the change and how societies became in
existence
8. It help us to gain useful skills such as critical thinking, empathy, effective
writing, etc.
TIME IN HISTORY
 The word ‘date’ can be defined as a stated point in time that is indicated
by one or more numerical figures of a day, week, month or year
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
 In history, events follow chronological order
 Chronological order is the arrangement of events in the order in which they
happened
DATES IN HISTORY
 Time is read from the birth of Jesus Christ which is assumed to be the year
“0”
 Before that, it is assumed dates and years are said to be Before Christ (BC)
or Before Common Era (BCE)
 After that, dates and years are said to be Anno Domini (AD) a Latin phrase
for In the Year of Our Lord
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YEARS IN BC AND AD

Years in BC are arranged in descending order while those in AD are arranged
in ascending order
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DECADE, CENTURY AND MILLENIUM

 Time can also be presented as a decade, a century or millennium
 A Decade is a period of ten years
 A Century is a period of one hundred years
 A Millennium is a period of one thousand years
Century Shortened Range of years

First 1st 0-99
Second 2nd 100-199
Third 3rd 200-299
Fifteenth 15th 1400-1499
Twentieth 20th 1900-1999
Twenty-fist 21st 2000-2099
TIME CHART
 A time chart is a list of dates and events that are arranged in their
chronological order
EXAMPLE OF TIME CHART
IMPORTANCE OF DATES AND TIME CHART IN HISTORY
1. Dates help us to know when and how long events have been
happening
2. Dates and time charts prevent confusion of events
3. They show chronology of events
4. They give the reader information of how old an event is
5. They enable the reader to see whether events happened concurrently
(at the same time) in different location
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THE ORIGINS OF PEOPLE

There are two theories on the origins of human beings. These are:
1. Creation theory
2. Evolution theory
1. CREATION THEORY
- This theory states that human beings and the universe were created by
one or more supernatural being (God or gods)
- Many cultures all over the world have their own version of creation
- The most known creation story is found in the Bible in Genesis
- This story says that God created the universe and the first two human
beings, Adam and Eve
- The two were ordered to multiply and fill the earth
2. EVOLUTION THEORY
- This theory was developed in 1859 by English Scientist by the name Charles
Darwin
- The evolution theory states that human beings developed gradually from
ape-like creatures called hominids into modern human beings
- As environment changed, the hominids also developed features in order
to adapt to the change for survival
- In short, evolution is the gradual process by which the ape-like creatures
changed to modern human beings
STAGES IN THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMMENT OF HUMAN BEINGS
The physical development of human beings from the first ape-like creature to
the modern stage can be traced scientifically as having come through stages.
1. THE PROCONSUL
- This was dug up at Rushing Island on the lake Victoria
- The world Proconsul means the first citizen
- It is believed that proconsul lived 25 million years ago
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROCONSUL
- It was more hairy and used four limbs (Quadripedal) when moving
- It lived in caves or under shrubs
- It highly depended on hunting and gathering of fruits and roots for food
- It ate raw food as fire was not yet discovered
2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS (SOUTHERN APE)
- The word ‘austral’ means ‘Southern’ whereas ‘pithecus’ means ‘an ape’
- Therefore, Australopithecus means the Southern Ape
- The skeletal remains of this hominid were excavated in Taung (South
Africa) by Raymond Dart in 1924
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS
- They had bigger brain which made them wiser
- They had large jaws for chewing tough vegetables and fruits
- They walked frequently
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- They had less hair on the body

3. ZINJANTHROPUS (EASTERN MAN)
- This hominid was discovered by Dr L.S.B Leaky at Olduvai George in
Tanzania in 1959
- He called this skeleton Zinjanthropus meaning Eastern Man
CHARACTERISTICS OF ZINJANTHROPUS
- It was hairy
- It had long arms and clumsy hands
- It walked slightly bent
- It had large jaws and large molars
- It walked on two limbs (Bipedal)
- It used simple stone tools
- It had heavy legs and hips
4. HOMO HABILIS
- Homo Habilis means skilful man
- This hominid was also discovered Dr L.S.B. Leaky at Olduvai George
- A number of stone tools were discovered there
- Homo Habilis is believed to have lived about the same period as
Zinjanthropus some million years ago
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMO HABILIS
- It used two legs
- It had fewer hairs
- It walked slightly bent
- It had a thumb which meant he could easily hold things
- It was the earliest stone tool maker and user
- It knew how to make crude tools and to build simple shelter
5. HOMO ERECTUS
- The term ‘Homo Erectus’ means ‘An upright man’
- The remains of this hominid were found in several places like Morocco,
Olduvai George (Tanzania)and Swartkrans Cave (South Africa)
- It lived almost 500, 000 years ago
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMO ERECTUS
- He used tools that were more advanced
- He was the first one to use fire
- He had bigger brain and skilful hand
- He built shelters with trees
6. HOMO SAPIENS
- This is the ancestor of the present human being
- Homo Sapiens mean the ‘Wise man’
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMO SAPIENS
- It had larger brain which enabled it to think well
- It had smaller jaw and well developed molars
- It was able to run on two legs (Bipedal)
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- It was able to stand and walk upright

7. NEANDERTHAL MAN
- He was called Neanderthal man because his bones were found in a cave
in Neander River valley in Germany
- It lived in caves and led a nomadic type of life
- It used fire to warm or protect itself from wild animals
- Neanderthal lived during the ice age
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEANDERTHAL MAN
- He was muscular
- He was 1.67 metres tall
- He had large brain
- He was good hunter
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN BEINGS AND APE-LIKE CREATURES (HOMINIDS)
HYMAN BEINGS APE-LIKE CREATURES (HOMINIDS)

- Able to make tools - Not able to make tools
- Able to use tools - Not able to use tools
- Able to make fire - Not able to make fire
- They ate roasted meat - They ate raw meat
- The brain was bigger - The brain was smaller
SOCIAL-CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEINGS

- Social-cultural evolution is the stage during which human beings (Homo
erectus)developed skills necessary for them to adapt to nature and make
their environment suitable
- For a long period, human beings used tools made from stone
- The period when human beings used tools made from stones, is called the
Stone Age
- The tools were also made from sticks and bones of animals
STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEINGS (STONE AGE)
- The Stone Age has been divided into three stages based on the
development of people, activities and the discoveries made
- The Stone Age is divided into:
i. Early Stone Age or Old Stone Age or Palaeolithic Age
ii. Middle Stone Age or Mesolithic Age
iii. New Stone Age or Late Stone Age or Neolithic Age
1. OLD STONE AGE
- The Old Stone Age is also known as the Palaeolithic Age or Early Stone Age
- During this stage, people were wonderers and lived by hunting animals,
gathering fruits and digging up edible roots for food
- They used simple stone tools and sticks
- The early human beings liked to live in river valleys
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- These were places where they could obtain their needs such as water,
food and pebbles or stones for making tools
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES DURING OLD STONE AGE
- During this period human beings made two new discoveries which
contributed to their development
- These included:
i. Hand axe
ii. Fire
USES OF HAND AXE
- It was used for cutting animals and tree branches
- It was used for skinning animals
- It was used for digging up roots
IMPORTANCE OF FIRE DURING EARLY STONE AGE
- Keeping people warm
- Defending people from wild animals
- Clearing the cave
- Driving away dangerous animals from caves
- For roasting meat
2. MIDDLE STONE AGE
- This period is also referred to as Mesolithic Age
DEVELOPMENTS DURING MIDDLE STONE AGE
- This period has two major developments
i. Improvement in hunting skills
ii. Production of more advanced stone tools e.g. spear, bows, arrows,
knives
- When hunting, human beings began to put poison at the tip of their arrows
to kill animals
- They also used pit traps to let animals fall in
- Human beings used skins as clothing or carrier bags
- During the evening, they could discuss the major events in their life as they
sat around the fire eating their food
3. NEW STONE AGE
- This period is also called the Neolithic Age or Late Stone Age
- It began in about 8000 BC
- People became more advanced in their way of life
- Due to abundant food and other resources, human communities grew
rapidly
- Unfortunately, overpopulation depleted the surrounding resources like
fruits and wild animals
- This forced human beings to walk long distances looking for food
- As an attempted solution to some problems, certain human groups
captured some live animals which they reared
- Human beings became masters of their surrounding
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- They stayed closer to the water sources like rivers and lakes
- These chosen sites were important because of
a. Green pastures for their livestock
b. Water for domestic use like bathing, drinking, cooking, etc.
c. River banks were always wet and fertile for crop cultivation
- People used stone tools in cultivating cereal crops like maize and wheat
- The rearing of animals and crop cultivation forced people to lead a settled
type of life
- The settled life enabled them to take care of their crops and livestock
- They built simple grass thatched houses of mud walls
CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENT DURING NEW STONE AGE
- The two major changes in the development of human beings during
Neolithic Age were:
i. Changed from food gatherers or hunters to farmers
ii. Changed from nomadism to settled life
NEW ACTIVITIES DUE TO SETTLEMENT
- The development of permanent settlement led to evolution of other
institutions and activities such as government, religion, industry and trade
a. Government
- When many people lived together in one place, the need to maintain law
and order arise
- Naturally those who were strong and wise enough emerged as leaders
- In most cases, the leader would be succeeded by his son
- Eventually, it led to the development of the idea of a dynasty or a line of
rulers
- This led to the rise of the idea of governance and kingdoms
b. Religion
- With developed brains, human beings became inquisitive
- The need to answer certain life’s questions such as death, floods, droughts
and epidemics led to the emergence of common beliefs about a god or
gods in order to explain the occurrences
c. Industry
- Now that human beings could no longer wander about, people began to
learn new skills like weaving, building granaries, pottery, making bows, etc.
- These skills were handed down to succeeding generations and improved
on with time
d. Trade
- Those who had surplus pots, baskets, crops or animals exchanged with
what they lacked
- This was the beginning of barter trade
- Barter trade is the system of exchanging goods for goods
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THE GROWTH OF ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION (4000 BC – 4 BC)
 The term Civilisation means a period of change whereby people or society

reaches an advanced stage of human development
LOCATION OF EGYPT
- Egyptian Civilisation was located to the north east of Africa

- To the north there is the Mediterranean sea while to the east there is the
Red Sea
- To the West, there is the vast Sahara desert and to the south is the present
day Sudan
- The ancient Egyptian Civilisation developed along the Nile Valley
ORIGINS OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION

- Activities such as farming, architecture, religions, social and political
organisation turned Egyptian villages into towns
- The leaders of ancient Egypt became ambitious as they now desired to
developed their societies
- The leaders became responsible for sponsoring and supervising activities
such as construction of canals, dykes and reservoirs
- By 3500 BC, there were two Egyptians Kingdoms: The North (Upper)and The
South (Lower) with their respective Kings
- The Northern King had his capital at Memphis and chose red as a colour
or symbol of their Kingdom
- The Southern King had Thebes as the capital and had white as a colour
of their Kingdom
- In 3000 BC, Menes Narmer united both Kingdoms into one
- As a King, he took the title of Pharaoh
- He first made Memphis the capital before transferring to Thebes
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FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION

- Some of the factors that led to the growth of ancient Egyptian Civilisation
were:
1. River Nile 4. Effective leadership or
2. Red Sea Government
3. The Mediterranean Sea and 5. Good climate
Sahara Desert 6. Trade
1. River Nile
- Most of Egypt is a desert and receives almost no rainfall
- Each year the rain in central Africa cause the river to floods
- In the process fertile mud is deposited on either side of the valley
- Since rainfall was a problem, people began to irrigate food crops with
water from the Nile
2. Red Sea
- Means of transport through Red Sea enabled the people in the Kingdom
to travel and communicate with each other easily
- People travelled in Egypt because they built canals which connected the
Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea
- This was because boats could sail from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
Sea
- This enabled the trade to develop their Kingdom economically
3. The Mediterranean Sea

- The Egypt was surrounded by a number of physical features which offered
them natural protection
- These include Sahara desert and two seas; Mediterranean and Red Sea
4. Effective leadership or Government

- The Pharaoh’s established a strong system of government which ensured
unity among the Egyptian
- Stability created by the rule of the Pharaoh encouraged prosperity
5. Good climate
- The area had a temperate climate which is not too cold
- Such climate is good for farming as well as settlement
- Besides, plenty water supply from the Nile, crop cultivation was further
encouraged by good climate condition of the regions
6. Trade
- The people of the Nile Valley conducted trade with people of the Middle
East
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- They exchanged wheat, barley and cotton with Jewels, metal objects,
spices, copper, glass ware, wine, etc.
- They also traded with people in the south of Egypt such as Axum and
Nubia
- This trade increased the economy of the kingdom hence the growth
CONTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION TO THE MODERN WORLD

The ancient Egyptians made a number of contributions to the modern world
Some of these contributions are discussed below
1. Calendar
- The Egyptians are the first people to divide the year into twelve months of
30 days
- The remaining 5 days were made public holidays
- Their calendar had 360 days
- They developed their calendar based on the moon through the rise and
fall of levels of water in Nile River
2. Irrigation
- Egyptians relied on the Nile for irrigation
- When the level of water in the Nile River dropped further, they used clay-
lined baskets to draw water into the ditch
- Later, Egyptians invented the Shaduf, a technique of drawing water from
the Nile river into the ditches to irrigate crops
- Today, irrigation agriculture is slowly replacing rain-fed agriculture
3. Writing
- Egyptians developed a system of writing called Hieroglyphics (sacred
writing)
- They wrote on a form of paper made from stems of papyrus
- Papyrus was a type of reeds that grew abundantly along the Nile River
banks
- The scribes shaped the reeds to form writing instrument and mixed with
soot, sap and water to form ink
- The modern world copied the idea and improved on it
- Much of the hieroglyphics is known because of the Rosetta Stone which
was discovered by French soldier in 1799
4. Architecture
- Egyptians were great builders
- They were the first people to develop architecture knowledge in building
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- They used this knowledge to build pyramids (royal tombs), temples, houses
and other structures
- The biggest pyramid was that of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops)
- It was constructed with about 2.5 million stone blocks each weighing
about 2 tons
- Another important pyramid is the Sphinx of Pharaoh Khafre which had a
shape of a human head and a body of a lion
5. Mathematics
- The construction of pyramids and temples naturally gave rise to
mathematics
- Egyptians had knowledge of the four basic mathematical operations;
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
- In the process of constructing pyramids, they developed geometry such
that they calculated volume of boxes and surface area of rectangle,
triangle and circles
- They also contributed to the knowledge of algebra in that they even
worked out a fraction of inch
6. Medicine
- Egyptians were the first people to do surgical operations on human body
- They could arrange the broken bones, stich the wounds and bandage
them with raw meat white linen
- Then they applied honey to prevent infection
- Egyptians also started the idea of mummification
- Mummification is the process of preserving the dead body
- When preserving the dead body, they first removed internal organs and
the brain through the nose
- The body was then soaked in a mixture of salt (nitron) for a period of 70
days
- After 70 days, the body was removed and applied oil to it
- The body was wrapped with clothes and placed in a stone coffin
- The embalmed dead body or mummy was then ready for burial
7. Astronomy
- The Egyptians observed stars, moon and the sun in order to predict the rise
and fall of water levels of the Nile River
- This led to the birth of astronomical knowledge
8. Religion
- Many religion beliefs and practices existing in the modern world were
borrowed from the ancient Egyptian religion
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- Some of the beliefs and practices are the belief in many gods, magic,
superstition and burial of people in tombs
THE POLITICAL HIERARCHY OF ANCIENT EGYPT
1. PHARAOH
- Pharaoh was the title of the Kings of Egypt
- Pharaoh means “The Great House”
- The Pharaoh was semi-divine
- They were believed to be gods who represented the chief god, Re
2. THE VIZIER
- He was a prime minister of Egypt
- He was responsible for public order, royal buildings and tombs
- He was also a chief Justice
3. THE NORMACH
- Egypt was divided into 42 districts
- Each district was called a Nomarch
- A Nomarch was a district governor
- Nomarchs collected taxes in form of grain or labour from their districts
4. CIVIL SERVANTS
- These were officials recruited from the priests and scribes
- The civil service organised the production and distribution of items
5. PRIESTS AND NOBLES

- These men controlled thousands of peasants on their estates
- Priests and nobles organised the people to work on projects like
construction of royal tombs, digging and building irrigation canals
GODS OF ANCIENT EGYPT AND ROLES THEY PLAYED
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GODS ROLES OF THE GODS

Amen or Amon Father of all gods in Egypt, god of life and fertility
Ra or Re The god of sun and was represented by Pharaoh on earth
Isis Wife of Osiris and goddess of moon

Osiris The god of the afterlife who judged souls
Horus The god of dawn
Thoth Was the secretary of gods, a god of wisdom, learning,
medicine, magic and music
Set The god of darkness or evil
Anubis The god who destroyed the wicked (evil people)
Hathor A god of heaven, joy music and love
Ptah Protector of craftsmen
Amun The god of Thebes, the capital city of Egypt
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF ANCIENT EGYPT

a. Life after death
- Ancient Egyptians believed in life after death
- Because of this belief, Egyptians preserved dead bodies
- They buried their kings with their belongings to be used in the next life
- Kings were buried with some of his servants to serve him in the next world
b. Belief in many gods

- The Egyptians were religious people
- They had many gods
- They worshipped the sun, the moon and the Nile
- The most important of these was the Nile which they believed represented
the god Osiris
c. Mummification
- The ancient Egyptians preserved the dead bodies through embalming to
prevent decaying of dead bodies
- The process of embalming is called mummification
- The embalmed corpses are called mummies
- The mummies were put in a stone coffin and buried in Pyramids
d. Pyramids
- These are huge rectangular buildings which were used as tombs for the
Pharaohs
- The Pharaoh was believed to be son of the sun god Re
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e. Semi Divineship
- The Pharaoh was regarded as representative of god Re
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION
1. Weak rulers
- Weak pharaohs who ruled Egypt led to disorder and quarrelling of the
people
- This gave chance to the outsiders to invade them
- For instance, the Hyksos from Syria in 1670 BC fought and attacked them
using bronze weapons
2. Climatic disorder
- There was a climate disorder at one time which led to crop failure
- This affected the prosperity of Egyptian kingdom
3. Wealthy priests
- Wealthy priests encouraged revolt with each other for political power
- These revolts weakened Egypt hence the decline and fall
4. Rebellion
- Nubia (Kush) took advantage of the weakness of Egypt and conquered
the kingdom from the south
- Trade and farming were affected which further weakened the kingdom
5. Priests and nobles became too powerful
- Many priests held high government offices
- Unfortunately, most of them were conservatives and this stopped the
progress of Egyptian life hence the decline and fall of ancient Egypt
6. Building of pyramids
- The building of pyramids drained income in the treasury
- This resulted into the economic weakening of the Kingdom
- This also affected the development of the Kingdom
7. Foreign invasion
- Egypt suffered many foreign invasion from Nubia, Assyria and Persia in
about 525 BC
- This marked the fall of Egyptian Kingdom
8. Conquest
- Egypt experienced conquest by Greeks who came from the north in 332
BC
- It was also conquered by Romans in 30 BC
- This marked the end of the Egyptian Kingdom
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ANCIENT GREEK CIVILISATION
 The earliest civilisation in Europe was developed by the Greeks

LOCATION OF ANCIENT GREECE
Map of Ancient Greece

- Ancient Greek Civilisation was located in Greece in Europe)
- The ancient Greek civilisation developed in the Greek mainland, the
surrounding islands and coastal Asia Minor (Morden-day Europe)
GREEK’S CITY STATES
The following are some of the Greek’s city states
1. Athens 6. Sicily
2. Sparta 7. Thebes
3. Ephesus 8. Delphi
4. Miletus 9. Olympia
5. Corinth
CENTRES OF EARLY CIVILISATION THAT INFLUENCED ANCIENT GREECE
- Ancient Greece was influenced by:
 Egyptian civilisation
 Mesopotamian civilisation
- As a results of trade which flourished in the region, an important civilisation
developed on the Island of Crete in the Mediterranean sea
- Crete had long established trade ties with Egypt
- Consequently, the Greeks copied much of Egyptian civilised ways and
ideas
GROUPS OF INVADERS INTO ANCIENT GREECE
- In 1250 BC, two nomadic groups entered Greece from the north
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- These people were the Archeans and the Dorians

- They used heavy weapons which enabled them to defeat the early
inhabitants of the region
- The early inhabitants of Greece were Mycenaeans
- Because of the defeat, the Mycenaean people fled to the mountainous
western coast of Asia minor and the nearby Islands
- After settling in the land, the barbarians (nomadic groups) came to be
known as Hellens because they all believed that they were descendants
of a single ancestor known as Hellene
- The Mycenaeans who fled to the mountainous western cost of Asia Minor
became known as the Ionians
- This enabled people of each city state to develop their own customs and
traditions
NOTE: It was the Romans who called the Hellens ‘Greeks’
GREEK CITY STATES

- Due to the geography of their country, the Greeks made separate farming
settlements in the valleys and shores
- The settlements developed into cities which are described as ‘city-states’
because they were independent of each other
- Each city had its own government and made its own laws
- Every city had its own god, with its local religious festivals
NOTE: The major Greek’s Cities were Athens and Sparta
THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ATHENS AND SPARTA
- Despite living in separate independent states, the Greeks had many things
in common
a. Language
- All Greeks had the same language known as Greek
- They also had same alphabet for their writing
- The Phoenicians changed Egyptian writings into letters which were all
consonants
- The Greeks then changed some of them into 22 letter alphabet
b. Common ancestry
- All Greeks believed that they had one common ancestor, Hellene
- Thus, they were known as Hellenes
c. Religion
- Both Spartans and Athenians worshiped the same gods
- They built fine temples and statues for gods
d. Literature
- The Greeks shared same literature
- They were all interested in writing poems and telling stories
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e. Theatre
- The Greeks were the first group of people to write and perform plays on
stage
- The competitions took place in theatres in honour of Dionysus, the god of
wine
- Greeks introduced two different types of plays known as the comedy and
tragedy
- A comedy is a play with amusing end
- A tragedy is a play with a sad ending
f. Sports and games
- Every four years, all Greeks met at Olympia to worship Zeus
- Different games were held in his honour
- The games included discuss throwing, boxing, running and chariot racing
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ATHENS AND SPARTA
- Much as Sparta and Athens had a number of things in common, it is
important to know that the city-states were different in other areas
- Some of the differences are evident in government, education, way of life,
security and geographical position
a. Government
- Athens form of government was democracy where by free born adult
male was supposed to participate
- Sparta was a dictatorial military city state ruled by two Kings assisted by
nobbles
b. Education
- Athenians were good at education
- Their education was aimed to develop a person’s mental and physical
powers and to be able to express their thoughts clearly
- In school, Athenians learnt poetry, literature, philosophy, mathematics and
astronomy, music, dancing and gymnastics
- On the other hand, Spartans were good at sports
- At the age of seven, Spartan boys were sent to military barracks
- There, they learnt how to use weapons of war and to be courageous
- The girls were involved in the tough games so that they should become
strong mothers
c. Way of life
- Athens was generally a busy trade city-state
- Athenians traded in Wine and olive with other Islands and territories around
the Mediterranean sea
- This trade made Athens wealthy
- The Spartans concentrated much on physical training and neglected
mental training
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- The Spartan youth could not marry until they had fought in the army
d. Security
- Athenians were surrounded by a wall for protection against outside
invaders
- Sparta had no walls around it
- It depended on its army and surrounding mountains for defence
e. Geographical position
- Athenian city was situated on valley and it was well walled
- Sparta was a mountainous city and it was protected by some mountains
REASONS WHY THE GREEKS NEVER FORMED AN EMPIRE
1. Greece was very mountainous
- Mountainous made travel and communication between the settlements
difficult
2. Each separate community had its own ruler and a set of laws
- Therefore, it was difficult for them to be united
3. Each state had its own religious festivals
4. The land was in narrow belt in the valley and near the sea
- There was no place big enough for the Greeks settlers to live together
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF ANCIENT GREEKS
- The Ancient Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses
- All Greeks worshipped same gods and goddesses
- The Greeks believed that all their gods and goddesses lived on Mount
Olympus
GODS OF ANCIENT GREEKS AND THEIR ROLES
 Zeus - god of the sky and a chief god
 Hera – Wife of Zeus and goddess of marriage
 Athena – goddess of wisdom and peace
 Demeter – the goddess of the earth and harvest
 Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty
 Ares – god of war
 Poseidon – god of the sea who caused storms when angry
 Artemis – goddess of moon and hunting
 Apollo – son of Zeus, god of light and music and his temple was at Delphi
 Hermes – messenger of the gods and ruler of the winds
 Hestia – goddess of homestead
 Hephaestus – the god of fire and metal work
 Dionysus – god of wine
CONTRIBUTION OF GREEK CIVILISATION TO THE MODERN WORLD
- The Ancient Greek civilisation contributed a lot to the modern world in the
field of:
1. Sports and games 2. Literature
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3. History 5. Science and Mathematics

4. Philosophy 6. Leadership or Politics
1. SPORTS AND GAMES

- Modern day has borrowed much of the Greek ideas in sports and athletics
- The idea of Olympic games came from ancient Greece
2. LITERATURE
- Greek produced famous poets and playwrights
- The Greeks were the first to write and perform plays
- Their plays were staged in open-air building called Theatres
- Some of the famous poets and playwrights are Homer, Aristophanes and
Sophocles
a. Homer
- Homer is probably the greatest Greek Poet
- He is famous of his two epics; Iliad and Odyssey
- The Iliad tells the story of the early Greek wars with the Troy or the Trojan
- Odyssey tells about the return of Odyssey from the war with the Troy
b. Aristophanes
- Aristophanes wrote comedies
- He wrote the “Wasps” which was full of obscenity and laughter
c. Sophocles
- Sophocles wrote on religion
- His plays include “Ant gore” and “Oedipus Rex”
3. HISTORY
- The Greeks were proud of their past especially their conquests
- As such they wrote the early history of Greece
- The most important historians were Herodotus and Thucydides
a. Herodotus
- He is seen as the father of history
- He wrote the earliest history book called “Histories”
- The book is about the Greek wars with Persians and how Greece fell under
the Persians
b. Thucydides
- He is remembered for his book called “History of the Peloponnesian Wars”
- These wars were Greek wars were Greek wars involving Athens and Sparta
4. PHILOSOPHY
- Philosophy means love of wisdom
- Athens had a number of philosophers
- They tried to discover the meaning of virtues
- The most important great thinkers in Athens were Socrates, Plato and
Aristotle
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a. Socrates
- He wanted to know more about life
- He was interested in goddesses, truth, beauty and Justice
- He taught the Youth by asking questions
b. Plato
- He was a pupil of Socrates
- After Socrate’s death, Plato wrote a book on his Philosophical ideas
- The book was called “The Republic” and described what a good state
should be
c. Aristotle
- He was a student of Plato
- He was interested in different fields of Knowledge especially natural
science
- He studied plants and animals
- He wrote a book “Politics”
5. SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
- The Greeks studied science and mathematics
- They made experiments, observed facts and made conclusions
- They also studied medicine, diseases and geometry
- In astronomy, they discovered that the earth is round and that planets
move around the sun
- Some of their scientists and mathematicians were Pythagoras,
Hippocrates, Archimedes, Thales and Democritus
a. Pythagoras
- He concluded that numbers were the best way of expressing ideas
- He formulated the Pythagoras theorem which states that in a right angled
triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
on the other two sides
- He also founded Pythagoreanism which is a movement with a mixture of
Political, Religion and Philosophical ideas
- Pythagoreans were the first to suggest that the earth was round and that
it moved around the sun
b. Hippocrates
- Hippocrates concentrated on medicine
- He studied the human body and observed patients to note the cause of
their illness and treated them
- He is regarded as the father of medicine
- Doctors from Medical Schools today take the Hippocratic Oath, a code of
conduct for doctors
c. Archimedes
- Archimedes worked on Physics and Mathematics
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- He came up with the principle of levers and pulley system

- He formulated the value of pi and worked out specific gravity
d. Thales
- Thales concluded that all things are made from water which is the main
substance
- By this, he implied that water is found in every existing thing
e. Democritus
- He was the first person to conclude that everything is made from small
particles called atoms
- He claimed that atoms come together by chance to form matter
6. POLITICS OR LEADERSHIP
- Athens produced some great statesmen such as Solon, Pericles and
Alexander the Great
- Their ideas have contributed a lot to governance and culture in the
modern world
a. Solon
- He encouraged the participation of all male citizens in Athens in law-
making process
- His idea led to the beginning of democracy
- During his time, Athens introduced a written code of law
b. Pericles
- He promoted the sense of liberty among people
- He also encouraged citizens to participate fully in the affairs of Athens and
develop their own personalities
- He promoted democracy, rebuilt the temple on the Acropolis including
the Parthenon (The Temple of Athena)
- He also beautified Athens by employing the Architects and sculptors to
develop the city
c. Alexander the Great
- He was a military genius
- He conquered the Persian army twice
- Some of the achievements of Alexander the Great were;
i. He established many cities including Alexandria in Egypt which had
a University, Temples, Theatres, Gymnasia, Library and Market
square
ii. He spread the Greek civilisation throughout the empire he created
iii. He introduced Greek language throughout the empire
iv. Greeks and Macedonia settled in different parts of the empire
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THE AZTEC EMPIRE
- The Aztec Empire is one of the civilisations that developed around the 14th
century AD in Central America
LOCATION OF AZTEC EMPIRE
- The Aztec Empire developed in the valley of Mexico in Central America

- It consisted of several city states with its capital at the modern day Mexico
City
- The empire extended from Central America to the Guatemala border,
from the Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico, and from EI Salvador all the way to
Honduras
ORIGINS OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE
- The Aztec Empire was founded by a group of nomads (Mexica) who lived
by hunting and gathering fruits and roots
- The Mexica migrated from a place known as Aztlan in the north beginning
around 1200 AD
- According to Oral tradition, the Mexicas were promised by their warrior
god called Huitzilopochtli that they would establish a great civilisation in a
marshy area
- As a sign, they would see a cactus out of a rock and an eagle perched
on it with a snake in its beak
- Upon arrival on the swampy shores of Lake Texcoco, their priest
proclaimed that he had seen the promised sign
- As a result, the Mexican drained the swamp and settled
- They built their capital called Tenochtitlan
OTHER LOCAL INHABITANTS OF THE AREA AROUND LAKE TEXCOCO
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- The Mexica found three groups of people already settled in the area
around Lake Texcoco
- These tribes were the Tepanecs, the Acolhuas and the Culhuas
- These tribes were well-established and were farmers
- Among these, the most powerful tribe was the Tepanecs of the city of
Azcapotzalco to whom the Mexica paid tribute
- The Mexica also served as hired soldiers for the Tepanecs
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF THE AZTECEMPIRE
- Some of the factors that led to the growth of the Aztec empire were:
alliances, war skills, religion, environment and trade
a. Alliances
- The Mexicans formed an alliance with the city states of Texcoco and
Tracopan (Triple Alliance)
- It was through this alliance that the empire conquered some states and
expanded
- In 1428, the Alliance defeated the Tepanecs and went on to conquer
several other states
- The defeated city-states had to pay tribute to the Triple Alliance
- Consequently, the Mexicans emerged as the rulers while Texcoco and
Tlacopan were under their control
b. War skills
- The religion of the Aztecs required human sacrifice to their sun god
- The Aztecs fought with bows and arrows
- They also used wooden spears with its head lined with sharp stones
- All the Aztec boys were expected to serve in the army when they grew old
enough
- However, the aim of the war was not to kill but to take captives home for
sacrifice
- These war skills increased the empires wealth and power
The Jaguar Warrior The Eagle Warrior
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NOTE: The elite warriors were the jaguar warriors who wore fur costumes and
Eagle warriors who wore costumes and helmets with feathers
c. Religion
- Religion was connected to warfare and human sacrifice
- Battles were fought just to obtain captives for sacrifice
- In the process, they forced the defeated city-states to pay tribute
- With more and more conquests, the Aztec expanded and grew rich
- Most of the times, religion brought the empire together which led to
development
d. Good Environment
- The capital of the Aztec had fertile soil and plenty of water for agriculture
- Agriculture formed the basis of the economy of the empire
- They grew beans, squashes (Mphonda), avocados, sweet potatoes,
tomatoes, maize and others
- Besides these crops, they also grew cotton, paw paws, rubber and cocoa
beans
- The area had also lakes, canals and other waterways which made
transportation easy
e. Trade
- In the Aztec empire, some manufactured goods were produced for the
ruler or sold in the local markets
- These trade items included pottery, tools, jewelry, baskets and cloth
- These items were exchanged for luxury
- Items such as tropical birds’ feathers, jaguar skins, cotton, rubber and
cocoa were exchanged for chocolate
- This trade increased the economy of the empire
THE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE
1. The Aztecs believed that the sun fought darkness every night to save
human kind
2. They believed that the earth is flat
3. They believed that if they feed the sun with blood, it would rise
4. They believed in life after death
5. They believed in incarnation (belief that people take other forms of
character after death)
GODS OF AZTEC EMPIRE AND THEIR ROLES
- The Aztec practised polytheism (Polytheism is the belief in many gods)
- Some of the gods of the Aztecs and their roles are as follows:
 Huitzilopochtli – the warrior god sun
 Centeotl – god of the corn
 Tlaloc – god of rain, water and fertility
 Xipe Totec – god of springtime and regrowth
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 Tezcatlipoca – all powerful god

 Totatiuh – sun god
 Mictlantecuhli – ruler of the dead
 Quetzalcoatl – god of civilisation and learning
 Ehecatl – god of the wind
SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE
- The basic unit of the Aztec society was the Calpulli (a clan or group of
families)
- The Aztec society consisted of two Social Classes:
i. The Pilli (Upper Class)- these were the nobble people
ii. Macehalli (Lower Class)- these were the common people
GENDER ROLES IN THE AZTEC EMPIRE
 Women were considered subordinate (inferior) to men
 Women were expected to behave with sexual abstinence and to have
high moral standards
 Women were allowed to own or inherit property
 Women were expected to work in the homes, weave textiles and raise
children
 Women were also permitted to become priestesses
 In education system, Boys were prepared to become future officials,
merchants, farmers, craftsmen and warriors
 In contrast, girls learnt music, dances and skills necessary to become
mothers of future warriors
 Men were considered as the head of the home
 Adultery was a crime and it was punishable by death
 The man could marry more than one wife but a primary wife would be
allowed in various ceremonies
POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE
- The Aztec Empire was made up of several city-states known as Altepetl
Political Hierarchy of the Aztec Empire

- Each City-State was governed by a city council
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- Within the council, a four member executive was chosen

- One of the Executive members was chosen as the Tlatcan who acted as
the leader of the council
- In the capital (Tenochtitlan) the leader of the council was called Huey
Tlatcan (Great Speaker or Great Lord)
- Huey Tlatcan was the Aztec Emperor and was worshipped as god (semi-
divine)
- He was an all-powerful ruler (Authoritarian Monarch)
- The Emperor was assisted by Priests, Judges, Governors and other Officials)
- These were officials who were employed to do the work of a government
(Bureaucracy)
- The family clan heads formed the Calpulli which was the local government
- In the cities, the Calpulli were less family-related because there were
people of different cultures and races
- After defeating a city-state, the emperor appointed a reliable local noble
as a ruler
- The defeated city-state paid tribute or tax to the emperor
- The conquered city-states supplied the Aztec with gold, copper, feathers,
incense and cocoa beans
- In essence, the Aztec empire was semi-autonomous especially on
conquered city-states because they were not absolutely free to govern or
control themselves
THE ROLE OF TAX COLL ECTORS IN THE POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF THE AZTEC
EMPIRE
- The tax collectors ensured that taxes were collected from all cities for the
development of the empire
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE

- By 1519, when the Spanish reached America, the Aztec Empire had
already started to decline
- Some of the factors that contributed to its decline are: Human sacrifices,
Epidemic of Smallpox, Clash of religious beliefs with Spaniards, Religion
and The Spanish Conquest
1. Human sacrifices
- The obtaining of captives for sacrifices to gods reduced the number of
farmers, craftsmen and other producers who would have kept the empire
strong
- The Aztecs obtained captives from the surrounding peoples and this made
the people to resent the Aztecs
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- For instance, the city-state of Tlaxcala in the end joined the Spaniards
against them for this reason
2. Epidemic of Smallpox
- One of the Cortez’s men contracted smallpox which quickly spread
among the local population
- The local people were not immune to the new disease and did not know
how to treat it
- Within a short period, many people died and the population was greatly
reduced by 25%
- The Emperor, Cuitlahuac died of smallpox along with many leaders of the
Army
- This enabled the Spaniards to conquer and defeat the Aztecs
3. Clash of religious beliefs with Spaniards

- Aztecs believed in offering human sacrifices
- They were mostly offering hearts of slaves as human sacrifices
- This was very contrary to the beliefs of Spaniards who were Christians of
Catholic Faith
- As a result of this contradiction, the Aztecs and the Spaniards fought each
other and Aztecs were conquered
4. Religion
- The Aztecs believed that one day the sun god would come in form of a
man
- He would say that he came from over the sea, from the east on the wings
of a great white bird
- When the Spaniard, Hernando Cortez and his men arrived, the Aztecs
thought they were gods
- The Aztecs did not immediately respond to the their attack and
consequently they were defeated
5. The Spanish Conquest

- It was a swift war which began in February 1519, and by August 13, 1521,
the Spaniards were declared victorious
- The Aztecs used crude (primitive) weapons like bows and arrows
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Weapons of the Aztecs

- These were not matching with iron steel and gun powder weapons which
their enemies who used iron weapons to defeat them
- It was very easy for enemies who used iron weapons to defeat them
CONTRIBUTIONS OF AZTEC EMPIRE TO THE WORLD

- Some of the legacy left by the Aztec Empire to the modern world are:
Mandatory or Universal Education, Writing, Sculpture, Art or Painting,
Architecture, Popcorn, Chewing Gum, Antispasmodic Medication, tax
collection and Alcohol prohibition
1. Mandatory or Universal Education

- The Aztec Empire was the first in the world to have a mandatory education
for everyone
- Many countries had education for the upper classes, but for the Aztec,
education was valued and open to all, no matter what gender, rank or
station in a society a person is
2. Writing
- The Aztec empire came up with writing which used pictures to convey
messages
- The Aztecs wrote in pictograms or small pictures symbolising objects or
sounds of syllable
- For example, the idea of death was represented by a corpse wrapped for
burial and night by a black sky and a closed eye
- This writing is still seen today
3. Sculpture
- The Aztecs were good at carving objects
- The most famous surviving Aztec Sculpture is the so-called Calendar Stone
- It weighs 22 metric tons and measures 3.7m (12ft) in diameter
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The Calendar Stone of the Aztecs

- The Calendar Stone represents the Aztec Universe in the centre
- Surrounding it are circular bands of designs that symbolise the days and
the heavens
- The Aztecs also carved small realistic figures of people and animals out of
Quartz, Obsidian (Volcanic glass) and Jade
4. Art or Painting
- Most of the Art produced by the Aztecs expressed aspects of their religion
- The brilliantly produced coloured paintings done mainly in the walls and
amatl (paper made of pounded bark) depicted religious ceremonies and
stiff, angular gods
- The Aztecs also carved freestanding idols and bas-relief wall sculptures on
their temple-pyramids
5. Architecture
- The Aztecs were the good builders
- They built many multi-storey buildings in the empire which are seen today
in the world
The Aztecs plaza

- At the centre, there was a ceremonial Plaza paved with a stone
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- The plaza housed several large government buildings and the palace of
the Aztec ruler which was too high storied and contained hundreds of
rooms
- There were many temples and most of these were dedicated to the Aztec
god of the sun and god of the rain
- These high storied buildings are seen today in the world
6. Popcorn
- The Aztecs introduced the popcorn to the rest of the world
- Groups of people such as the Zapotec (of Mexico) and Moche (of Peru)
popped their own corn
- Popcorn was used as an ornament on headdresses and to adorn their god
Tlaloc (god of maize and fertility)
7. Chewing Gum
- Even though the popular chewing gum was discovered by more than one
culture in the world, the Mayans discovered gum
- They discovered that they could take the thick milky liquid from the
Sapodilla tree and harden it into gum
- The liquid was called “Chicle” a word still heard on street corners in Mexico
from Vendors selling chewing gum
8. Antispasmodic medication (Medicine)
- The Aztecs practised advanced medicine
- The Aztec doctors made more than 1,000 medicines from plants
- They used a type of antispasmodic medication
- This medicine could prevent muscle spasms and relax them, which may
have been helpful during surgery
- The Passion Flower was used for this purpose, a flower which still grows in
Mexico today
- The passion flower is still used today as a herbal remedy believed to help
with insomnia, epilepsy and high blood pressure
9. Tax Collection
- The Aztecs developed an effective system of tax collection from the
citizens and the conquered territories
10. Alcohol prohibition
- The Aztecs prohibited alcohol consumption until when a person was 70
years or above
- In the modern world, different countries prohibit alcohol consumption in
different ways
- For example, in Malawi, alcohol consumption is allowed to those 18 years
and above
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THE CHINESE CIVILISATION
- Ancient China is among the great ancient civilisations in the world

- According to archaeological findings, China was one of the cradles of
human race (place where the human race originated)
LOCATION OF CHINISE CIVILISATION
The location of Ancient Chinese Civilisation
- The Chinese civilisation developed on the valley of two rivers: Yellow

(Huang He) and Yangtze rivers in the northern China around 3000 BC
- Ancient China was isolated from all other civilisations
- To its east, lay the Pacific Ocean, West lay the forbidding desert and
plateau of Tibet
- To the South West were the Himalaya Mountains and to the North was
warlike Mongolia
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH OF THE CHINESE CIVILISATION

- Some of the factors that led to the growth of the Chinese civilisation were:
Rivers, Natural Barriers, Religion, Ancient Philosophies, Nature of the
Chinese and Able Leaders
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a. Rivers
- The river’s colour was yellowish
- From the western mountain, the waters pick up a dusty yellow soil called
Loess
- The river spread the loess and water over the peasants’ fields
- Winds from the north brought more rich soils to keep the farmlands of
middle kingdom fertile
- These fertile soils helped farmers to have more yields from millet and rice
and hence the kingdom prospered
b. Natural Barriers
- Ancient China was surrounded by many physical features which offered
natural protection to the kingdom
- For instance, the Himalaya Mountain to the south west, the Taklamakan
Desert to the west, the Yellow Sea to the north east and the China Sea to
the south east made it difficult for the enemies to attack China
- Safety from attacks enabled the development of ancient Chinese
Civilisation
c. Religion
- The ancient Chinese believed in many gods
- They also worshipped a natural force called t’ien or Heaven who ruled
over all the other gods
- It was believed that heaven decided who would be the ruler
- The emperor or empress believed they had the Mandate of Heaven to rule
as long as they ruled well
- If their rule was bad, they lost the mandate of Heaven
- The result is that they would be overthrown and be replaced by someone
else
- This encouraged good governance hence they united in whatever they
did
d. Ancient Philosophies
- Philosophy refers to the study of truth about life, nature and morals
- Chinese philosophy encouraged stability and governance
- Between 500 BC and 200 BC towards the end of the Zhou Dynasty, three
major schools of thought about the nature of human beings emerged in
China
- These were Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism
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i. Confucianism
- It was founded by Kung-fu-tze who lived during the Zhou Dynasty
- He taught that rulers are expected to lead by example while
subjects are to be respectful and obedient
- His ideas emphasized on the need to develop moral character
and responsibility
- He used to say “Repay evil with Justice, and good with good”
- This philosophy encouraged good governance and respect for
authority in his teaching
ii. Taoism
- The founder of Taoism was Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) who lived at the same
time as Confucius
- Taoism believes in Wu-wei (non-action)which means do not force
your way to get things done
- Rather, allow things to happen as they do
- Taoism also teaches humility and compassion
- This philosophy helped to facilitate the growth of the kingdom
iii. Legalism
- Legalism believes that people are naturally evil
- Consequently, they deserve strict laws and harsh punishments in
order to create order and peace
- This kind of thinking enhanced the development of the Kingdom
e. Nature of the Chinese

- The Ancient Chinese valued the ability to control floods and developing
irrigation system for farming
- They were also devoted to duty
- These attitudes played a crucial role in the development of the Chinese
civilisation
f. Able Leaders
- The good leaders of ancient China rallied the Chinese together for
development
- Different Chinese Dynasties made various achievements in their society
that contributed to the Chinese Civilisation
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POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF THE CHINESE CIVILISATION
Political Hierarchy
- The Chinese developed a highly centralised government

- At the top was the Emperor who was often ruthless in rule
- Below the Emperor was the Grand Council
- Grand Council was powerful body and consisted of government officials
- Below the Grand Council, was Provincial Governors
- China was divided into Provinces each headed by a Governor
- Every two provinces were headed by a Governor General
- The Commoners, who were the local people were followed by Slaves
THE CHINESE DYNASTIES

- The name China means the “Central Country”
- Until 4000 years ago, China was ruled by the Xia Kings
- The Xia Dynasty was conquered by the Shang in the 1700s BC
- The Shang established a dynasty or a system of inherited Kings
CONTRIBUTIONS OF VARIOUS DYNMASTIES TO THE GROWTH OF THE CHINESE

CIVILISATION
1. SHANG DYNASTY (1570-1045 BC)

- This dynasty was centred along the Yellow River Valley
- Their Kings were referred to as ‘the Son of Heaven and Lord of Earth’
- They built their capital at Anyang
CONTRIBUTIONS OF SHANG DYNASTY
i. The use of bronze weapons and vessels
ii. Use of horse-drawn chariots in warfare
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iii. They invented writing (Pictogram) in which they wrote using brushes
which were dipped in ink
iv. They made silk paper which were made into books with bamboo
covers
v. They developed a calendar based on the cycles of the moon (Lunar
Calendar)
vi. They created one of the world’s first systems of money
NOTE: The Shang ruled China for more than 600 years, until about 1100 BC
2. ZHOU (CHOU) DYNASTY (1045-221 BC)

- In about 1045 BC, the Shang were conquered by their neighbours from the
west known as the Zhou or the Chou
- The Zhou adopted most aspects of the Shang way of life such as building
style, writing and dressing
CONTRIBUTION OF ZHOU DYNASTY

i. The invention and use of iron weapons such as plough
ii. Invention of horse collar which enabled horses to pull heavier loads
iii. Establishment of federal system of government
iv. Establishment of Silk Road which enabled them to trade with Middle
East
v. Introduction of Coins and chopsticks
NOTE: The Ron from the West attacked the Zhou. The Kingdom broke into
separate states which were finally conquered by the Quin
3. QUIN DYNASTY (221-206 BC)

- Its first Emperor was Shi Huang-di
- He united different Chinese states into one country
- Quin Dynasty established a strong centralised government
CONTRIBUTION OF QUIN DYNASTY

i. Standardization of weight and measures
ii. Introduction of one standard version of writing throughout the
empire
iii. Building of the great wall of China
iv. Adoption of legalism
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The Great Wall in Acient China
NOTE: After the death of Huang-di in 210 BC, a revolution began in China
and his dynasty was overthrown four years later. This followed a
period of civil war which did not last long. Finally, the Han family
established their own dynasty.
4. HAN DYNASTY (202 BC-220 AD)

- During the Han Dynasty, China was united and expanded buy conquering
more territories in South and West China
- The Han emperors established a government based on the teaching of
Confucius
CONTRIBUTION OF HAN DYNASTY

i. Establishment of Imperial Academy where Confucianism was studied
(124 BC)
ii. Development of trade with the West (For example, Silk were exported
to the Roman Empire
iii. Invention of wheelbarrow and paper making
NOTE: After the decline of Han, China went into a period of unrest. There was
large-scale rebellion throughout the empire. The Han dynasty
Collapsed in 220 AD and China broke into three kingdoms. Between 222
and 581 AD, six brief dynasties ruled China. This era is known as the Six
Dynasties Period. Amidst this division, the Religion of Buddhism spread to
China from India. Finally, the Sui began to rule China followed by Tang,
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing
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THE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE

 The Ancient Chinese believed in natural force called t’ien or Heaven
which gave emperors the mandate (authority) to rule
 They believed in existence of one transcendent god
 The King or Emperor was a representative of Heaven on earth
 They believed that the Universe was divided into two opposing forces:
The Yin and The Yang
NOTE: The Yin was the female force while the Yang was the male force.
Objects in nature which had the Yin forces were believed to be
passive, cold and dark. Objects that containing the Yang forces
were believed to be aggressive, hot and full of light
RELIGIOUS PRACTICES
- The Ancient Chines worshipped family ancestral spirits
- The Spirits of the ancestors thought to have powers to bring good fortune
or disaster to living members of the family
- The spirits were not regarded as mighty gods rather they were like
troublesome or helpful neighbours who demanded affection and respect
- The priests acted as mediums between human beings and god
- They offered sacrifice, read prayers and conducted funerals
- Whenever people wanted to find out about the future, they wrote on
oracle bones
- The bones were heated and they interpreted the cracks as message
concerning someone’s future
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CHINESE CIVILISATION TO THE WORLD

The Ancient Chinese are remembered for several contributions they made to
the world
1. Philosophy
- The ancient Chinese philosophy of Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism has
contributed to modern thought on governance, education and literature
- For example, Confucianism was used to select officials based on talent
which is still pursued in the world
2. Defence System
- The Chinese built the Great Wall to prevent enemies from reaching their
target which still stands today
- They also invented the gun and gunpowder which is still important for
defence
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3. Writing
- The Chinese developed a system of picture writing (Pictographs) where
drawings or pictures of objects stood for a word.
- In modern times, the Chinese writing consists of characters that represent
a word or part of it
- They wrote history, poetry and religion
4. Literature
- The Chinese produced one of the greatest world’s literature works
- Their literature dealt with many subjects such as philosophy, history,
religion, science and politics
- The first known Chinese work of literature is a collection of poems called
the classic of songs which has some poems dating from 11th century BC
- During the Han era, the Chinese wrote histories and dictionaries
5. Standardisation of Measurement units
- Previously, the Chinese based their units length on the human body
- Thereafter, Chinese introduced an idea of a foot (12 inches) length as a
measurement which caused inconsistency
- To ensure uniformity, the Chinese introduced same units for all measures,
weights and currency which are still in use today
6. Use of natural manure
- The Chinese were among the first people to use animal dung and human
waste to improve soil fertility
- They also used ashes of burnt plants or lime with ashes to fertilise crops
- They did this to ensure a good harvest
7. Large scale water control project
- The ancient Chinese discovered irrigation techniques in their early history
- They built large-scale irrigation projects which were capable of water
storing and drainage
- The projects greatly improved agriculture
- The Chinese ideas have contributed to modern irrigation system
8. Calendar
- The ancient Chinese worked out a 365 ¼ days calendar
- This was a remarkable achievement to the modern world as our calendar
has 365 ¼ days per year and 366 days on leap year
9. Pottery
- The Chinese invented the art of making items from porcelain
- Chinaware products like dishes, tea cups and plates are quite common in
modern world
10. Silk production (Silk Cloth)
- The Chinese discovered how to make threads, cloth and paper from fibres
produced by silkworm
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- The ancient Chinese invented a bridge connecting china to the outside

world
- The 2000-years-old Silk Road is still important path for cultural, commercial
and technological exchange between East and West
11. Invention of Wheel
- The ancient Chinese made wheels with spokes
- This enabled their carts light and comfortable
- Their carts were commonly drawn by water-buffalos and horses
12. Tea production
- According to the Chinese legend, tea was first drunk by the Chinese
Emperor Shen Nong around 2,737 BC.
- During the Tang (618-907 AD) and Song (960-1279 AD) dynasties, tea
production developed rapidly and it became a popular drink around the
country and the world
13. The Mechanical Clock
- The world’s first clock was inverted by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk and
Mathematician of the Tang Dynasty
- Yi’s clock operated with water steadily dripping on a wheel that made a
full revolution every 24 hours
- As time went on, clocks were made with an iron and bronze system of
hooks, pins, locks and rods, but still followed Yi Xing’s clock design
- Hundreds of years later, Su Song, an astronomer and mechanist, of the
Song dynasty created a more sophisticated clock, making him the
ancestor of the modern clock
14. Alcohol
- Ordinary beer with an alcoholic content of 4-5% was widely consumed in
ancient China
- It is believed that the earliest alcohol makers in ancient China were Yi Di
and Du Kang
- When the Chinese discovered that adding more cooked grain in water
during fermentation could increase the alcohol content, stronger drinks
began to appear
- Around 1000 BC, the Chinese created an alcoholic beverage which was
stronger than 11%
- Meanwhile, no beer in the West reached 11% until the 12th century, when
distilled alcohol was first made in Italy
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THE ANCIENT KINGDOMS

MALI KINGDOM (WEST AFRICA)
LOCATION OF MALI KINGDOM
The Location of Ancient Mali Kingdom

- The ancient Kingdom of Mali was in West Africa
- It was located to the western part of Africa with the Sahara desert to the
North, Niger River to the East, the ancient Kingdom of Ghana to the south
and the Atlantic Ocean to the West
Note: The present day state of Mali bears the name of this ancient Kingdom
ORIGINS OF THE ANCIENT MALI KINGDOM (1076-1240)

- The Mali Kingdom was founded by the Mandingo people of the Kangaba
Chiefdom
- Kangaba was a vassal state of ancient Ghana Kingdom
- The first capital of the Mali Kingdom was Jeriba
- It was later on transferred to Niani on the Sankuru river banks
- Around 1224 AD, Ghana was conquered by Sumaguru, King of the Sosso
- He destroyed Kangaba and killed all members of the Keita, the ruling clan,
except Sundiata because he was lame and sickly
Note: Sundiata was the son of Kangaba leader
- Sundiata was later sent into exile because his half-brother (leader of the
Keita) was jealous of him
- While in the exile, Sundiata worked at the court of the King of Mema
- However, Sundiata improved his physical fitness in the exile and became
a famous warrior and hunter ready to fight against Sumaguru
- Sundiata was assisted by the King of Mema with warriors on horses to fight
against the Sumaguru (Sosso people)
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- In 1235 AD, Sundiata defeated Sumaguru at the Battle of Kirina

- This made him to take control of the areas that were under Sumaguru
including former Ghana
- These victories earned Sundiata the title of “Mari-janta” (Lord of Lion) and
“Master of hunter”
- His victory was considered to be the foundation of Mali Kingdom
NOTE: Sundiata died in 1255 AD. Nine Kings ruled between 1255 and 1307 AD.
In 1307 AD, Sundiata’s grandson ruled Mali Kingdom
CONTRIBUTIONS OF SUNDIATA KEITA TO THE EMERGENCE OF MALI KINGDOM
During his reign, Sundiata made several contributions for which he is
remembered in the history of Mali
a. Unification of the Malinke people
- Sundiata’s greater contribution was to unite the Malinke people and
Malinke warriors
- Malinke people chose Sundiata before the battle at Kirina to be the leader
of all Malinke warriors and the Malinke people
b. Expansion of the Mali Kingdom
- He expanded the kingdom through conquest
- He conquered the famous towns of Timbuktu, Djenne and Gao in the north
- These were centres of caravan trade
- The gold-producing region of Wangara and Bambuk came under Mali
- By taking control of the gold-producing regions, Sundiata contributed to
the prosperity of the Kingdom
c. Introduction of Islam (Religion)
- Islam reached Mali from Ghana after the Almoravid conquests
- Sundiata created a fertile environment for the spread of Islam in Mali by:
 Following Islamic faith
 Affiliating his state to the Muslim world through trade, pilgrimages
and education
- During his rule, Islam was accepted throughout the empire he created
d. Government
- He created an effective system of government
- The kingdom was divided into provinces, each under a trusted governor
- These were mostly military governors who were intended to control the
troublesome vassal states
- In so doing, Sundiata helped in maintaining Mali as a united country
e. Development of the Kingdom
- Sundiata shifted the capital from Jeriba to Niani
- During his reign, Mali had high level of law and order which enabled
people to become devoted Muslims
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- Sundiata as a King was the richest and most noble person in the land and
there was a lot of trade in the Kingdom
f. Trade
- Sundiata promoted trade with the Arabs in gold, salt, copper, slaves and
ostrich feathers
- It was a barter system of trade
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE AND EXPANSION OF MALI
There were many factors that led to the growth of Mali Kingdom. Some of these
factors were natural environment, trade, military conquest, Islam, efficient
government and Mansa Musa
1. Natural environment
- Mali Kingdom was located in the Niger valley which had fertile soil for
agriculture
- The people in ancient Mali grew crops such as cotton, millet, sorghum and
rice
- They also kept animals such as goats, cattle, etc.
- This ensured them of continued supply of food in the Kingdom
2. Trade
- The people in Mali traded with people from Morocco and Egypt
- Trade items included gold obtained from Wangara and Bambuk, copper
from Takkeda and salt from Taghaza
- The King controlled the trade routes and levied (imposed) taxes on all the
gold that passed through his country
- The King used the taxes to run the country
- The centre of trade was Timbuktu and this trade raised the economy of
Mali Kingdom
3. Military Conquest
- During his reign, Sundiata conquered the gold-producing and salt-rich
regions
- These conquests also led to the capture of important towns and vassal
states
- His military conquest not only expanded the kingdom, but also brought
prosperity
4. Islam
- Islam resulted in infrastructural development
- Mosques and universities were built in the Kingdom
- Brick houses were also constructed in towns
5. Efficient government
- The King of Mali created an efficient and well organised government
- As a result, there was order and peace in the country
- Stability was important for trade to grow
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6. Mansa Kankan Musa

- During the reign of Mansa Musa, he introduced public prayers on Friday
- He built Islamic schools
- He also made a pilgrimage to Mecca which won admiration of the whole
Islamic world
- He sent bright students to Cairo for further education
- These activities united people greatly hence the expansion
MANSA MUSA
- Mansa Musa was Sundiata’s grand son
- He ruled from 1307 AD to 1332 AD
- During his rule, the Kingdom of Mali became rich, big and very successful
- He went on pilgrimage (Holy Journey) to Mecca in 1324 AD
- While he was on pilgrimage, his army conquered many lands before his
death in 1332 and he made several contributions to Mali Kingdom
CONTRIBUTIONS OF MANSA MUSA TO MALI KINGDOM
i. Expansion of the kingdom
 He expanded the kingdom through conquest and treaties
 He conquered Walata and Taghaza and also annexed Gao and
Tumbuktu
 He also extended the empire to the Atlantic Ocean in the West
ii. Stability of the kingdom
 People enjoyed stability and security under the leadership of
Mansa Musa
 The king was all powerful and exercised strong leadership
throughout his empire
iii. Commerce or trade
 Mali became very rich under the leadership of Mansa Musa due
to control of salt mines at Taghaza and gold mines at Wangara
 The commercial centres were Niani, Timbuktu and Gao
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT OF MALI
Political Hierarchy of Mali Kingdom
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- Mali was ruled by a King whose title was Mansa

- The king was Semi-Devine, Chief Judge and Commander-In-Chief
- No one was allowed to enter King’s premises wearing sandals, sneezing
and spoke to anyone
- The kingdom was divided into provinces (districts) each ruled by governor
- The governors were often members of the royal family
- The King used slaves as his personal body guards or advisors
- Slaves were legally the King’s property and so they were always royal to
him
- Below the King, were the Mocrifs who governed towns and villages
- Mocrifs collected taxes and tributes for the King so that the state funds
were enough for the running of the government
- At the bottom, there were lesser chiefs who governed local people
- Law was strictly enforced such that the country enjoyed stability which
facilitated trade activities
- The King kept a large well-equipped army
- The army was provided with bows and arrows
NOTE: The King armed the army with expensive Arab horses and iron
Weapons
TRADE ACTIVITIES OF MALI KINGDOM
Mali traded with the Barber states in the north. Some of the items involved in
the trade were:
i. Gold
- The economy of the Mali Kingdom was based on trade
- The main trade item was gold
- Gold producers paid tribute to the king of Mali
ii. Salt
- Salt was another important trade item in the kingdom
- Mali became very wealthy due to its control of the salt mine at Taghaza
iii. Slaves, Ostrich feathers, skins of animals and ivory
- There was great demand in the Arab world for slaves, ostrich feathers and
ivory
- These came from savannah region of West Africa and further South
ITEMS EXCHANGED
Items exchanged were:
 Textiles  Spices
 Iron weapons  Silk
 Tools  Perfume
 Glass
NOTE: In the early days, people of Mali used a system of exchanging goods
for goods (Barter trade). Later, cowrie shells were introduced as
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currency in the same way we use Malawi Kwacha to buy Tomato at

the market.
THE SOURCE OF REVENUE IN MALI KINGDOM
The Mali Kingdom became very rich through trade. There were three main
ways which acted as the source of revenue for the Kingdom.
 Through control of trade
 Through paying tribute
 Through duties or customs
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ISLAM TO MALI KINGDOM
Islamic faith contributed a lot to Mali Kingdom. Some of the contributions are
as follows:
1. Education
- Islam introduced various forms of education up to university and bright
students were sent to Cairo for further studies
- Islam produced Muslim teachers who went to teach in other parts of west
Africa
- Educated Muslims were often employed by rulers to serve in the
administration
2. Architecture
- Mansa Musa brought scholars and architecture from Mecca who built
mosques and Islamic schools
- This helped people to develop
3. Administration
- People enjoyed stability and security under the administration Mansa
Musa who was a devoted Muslim
4. Strengthening the King’s position
- Islam strengthened the King’s position in the kingdom because religion
was under his control
- As a result, people highly respected their King
5. Unity
- Islam promoted unity among people as they had a common belief
- The unity intensified peace that influenced the rapid growth of Mali
6. Exposure of Mali to Islamic world
- Arab travellers were attracted to Mali
- This increased trade with both the Islamic World and Europe which
enabled Mali to prosper enormously
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF MALI KINGDOM
Although Mali enjoyed years of prosperity, things changed in later years. And
the following factors led to its downfall:
1. Weak and incompetent leaders
- The rulers who succeeded Mansa Musa were weak and incompetent
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- This caused internal disputes and led to the assassination of the potential
rulers
- For this reason, there was a chain of weak leaders, hence poor
governance
- This in turn led to frequent civil wars in the Kingdom
2. External attacks
- Other tribes such as the Tuaregs also attacked Mali
- They captured the cities of Walata and Timbuktu which were important
trading and learning cities
- Another group of people known as Mossi captured the southern part of
Mali
- The western part of Mali was invaded by the Tukolar
- All these invasions put kingdom to an end
3. Vastness of Empire
- The empire had grown too large to be ruled by one emperor
- Consequently, some of the states declared themselves independent
4. Succession disputes
- There was rivalry for power leading to civil unrest especially from 1359 after
the death of Mansa Musa
- This weakened the King’s power and hence the decline
5. Loss of power to control trade
- The attacks by the Mossi, Tukolar, Tuaregs and some tribes on Mali led to
the destruction of Walata and Timbuktu as the main trade centres
- Trade routes were also blocked
- This resulted into the loss of its main source of revenue and disassociated
itself from the Arab civilisation
6. Decrease in tribute
- Some of the lesser chiefs who were collecting tribute on behalf of the king
declared themselves independent
- This development led to a decrease in the tribute paid to the king for the
running of the Mali Kingdom
- As a result, the wealth of the Kingdom decreased which led to its decline
7. Breaking away of provincial states
- Some vessel states broke away from the Mali Kingdom and formed their
own independent Kingdom
- This made Mali to only cover a small area around the valley of the Gambia
and Upper Niger River
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BUGANDA KINGDOM (EAST AFRICA)
LOCATION OF BUGANDA KINGDOM
The Location of the Kingdom of Buganda

- Buganda Kingdom developed on the north-western shore of Lake Victoria
- This is an area south-east of modern-day Uganda in East Africa
Note: There were four major Kingdoms in this region: Bunyoro, Busoga, Ankole
and Baganda
FOUNDERS OF BUGANDA KINGDOM
- The founders of the Buganda Kingdom were the Ganda or Baganda
- These were a group of Bantu Speaking People that descended from the
Chwezi or Bachwezi
- The Ganda came from Mount Elgon on the border between Kenya and
Uganda
ORIGINS OF BUGANDA KINGDOM
- Previously, the Ganda were under the influence of Bunyoro which was a
more powerful kingdom whose rulers were the Bito Chiefs
- Bunyoro raided the weaker tribes of the Ankole, Busoga and Baganda
- About the mid-17th century, Banganda became more powerful than
Bunyoro
- Kabaka Katerega (11th King of Baganda)defeated Bunyoro at the Battle
of Mbale
- The Baganda captured vast areas and this expanded the Kingdom twice
as much
- On the other hand, Bunyoro was reduced into a small state
- The Kingdom was formed in the 18th Century AD (1800 AD)
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FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF BUGANDA KINGDOM

There are several factors that led to the growth of Buganda Kingdom. These
factors are discussed below:
1. Size of the Kingdom
- Buganda Kingdom was small and compact which means it was
manageable to rule
- The smallness of the Kingdom made it easy for the King to impose rigid
discipline and efficient administration
2. Good geographical position
- Buganda Kingdom was near to the coast and this geographical position
enabled it to benefit from Arab trade
- It was very advantageous for them to utilise trading activities along the
coast
3. Trade
- The Ganda conducted trade in Ivory and Slaves with the Swahili and Arabs
through Nyamwezi who acted as middlemen
- Ivory and Slaves were exchanged for guns, clothes, chinaware, beads
and spices which raised the economy of the Kingdom
- The presence of guns prevented the Buganda Kingdom from being
attacked
4. Warfare
- The soldiers were armed with guns and spears
- The army was used to expand the kingdom through conquest
- By 19th century, the Ganda raided their neighbours for food, cattle, iron
tools, captives and ivory
- The loot brought from war was distributed among the common people
- This meant that everyone shared in the kingdom’s wealth
5. Agriculture
- The soil of Buganda was very fertile because the kingdom developed on
the shores of the lake
- In addition, its area received good and reliable rains and a lot of sunshine
- The rich alluvial soils activated the banana plantations
- The green pastures along the shores also encouraged rearing of cattle
and goats
- The abundant cheap food attracted people to settle in the area which
led to population growth
6. Hand-made products
- While the food was produced by women, men were engaged in
carpentry, building, making metal tools and bark cloths
- The activities by men enhanced the prosperity of the Buganda Kingdom
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7. Stability / Good leadership / Centralised system of government

- The leaders of Buganda were blessed with good organisational skills
- This enabled them to govern the state to the benefit and development of
their state
- By 1800, the leaders created a strong centralised government which
helped to create stability in the Kingdom
8. Infrastructure
- The capital of Buganda was Kampala
- All the roads originated from the capital city and connected the whole
Kingdom
- These roads helped the King to control his kingdom and sent troops to the
borders easily
Note: The roads helped in security, legal affairs and trade
9. Foreign contact
- Buganda became an important destination for the Arab, Swahili and
Europeans because of its main export items of ivory and slaves
- The introduction of Christianity and Islam led to the entry of foreign goods
such as cloths and guns
- These guns helped to strengthen the economy and security of the
Kingdom and hence its prosperity
10. Control of women
- In Buganda Kingdom, farming was mostly done by women
- Women worked in the field to produce food
- As a result, the Kingdom became food secured hence its growth
THE SOCIAL –POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF THE BUGANDA KINGDOM

The social-political organisation of the Buganda Kingdom centred on
centralised system of government, succession system and system of officials
a. Centralised System of Government
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- Centralised System of Government is a system of administration in which

power is concentrated in the hands of one or a few people
- The Buganda Kingdom was headed by the King whose title was Kabaka
- The Kabaka acted as a judge in settling disputes among the clan heads
(Bataka)
- He was an overall leader in politics, military and religion
- Centralised government gave the Kabaka great control over his kingdom
- For example, He sent agents and military officers into the territories of the
clan leader to make sure that they were not turning against him
- To avoid officials turning against him, Kabaka always changed their jobs
so that officials could not build up power in one job
- The Kabaka was semi-divine (worshipped)
- People highly obeyed him and his word was law as he was regarded as
semi-divine
- His royal symbols included drum, spear and stools
b. The Succession System

- When a Kabaka (King) died, a new Kabaka was chosen by the leader of
the administration of government and the leader of the strongest clan in
the Kingdom
- The new Kabaka was chosen from the sons of the previous King
- After the election of the new King, all unselected sons were either
imprisoned or killed to prevent rebellion
c. The System of Officials

- The Kabaka had a council to advise him and he appointed a hierarchy of
officials (like the agents and the military officials)
- He also changed positions of officials in order to make sure that they did
not grow too powerful
- Some of the appointed officials were as follows:
Official Functions
Katikiro Chief Minister
Omulamudzi Chief Justice
Omuwanika State Treasure
Mujasi Army commander
Gabunga Naval commander who was in-charge of a fleet of canoes
Lukiko Council of chiefs who advised the King
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REASONS WHY THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT WAS SUPPORTED

 It was possible for anyone to attain a high position in the government
 It made people in the Kingdom work hard to impress the Kabaka in order
to be chosen as an official
 Everyone was able to share in the wealth of the kingdom through the
distribution of the loot (goods)brought by the army
THE MAIN WEAKNESS OF THE CENTRALISED SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

 It depended on the personality of the Kabaka (King)
This means that if the King was wise, the kingdom prospered, but if the
king was weak, the kingdom declined
FACTORS FOR THE COMING OF SWAHILI-ARAB TRADERS INTO BUGANDA

KINGDOM
Arabs began to arrive in Buganda during the reign of Kabaka Suna II and his
successor Kabaka Mutesa in the 19th century for the following reasons:
 Searching for ivory, salt and slaves that were exchanged with glass
beads, spices, guns and clothes
 Spreading Islam
THE IMPACT OF SWAHILI-ARAB TRADERS ON BUGANDA KINGDOM

The Swahili-Arabs made notable impact on the people of Buganda
1. Introduction of some material goods like clothes, guns and glass beads
2. The presence of guns improved the military strength of the kingdom
3. It promoted trade activities and developed trade routes
4. Increase in slave trade in the kingdom
5. The Kabaka and other people adopted Islam as their religion
6. Establishment of markets enhanced uburnisation
7. The people in Buganda Kingdom acquired new skills of building wind
propelled ships (dhows)that operated side-by-side with canoes on Lake
Victoria
8. The authority of Mutesa was weakened due to the teaching of stricter
version of Islam
9. It intensified tribal wars and hatred among Africans in the Kingdom
REASONS WHY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS AND MISSIONARIES CAME TO THE

BUGANDA KINGDOM
 To find the source of Nile River
 To spread Christianity
 To introduce Western Education
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THE EARLY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS AND MISSIONARIES IN THE BUGANDA

KINGDOM
 Explorers
 Richard Barton  James Grant
 John Speke  Henry Morton Stanley
 Missionaries
 Church Missionary Society (CMS)
 White Fathers
ACTIVITIES OF EUROPEAN EXPLORERS

 Richard Burton and John Speke
- People in Europe were anxious about the source of Nile River
- Therefore, John Speke and Richard Burton sailed from Zanzibar in order to
find the source of Nile River
- When the two reached Tabora in Tanganyika, Burton became ill
- Speke left him there and reached Lake Nyanza in 1858
- He named it Lake Victoria in honour of Queen Victoria of England
- Back to Tabora, Burton and even people in Europe did not believe that
Speke had found the source of Nile River
 John Speke and James Grant

- In 1860, Speke together with James Grant sailed back to see if indeed the
Nile linked with Lake Victoria
- From Zanzibar, they went to Buganda where they were welcomed by
Kabaka Mutesa
 Henry Morton Stanley

- Henry Morton Stanley also visited Mutesa in 1874
- At this time, Buganda was once more at war with Bunyoro
- H.M. Stanley supported Buganda
- It was during this period that Stanley explained the basic beliefs of
Christianity to Mutesa
- He even recommended the need for the spread of Christianity in Buganda
- Thus the coming of European explorers encouraged the spread of
Christianity
ACTIVITIES OF MISSIONARIES
 The Church Missionary Society (CMS)
- The Missionaries were sent by the Anglican Church from Britain
- The party arrived in Buganda in 1877
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- Apart from preaching, they also introduced Western education

- As a result, many people were converted to Christianity
 The White Fathers
- Another Christian group that came to Buganda were the Roman Catholics
- They came in the order of the White Fathers
THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN EXPLORERS AND MISSIONARIES ON THE

BUGANDA KINGDOM
1. They introduced Christianity in Buganda
2. Christianity promoted love, unity and brotherhood among the people
3. Traditional religions lost popularity
4. They abolished Slave trade
5. They promoted destruction of African culture
6. They introduced western education that promoted civilisation in the
kingdom
7. They led to colonisation of Buganda by Britain in 1894 AD (British Rule)
8. They divided people in Buganda due to their different doctrines
EFFECTS OF THE COMING OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS ON THE DECLINE OF

BUGANDA KINGDOM
- As time went, religious rivalries developed among different groups
- The Catholics and the Protestants disagreed on many matters
- Each group gathered weapons and fighting men to protect themselves
- On the other hand, Muslims and Christians often quarrelled as well
- After the death of Mutesa in 1884, Mwanga succeeded as Kabaka
- The growing influence of Christianity in the kingdom was seen as a threat
to his power
- Mwanga suspected that the presence of missionaries in the Kingdom was
an attempt by Europeans to rule Buganda
- This led to the persecution of Christians
- What followed were successive religious conflicts which affected the
position of the Kabaka
- In 1888, Mwanga was overthrown and restored in 1090 with the help of
Christian groups
- By this time, the position of the Kabaka had weakened
- The situation forced Mwanga to sign a treaty with the British East Africa
Company
- The treaty gave the company mandate to govern Buganda
- As the religious conflicts between Catholics (Wa-Fransa) and Protestants
(Wa-Ingliza) turned more violent, the British declared Buganda a British
protectorate
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MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM (CENTRAL AFRICA)
 The Mwenemutapa Kingdom developed between 1000 AD and 1500 AD

LOCATION OF THE MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM
The Location of the Mwenemutapa Kingdom

- The Kingdom of Mwenemutapa was located on the plateau that lies
between Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers
- This is the middle of present day Zimbabwe
- At its peak around 1500 AD, the Mwenemutapa Kingdom stretched from
the Indian Ocean (East) to the borders with Bechunaland in the West
FOUNDERS OF THE MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

- The founders of the Mwenemutapa Kingdom were the Shona
- This is a group of Bantu-Speaking People who migrated from Katanga
region in Zaire
IMMIGRANTS IN THE GREAT ZIMBABWE

 Zimba from Malawi and Mozambique
 Tawara from Mozambique and Zimbabwe
 Tonga from Zambezi Valley
 Shona from Zimbabwe (Zambezi High Field)
THE ORIGINS OF THE MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

- The initial Shona migratory groups that formed the Mwenemutapa
Kingdom were the Karanga and Rozwi
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- They migrated from Katanga Province in modern Democratic Republic of

Congo and conquered the Iron Age people north-east of the Zambezi by
1100 AD
- By 1400 AD, Nyatsimba Mutota and Chingoo defeated the Sotho, Tonga,
Tavara and Zimba
- Nyatsimba Mutota adopted the title of Munhumutapa (conquerer or lord
of the conquered lands or master pillage) but the Portuguese spelt it as
Monomotapa or Mwenemutapa
- Nyatsimba Mutota died in 1450 AD and was succeeded by his son Matope
- By 1500 AD, the Mwenemutapa Kingdom was fully established and well
recognised by the Arabs and Portuguese who were found in the empire
for trade activities
THE ROLE OF THE GREAT ZIMBABWE

- The Great Zimbabwe was created by the ancestors of the Shona people
between 1200 AD and 1300 AD
- The name Zimbabwe comes from Dzimba Dzamabwe which literally
means ‘Stone buildings’
- It refers to the stone buildings at the site of Ancient Great Zimbabwe
- These buildings were constructed without mortar
- The Great Zimbabwe now lies in ruins
- This culture was carried along to the Mwenemutapa State which
developed after its decline
- By 1450 AD, Great Zimbabwe had declined and it was abandoned
- The decline of Great Zimbabwe allowed Mutota to conquer the Korekore
and Tavara of the Dande and Chidema areas
- He finally moved the capital to Dande, in the north of the edges of the
Zambezi valley
- Eventually, Mutota founded the Mwenemutapa dynasty
THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE EXPANSION OF MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

a. The role of Nyatsimba Mutota
- He conquered tribes that settled in the southern edge of the Zambezi River
(Sotho, Tavara, Zimba, Tonga) and brought them under his control
- He extended the borders of his Kingdom by assimilating the conquered
people
- He raised a powerful army to safeguard his Kingdom from attacks
b. Trade in Gold, Ivory and Slaves

- The Mwenemutapa traded with the Arabs, Swahili and Portuguese in gold,
ivory and slaves
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- These items were exchanged for cloths, glass beads, guns and chinaware
- Gold trade was under direct control of the King
- This trade increased the wealth and power of the rulers
c. A strong centralised government

- The King of the Mwenemutapa was the supreme authority and had
governors in every province who assisted him in the administration of the
kingdom
- The King also raised a powerful army that enforced law and order
d. Fertile Soil
- The Kingdom had rich cultivatable land, grazing areas and larger timber
resources
- Therefore the Shona reared cattle, goats and sheep
- They also cultivated millet, sorghum, bulrush, beans and watermelons
- Abundant food intensified settled type of life
- As people were attracted to settle in an area, there was population
growth
e. Industries and Crafts

- The people of Mwenemutapa were involved in iron smelting to form hoes,
spears, axes, arrows and other tools
- They were also involving in weaving, curving and pottery
- Various products from iron smelting, weaving, curving and pottery made
the Mwenemutapa to trade with the Kingdom’s neighbours
f. Advice from Arab traders

- The Arabs had been trading in ivory and gold even during the period of
Great Zimbabwe
- It is said that the Arab traders advised Mutota to expand the Kingdom
northwards into the Zambezi valley
- The area around the Zambezi valley had plenty of elephants from which
ivory was obtained
g. Hunting Expeditions (Hunting journey)

- Oral tradition claims that the kingdom expanded northwards due to
hunting expeditions
- As Mutota led hunting parties to distant places they found natural
resources diminishing at the Great Zimbabwe
- It is said that Dande was identified through such expeditions
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h. Conquest
- Mwenemutapa conquered the indigenous tribes that settled to the south
of the Zambezi
- The conquered tribes were assimilated, hence the growth and expansion
of the kingdom
i. Religion
- All people in Mwenemutapa Kingdom were bound by a common religion
and one god called the Mwari
- They also participated in their ancestral rituals when calling for the rains,
harvesting, etc.
- Therefore, the Shona religion was a major unifying factor for the society
THE SOCIO-POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

a. Centralised System of Government
- The Mwenemutapa Kingdom was headed by the King as a supreme
authority
- Below the king was the advisory council which comprised nobles and
elders
- Nobbles and elders assisted the king in interpretation of the tribal law and
custom
- The King also appointed provincial rulers who looked after the provinces
and safeguarded trade for the good of the empire
- The chiefdoms in provinces paid tribute to the Mwenemutapa in form of
cattle, gold, iron and food
- Apart from the provincial rulers, there were also district chiefs and kraal
heads
- At the royal court, the king was assisted by a number of officials
- These officials were: the chancellor, court chamberlain, military
commander, head drummer and chief cook among others
- The king had nine wives who played an important role in state matters
- The King was a divine ruler and he had to be hidden from ordinary people
- He remained behind a curtain whenever people approached him
- No one could speak with him face to face
- When they wanted to speak to him, people crawled on the ground
- The king’s health was associated with the prosperity of the kingdom
- When he was healthy, the kingdom was regarded to be strong
- Therefore, a sickly or old king was forced to commit suicide by taking
poison
- His death gave a chance to the installation of a young and health king
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b. The Role of the Royal Fire

- The authority of the king was symbolised by the Royal Fire
- The Royal Fire was kept burning continuously throughout the rule of a king
as a symbol of his authority
- When a new king began his rule, he sent messengers throughout his
kingdom carrying some of the Royal Fire with them
- Each chief or village head lit its own fire from the one that was carried by
the messenger
- The re-lighting of the village fire from the Royal Fire was a sign of loyalty to
the king
- Any chief or village head that refused the Royal Fire was considered
disloyal and was punished by the king’s standing army
c. The Role of the Religion

- The Karanga people practiced Traditional African Religion
- They had a supreme god called Mwari
- They also believed in the spirits of their dead ancestors known as
Mhondoro
- Whenever the people faced problems such as draught, they asked
Mhondoro to intervene on their behalf with Mwari
- The Mhondoro spoke through human spirits mediums (Priests)called the
Masvikiro
- The messenger of Mwari was a fish eagle (bird) called Hungwe (Shiri Ya
Mwari)
- The image of this bird is included on the flag of Zimbabwe
- The Priests (Masvikiro) interpreted the whistle of the Hungwe to tell the
Message of the Mwari to the people
- When the king dies, people believed that his soul entered a lion
- Therefore, the Lion was regarded as the sacred animal in the kingdom
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RELIGION TO MWENEMUTAPA SOCIETY

1. It enhanced loyalty to the king since he was directly linked to the ancestral
spirits
2. It also encouraged unity as it reminded them of their common ancestry
and beliefs
3. It empowered the kings to rule effectively as they were highly respected
by their subjects due to the belief that they were divine
4. It provided an effective way of communication between the king’s
headquarters and the various parts of the kingdom using the priests
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THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM

 Despite the long period of prosperity, the Mwenemutapa kingdom finally
experienced problems that led to its decline
 These were both internal and external problems
INTERNAL FACTORS
a. Vastness of the empire
- The Mwenemutapa Kingdom grew too vast (huge)
- For example, it stretched from Mozambique (East) to Botswana (West),
from the Zambezi River (north) to Vembe along Lipompo River
- The areas was therefore too vast to be ruled by one king
b. Loss of control of the gold trade

- After the death of Matope, some chiefs like Quiteve, Chikanga and
Sedenda began to trade directly with the Arabs and Portuguese
- This interruption of trade activities weakened the position of
Mwenemutapa in the kingdom
c. The Slave trade

- The introduction of slave trade led to the depopulation in the kingdom
- Many people were taken away while others died
- In addition, slave trade enabled provincial rulers to lose their power due
to insecurity in the kingdom
d. Breakaway of the subordinate chiefs

- Subordinate chiefs such as Changa (Rozwi King)rebelled against
Mwenemutapa Nyahuma(son of Matope)
- Changa formed a Rozwi Empire over the Great Zimbabwe
- This development weakened the Mwenemutapa Kingdom hence its
decline
e. Weak rulers
- The Kingdom was succeeded by the weak rulers
- For example, Nyahuma who succeeded Matope was young and weak
- Consequently, some subject chiefs took advantage of that to break away
- This reduced unity in the kingdom
f. Exhaustion of natural resources

- The natural resources such as salt and timber that had sustained the
kingdom’s economic life got exhausted
- There was also over-cultivation of land which reduced its fertility
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EXTERNAL FACTORS
a. The defeat by the Portuguese
- The Portuguese by-passed the king and traded with Changa directly
- As a result, the Mwenemutapa lost control of trade which was the
backbone of the kingdom’s economy
- In addition, the Portuguese began getting into local politics
- For example, in 1627, the Portuguese supported Mavura against his rival
Kapararidze
- Finally in 1817, the Portuguese deposed the last Mwenemutapa known as
Chioko
b. The Ngoni infiltration into the area (Mfecane)

- The Jere Ngoni under Zwangendaba (1828) and the Ndebele under
Mzilikazi (1840) migrated into Zimbabwe from South Africa
- Upon their arrival in the area, the Jere Ngoni killed Changamire (the last
Shona King)by forcing him to throw himself down the Thabazakamambo
Hill
- The Ndebele also attacked and defeated the Rozwi and Shona and
settled permanently in Zimbabwe
- The coming of the Ngoni and Ndebele into Zimbabwe weakened the
Mwenemutapa Kingdom hence its decline
c. Power Struggle between the remnants of Great Zimbabwe and the leaders
of Mwenemutapa Kingdom
- There were struggles between the remaining people of the Great
Zimbabwe and the leaders of Mwenemutapa Kingdom
- For instance, in 1490, Changa, the governor of Guruhuswa rebelled and
killed Nyahuma
- Change started the Changamire dynasty based at Great Zimbabwe
while Mwenemutapa remained in the north
- This affected the kingdom because most of the gold fields were in the
south
d. British colonisation of the area

- The kingdom was colonized by the British through the activities of the British
South African Company
- The colonisation reduced the power of the kingdom and finally came to
an end
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THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
 A Slave is a person who is owned by another person as a personal property

 Slavery is an act or practice of owning a fellow human being as a personal
property
 Slave Trade is the practice of buying and selling of human beings for a profit
 A Slaver is a person who buys and sells people or slaves for a profit
THE ORIGINS OF SLAVE TRADE

 Slavery existed in the world long before slave trade
 The following is the origin of slave in Africa, Europe and Asia
a. Africa
- Egypt is the first known nation to keep slaves
- Slaves in Egypt were used in the construction of the pyramids at Giza
- For instance, the ancient Israelites served as slaves in Egypt
- In Egypt, slaves could rise to positions in government and the courts
- On the other hand, slaves in West Africa were kept for farming purposes
- In some cases, they were used as soldiers
- They also assisted in government services at the royal courts
- The Arabs crossed the desert to West Africa to buy gold and slaves and
exported them to the Middle East
b. Europe
- In Europe, the Greeks and Romans used a slave known as pedagogues
to escort children to school between 1400-1000 BC
- During the Middle Ages (500 AD – 1500 AD, Europe became a developed
because of the Feudal system i.e. the rich landowners controlled the serfs
(poor) whom they treated as slaves
- By 1440 AD, the Portuguese began to poach slaves in West Africa
- They used them as domestic workers in Europe
- By 1520 AD, Spain used the Red Indians to works in gold mines and
plantations in South America
- With the passage of time, the Spaniards, Portuguese, Dutch, French, British
and Arabs began to buy slaves from Africa who were sold to work in South
America and Saud Arabia
c. Asia
- In Asia, slave trade was started by the Arabs who were exporting slaves
from East Africa to Arabia and India
- Slaves were used for domestic purposes such as farming and mining
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- At first, slaves came from areas near the coast in modern day countries of
Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and Somalia
- When demand of slaves were increased, more and more slaves were
obtained from present day Malawi, Zambia, Democratic Republic of
Congo and Uganda
- It was a common practice in the ancient world that male slaves looked
after their masters’ women or daughters
- Slaves who served their masters’ women or daughters were castrated and
they were called eunuchs
THE MAP SHOWING AFRICA, EUROPE AND THE NEW WORLD (WEST INDIES AND
AMERICA)
THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

- The Prefix Trans simply means ‘across’ or ‘through’
- Thus Trans-Atlantic means across or through the Atlantic
- Therefore, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade is the trade across the Atlantic Ocean
which took place between people of three continents (Europe, Africa and
America)
ORIGINS OF THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
- The European voyages of exploration in the 15th century led to the
discovery of New Worlds (West Indies and Americas)
- The Spanish settled in Central and South America
- The British, French and Dutch settled in North America
- On the other hand, some British people settled in the West Indies
- Having settled in the new lands, the Europeans started up plantations of
sugarcane, coffee, tobacco and cotton
- Apart from farming, they began mining activities
- Plantations and Mining activities demanded a great deal of labour
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- Therefore the Europeans hunted and captured the Red Indians

(indigenous people)and used them in plantations and mining as slave
labour
- The Red Indies were subjected to hard work on the plantations and some
mines
- However, the use of the Red Indies was unsuccessful because it was easy
for them to escape, they were weak to hard labour and some of them
died from new communicable disease
- Due to the death of Red Indies, some Catholic Priests such as Bishop
Bartolome de Las Casas suggested to the Pope the need to use African
Slaves
- These Priests argued that African were used to the hard work and they
were often resistant to several tropical diseases
- The Pope agreed to the Proposal which marked the beginning of the
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
- It lasted for over 400 years until it was abolished in the 19th century
THE REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
a. Demand for labour in plantations and mines in the Americas
- The Portuguese, Spaniards and some European groups established sugar,
tobacco, cotton and rice plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil
- They also extracted minerals such as gold and silver in South America
- Therefore, cheap labour in form of slaves were needed in mines and
plantations to grow, harvest and process the crops
- For instance, between 1680 and 1786, some 2,130,000 African slaves were
exported to America
b. Industrialisation of Europe
- The Industrial Revolution in Europe increased demand for raw materials
- This then forced the merchants to exchange slaves they had acquired in
Africa for items like gold, silver, cotton and sugar from America
c. Demand for manufactured goods in African society
- African chiefs desired to buy European manufactured goods such as guns,
cloths, beads, iron goods, gins and other drinks
- Therefore, the chiefs co-operated with the Europeans in Slave trade by
selling their people in exchange of manufactured goods from Europe
d. Pre-existence of slavery in African societies
- Most African societies had been keeping slaves for centuries before the
arrival of foreign traders
- Criminals, witchcraft suspects, or the lazy were being punished as slaves
because there were no prisons
- Therefore, Africans saw nothing evil in selling fellow human beings to
Europeans
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e. Weakness of the Red Indians

- Red Indians were not strong enough to cope with tough labour in
plantations and mines
- Many Red Indians died because they had poor immunity to infectious
diseases
- As a result, Europeans thought to use Africans in their plantations and
mines because they proved to be strong
f. Need to clean up societies from criminals
- African chiefs sold out criminals, law breakers and prisoners of war in their
societies to slave traders
- On the other hand, the Portuguese, French and Spaniards exported ex-
convicts, Jews and Indians to serve their punishments in the Caribbean
and the West Indies as slaves
g. Huge profits
- The traders found that there were huge profits to be made
- The price of the slaves was higher than along the African coast
- In addition, ship owners made huge profit through the transportation of
slaves, raw materials and finished products from manufacturing industries
h. Increased efficiency in transport
- By the 18th century, ship building had improved greatly
- This made efficient transportation of slaves possible
- Therefore efficiency in transport enabled Europeans to carry slaves to the
New World
i. Need for Porters to carry Ivory and Gold
- The Industrial Revolution in Europe forced the Europeans and Arabs to
obtain ivory and gold from Africa
- Therefore, slaves were used to transport these items from the interior part
of Africa to the East Coast
THE MAIN CENTRES OF SLAVE TRADE

1. Senegal (Goree Islands and 5. Gold Coast (Elmina)in Ghana
St. Loius) 6. Benin
2. Cameroon (Cape Ceuta) 7. Sao Tome
3. Congo 8. Principle Islands
4. Angola (Luanda)
THE GREAT TRIANGLE ROUTE

- The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade is also known as Great Triangle Route
- This trade involved three continents (Europe, Africa and America)which
formed a route similar to the figure of triangle
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- In short, the whole route of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade which started in

Europe resembled a great triangle and that is why it was known as The
Great Triangle Route
The Great Triangle Route
A SUMMARY ON THE GREAT TRIANGLE ROUTE

 From Europe to Africa
- The slave traders sailed off Europe to the coast of West Africa
- They carried manufactured goods such as guns, rolls of cotton cloths, gin,
glassware, metal bars, axes or hoes
- Africans exchanged slaves with these foreign goods
 From West Africa to America or West Indies

- From the West African coast, ships carried slaves across the Atlantic
Ocean to America and the West Indies
- This route is called the Middle Passage
 From America or West Indies back to Europe

- In America and West Indies, slaves were put on auction basing on age
and health
- These slaves were sold to owners of sugarcane, cotton and tobacco
plantations
- The slaves were also sold to the owners of the gold and silver mines
- Raw materials obtained from America and West Indies (sugar, tobacco,
gold, silver and cotton) were being taken to Europe to be processed into
final products
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THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

- Middle Passage was the voyage between West Africa and the Americas
carrying the slaves as cargo
- It is called “Middle Passage” because it formed the middle part of the
whole voyage
- The first part of the voyage was from Europe to West Africa, the second
part was from the West Coast of Africa going to Americas and the last part
was from the Americas back to Europe
- It was in this Middle Passage that slaves were transported
THE CONDITIONS OF THE SLAVES ON THE MIDDLE PASSAGE AND IN PLANTATIONS

1. Overcrowding on the ship (Slaves were closely packed into the ships)
2. Death of slaves whilst in transit due to unsanitary conditions
3. Outbreak of disease on the ship and also on the plantations
4. Inadequate fresh water to slaves
5. Starvation due to inadequate food to slaves
6. Mental stress
7. Harsh treatment from their captors and masters
THE REASONS WHY THE SLAVE TRADE TOOK SO LONG TO END

1. It was a profitable business since Europeans and Africans profited a
great deal from the trade
2. There was a belief that only African slaves could do hard work in the
West Indies and Americas
3. Slaves provided very valuable but cheap labour on the plantations and
mines
4. Acceptance of Slavery in Europe and Africa as being less evil and of
course a blessing to the victim
5. Some plantation owners were connected to political figures in Europe
therefore, it was difficult to pass laws forbidding slave trade and slavery
THE STAGES IN THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE IN EUROPE, AMERICA AND

AFRICA
- The abolition of slave trade went through stages
- Ant-Slavery laws began to take force in Europe
- It then went to America and subsequently to Africa
a. Europe
- A movement against slave trade started in England
- This made Britain to be the first country to fight against slave trade
- This movement came to be known as Quakers
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- Some of the preachers who talked and preached against the slave trade
were Dr Johnson , John Wesley, William Wilberforce, Granville Sharp and
Thomas Clarkson
- The Quakers (society of friends) told their members not to own slaves
- In 1807, the British Parliament passed a law that prohibited slave trade
throughout the British Empire
- By 1820, launched a right of search to search any foreign ship suspected
of transporting slaves from Africa to America
- Slaves were rescued and sent back to Africa (Sierra Leon) while ship
owners and slave traders were captured and tried in court
- In the same year, all European countries made slave trade an illegal
business
- Later in 1833, the British passed a law that freed slaves in the British Empire
b. America
- In America, people’s attitudes on slaves and slavery were changing
- In 1783, some 13 British colonies in America gained their political
independence
- Their racial segregative policies on Africans (slaves)repatriated (admitted)
some of the freed slaves to Africa
- In 1816, American colonisation society made an arrangement to offer free
transport to all freed slaves back to Africa
- Therefore, the first group of slaves from America were shipped back to
Africa in 1821especially to Monrovia which is the capital of Liberia (Home
of liberated or freed slaves)
- In 1833, an Ant-slavery society was formed in America to end slave trade
in America
- Its founder was William Lloyd Garrison, who owned the Anti-slavery
newspaper called the Liberator
- When Abraham Lincoln became the president of the United States of
America in 1860, he began fighting for the end of slavery in America
- Civil war broke out between northern states (Anti-slavery) and the
southern states (Pro-slavery)
- The northern states won the civil war, which led to the abolition of slavery
in 1865
c. Africa
- The abolition of slavery in Europe and America effectively ended slave
trade in West Africa but East African slave trade continued
- The abolition of the East African slave trade was a result of the efforts of
the British
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- The British made agreements with Sultan Seyyid who was an influential
Arab ruler from Oman, a Kingdom in Arabia
- In 1822, Sultan Seyyid Said agreed not to sell slaves to Christian countries
- Again, in 1845 there was an agreement between the Sultan and the British
to forbid the export of slaves to areas outside the Sultan’s control and to
Oman
- However, slaves continued to be taken to be exported into the Sultan’s
territory
- In 1870, the British Government appointed Sir John Kirk as the British Consul
(more like an ambassador) to Zanzibar
- Sir John Kirk and Sir Battle Frere signed the Barghash Treaty with Sultan
Barghash in 1873 to forbid the sale and export of slaves from the Sultan’s
territories
- The treaty also ordered the immediate closure of the Zanzibar and Kilwa
slave markets
- These market lands were bought by the Universities’ Mission to Central
Africa and a church was built there
- Finally, the colonisation of the region marked the abolition of slave trade
in East and Central Africa
THE LEADING PERSONALITIES IN THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE

- In Britain, Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp and William Wilberforce
played a vital role in abolishing the slave trade
- In United States of America, Abraham Lincoln, Harriet Beecher Stowe and
John Brown were some of the leading personalities in the abolition of slave
trade
- On the other hand, Sultan Seyyid Said and Sultan Barghash were the
leading personalities in the abolition of slave trade in Africa
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LEADING PERSONALITIES IN THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE

TRADE
Thomas Clarkson
- He was a scholar at the Cambridge University
- He exposed the evils of slave trade through his writings
- He also aroused interest among Christians and lawyers to fight against
Slave Trade
Granville Sharp
- He was a London (England) lawyer
- He defended the run away or abandoned slaves whenever their masters
wanted to regain them
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- Some of the slaves he defended in a court of law included Jonathan

Strong and James Somerset in 1772
- Sharp also made a proposal to the British government of sending the
liberated slaves back to Africa
- In 1787, the British Act of Parliament established Sierra Leone as a home for
the freed slaves in Africa
- Granville Sharp with William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson formed Anti-
Slavery group called Abolition Society
William Wilberforce
- He was a Christian and a member of Parliament in the House of
Commoners (British Parliament)
- In 1787, he joined Granville Sharp and Thomas Clarkson in the Abolition
Campaign against slave trade and slavery
- He became the spokesperson for ant-slavery group in Parliament
- In 1791, he influenced the British Prime Minister (William Pitt) and Members
of the Legislature to pass bills on the abolition of slave trade
- In 1823, the Anti-slavery association was formed with the task of publicising
information on the evils of slavery
- In 1833, Britain passed a law that abolished slave trade
- Consequently, 780,993 slaves in the whole of the British Empire were freed
Abraham Lincoln
- He was elected as the 16th American President in 1860
- In 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
- Under this law, slaves were legally freed
- This led to the Civil War between northern and southern states on which
the northern states won
- Finally in 1865 slavery was declared illegal in USA
- In the same year, the American Colonisation Society set up a settlement
for the freed slaves in Liberia (Monrovia as its capital)
Harriet Beecher Stowe
- She was an English woman skilled in Writing
- In 1852, she wrote a book titled “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
- The novel exposed the evils of slave trade in the American plantation
- The book compelled people to regard slavery as a cruel act
- A play was acted upon the introduction of the book to further expose the
evils of slave trade in the America and Europe
- The result was that many people started to speak against slavery
- In other words, her work stimulated anti-slavery feelings in America
John Brown
- He organised an escape route for runaway slaves
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- In 1859, he planned to seize arsenal (a store house of arms and

ammunition) and steal the weapons for his anti-slavery fighters
- On the night of October 16, Brown and his men easily captured the arsenal
but they were trapped by the arrival of soldiers
- John Brown was captured, tried, condemned on a charge of treason and
hanged
- Many Southerners were now convinced that the North was planning to
start a slave rebellion
- The South was more afraid than ever of the North but the North felt that
they had a real hero and martyr
- Within two years, the Northerners were marching to war, singing as their
battle hymn a song about Brown
Sultan Seyyid Said
- He signed the Moresby Treaty in 1822 with the British to stop him from
exporting slaves to European Christian Countries
- He allowed the British to search Arab dhows
- Sultan Seyyid Said also agreed to refrain from exporting slaves to Arabia or
beyond the East Coast
Sultan Barghash
- He signed Barghash Treaty with Sir John Kirk and Sir Battle Frere in 1873
- This treaty forbade the sale and export of slaves from the Sultan’s territories
- He accepted the immediate closure of Zanzibar and Kilwa slave market
- He prohibited the import of slaves from the interior after Sir John Kirk
persuaded him to do so
THE CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE ABOLITIONISTS
1. They faced stiff opposition from the slave owners and the rich who had
great influence in the British parliament
2. The laws were difficult to enforce because there was still demand for
slaves in Americas plantations
3. Refusal of some nations to give the British Navy the right to search over
their ships
4. Most slave ships were faster than the naval vessels sent to stop them
5. Some major countries like USA took long to accept the call to end slave
trade
6. New routes were created by slave dealers in order to avoid British ant-
slave campaigns
7. Some African Chiefs such as King Opobo Pepple were unwilling to stop
slave trade
8. There was support of slave trade by African Middlemen such as the Yao,
Nyamwezi, Bisa and Chikunda
THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE SLAVE TRADE ON PEOPLE AND AFFECTED AREAS
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1. It led to the growth of towns such as Accra, Conakry, Loanda,

Nkhotakota, Karonga and Kilwa
2. Some Africans were employed to act as middlemen in capturing and
escorting slaves to the coasts
3. Introduction of new crops such as maize, rice, citrus fruits and coconut
into the interior of Africa
4. It helped in the economic growth of America, Europe and Africa
5. Slave trade led to the introduction of foreign manufactured goods into
African society e.g. plates, cloths
6. It led to the introduction of Christianity to counter the slave trade
7. Trade routes were created and improved in the interior of Africa
8. It led to the introduction of education and legitimate trade
9. Africans copied new ways of constructing structures from Arabs and
Europeans
10. It led to permanent introduction of Islamic religion into East and Central
Africa
11. It led to the introduction of new methods of dressing and architecture
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE SLAVE TRADE ON PEOPLE AND AFFECTED AREAS
1. Slave trade led to conflicts among African societies due to the
acquisition of guns
2. It led to the decrease in African populations because 40 to 60 million
Africans were exported from Africa as Slaves
3. It led to the displacement of small-scale industries such as crafts due to
fear
4. It led to underdevelopment of some areas because Africa lost essential
human resource which could have developed Her
5. It led to the displacement of people from their home to America, Europe
and Middle East
6. Houses and fields were destroyed and set on fire
7. The interaction of Africans with foreign traders encouraged the spread
of new diseases such as smallpox, syphilis and measles
8. It encouraged inhuman treatment of Africans
9. Slave trade developed Europe and America only while Africa remained
underdeveloped
10. It led to the decline of some pre-colonial states such as Kazembe of
Zambia and Mwenemutapa of Zimbabwe
11. It led to the corruption of the existing legal systems and mechanism of
social control
12. It led to the destruction of African cultures due to the European and
Arab influence
13. Slave trade led to the colonisation of West Africa
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THE PARTITION OF AFRICA
 Africa as a continent was ruled by Kings or Chiefs in different Kingdoms with

their different cultural, political and economic policies
 There were no border demarcations as we know them today and people
were mostly free to interact
THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

- The Scramble for Africa is the competition among European countries in
grabbing territories (pieces of land) in Africa
THE PARTITION OF AFRICA

- The Partition of Africa is the division of Africa into various colonies by
European countries
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE PARTITION OF AFRICA

The partition of Africa by European Countries was driven into action by socio-
economic and political factors
SOCIAL-ECONOMIC FACTORS
a. Industrial revolution
- Industrial Revolution in Europe led to the invention of factory machines
- Therefore, Europeans occupied Africa in order to get raw materials and
markets for their finished products
b. Improvement in transportation
- The development of railway lines, steam ships and canals provided an
easy way for Europeans to get into Africa
- For example, the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 in Africa shortened the
European’s route to East Africa
- The belief of Europeans to open farming and mining in Africa led to the
colonisation of territories in Africa
c. Settlement for surplus population

- Industrial revolution improved living standards of people which
consequently led to the population increase in Europe
- The increase in population increased demand for food
- For this reason, Africa was regarded as possible place to grow additional
food for the growing population
- In addition, due to inadequate settlement areas in Europe, Europeans
were encouraged to come and settle in Africa
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d. Improvement in medical knowledge

- The discovery of Quinine (malaria drug) encouraged European explores
and missionaries to travel and work in African interior
e. Increased knowledge of geography

- The European explorers such as Dr David Livingstone, revealed much
about the Geography of Africa
- Maps that showed accurate landscape of the African Continent were
drawn
- European exploration opened up Central Africa to Europeans who initially
considered the interior of Africa inaccessible
f. Spread of Christianity
- In the course of spreading Christianity, the missionaries called on their
government to colonise the area in order to bring about law and order
- On the other hand, local rulers were influenced by missionaries to accept
European protection
- This led to loss of authority by African rulers and therefore, Europeans had
full control over African territories
g. Stopover ports
- Some Europeans such as British were interested in Africa because they
wanted the Southern and Eastern coast of Africa for stopover ports on the
route to Asia and its empire in India
POLITICAL FACTORS
a. Imperialism
- The partition of Africa was also a product of imperialism
- Building empires abroad was seen as a measure of status
- The more the colonies a nation controlled, the more respected and feared
that particular nation was
- Apart from prestige, the empires were a source of raw materials and
market for the flourishing industrialisation in Europe
b. Political rivalries
- Many Europeans nations thought that owning colonies was the best way
to satisfy their overseas colonies
- European nations were political enemies
- For instance, in 1871, France was defeated by Prussia which was one of
the German States
- As a compensation, the French began to colonise territories in Africa
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- On the other hand, Germany and Italy also started to seize (grab)
territories in Africa this and this led to the partition of Africa
c. Strategic importance
- Europeans also wanted to acquire territories in Africa because of their
strategic importance
- For example, Europeans became more interested in Egypt after the
construction of Suez Canal in 1869 which assisted them to control spice
trade in India
- Even though the Suez Canal was built by the French, it was jointly owned
by the British in 1875
- When the French were pushed out of the canal in 1881, they seized Tunis
as a compensation for the loss of their Egyptian investment
THE EVENTS THAT LED TO THE BERLIN CONFERENCE OF 1884

The Scramble and Partition of Africa originated from the actions of France, King
Leopold II, Britain and German in Africa
1. The French in West Africa

- After a defeat from German, the French sought to recover their prestige
by occupying territory in Africa
- In order to control West Africa, French built railway lines that connected
trading points from Senegal Valley to Upper Niger and the Gambia River
- This connection alarmed other European countries especially Britain
because British felt that the French action threatened their long
established trade in Sierra Leone, Gambia, Ivory Coast and the Oil Rivers
2. King Leopold II and the Congo

- In 1879, King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorer by the name Henry Morton
Stanley to the Congo region
- Stanley was sent to make treaties (agreements) with local chiefs so that
they should agree and put their land under King Leopold II of Belgium
- When he made treaties with Chiefs, many people were alarmed with this
action because Congo River was considered as an important route
- Leopold’s activities in Africa worried other statesmen in Europe because
Congo River was viewed as an important route into the interior of Central
Africa
- On the other hand, the Portuguese considered Leopold’s action as a
threat because they claimed rights over the coast of Angola and the
mouth of the Congo River
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3. Britain and France in Egypt

- The British and French were both involved in the construction of Suez Canal
- In 1881, the French lost control of the Suez Canal when the British helped
to put down a rebellion in Egypt
- Therefore, the French occupied Tunis as a compensation for the loss of
interest in Egypt
- Later, in 1898, French tried to take control of Sudan
- The British felt that the French were attempting to recover Egypt and the
Suez Canal
- In reaction, the British moved in troops at Fashoda and threatened war
against the French
4. German interest in Africa

- When Germany started to be coming as an industrial state, many German
merchants wanted to get land in Africa before it was too late
- In 1884, German leader, Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor) declared that
Namibia, Cameroon, Togo and Tanganyika were German protectorates
- The interest of Germany in Africa alarmed other European countries
THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

- As European countries were competing to gain territories in Africa,
conflicts arose
- Quarrels developed over some areas where there were overlapping
interest between the Europeans
- To avoid a war among European states, Otto von Bismarck, (German
Chancellor) called for a conference in Berlin, Germany in 1884
- The Berlin conference was attended by representatives of all countries
that were interested in getting colonies in Africa
- The members of the conference included Germany, Britain, France,
Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Russia, Australia, Denmark, Holland,
Norway, Sweden, Turkey and United States of America
THE AIM OF BERLIN CONFERENCE

- The aim of the Berlin Conference was to consider and set up the
regulations for a peaceful process of dividing up Africa among the
European states
THE GUIDELINES FOR THE PARTITION OF AFRICA

The Berlin Conference laid down the rules to guide the partition of Africa. Every
country which had interest in Africa was supposed to follow the following rules:
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1. Any country wishing to occupy land in Africa as its sphere of influence

had to effectively occupy and develop the area
2. All countries should inform each other in advance of their intention to
occupy a territory in Africa before implementation
3. Each European state that had a colony in Africa should admit to end
slave trade
4. European states should not claim land in Africa and describe it as a
reserve for future use (the claimed land was to be occupied instantly
and developed)
5. Any conflicts over areas of sphere of influence by two or more
countries had to be settled by agreement of governments concerned
(disagreements to be settled by two sides in conflict)
6. The recognition of the Congo region as belonging to Leopold II of
Belgium
7. The Zambezi Basin, Congo and the Niger River were to be open to the
traders of all nations
8. Interest of the people of Congo were to be respected
THE PARTITIONING OF AFRICA AMONG EUROPEAN POWER BY 1914
COUNTRIES COLONIES
Britain Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria (West Africa);
Egypt, Sudan (North Africa); Uganda, Kenya, British
Somaliland (East Africa); Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe
(Central Africa); Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, South
Africa (Southern Africa)
France Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco (North Africa); Senegal, Mali,
Guinea, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Gabon (West Africa);
Chad, Equatorial Africa (Central Africa); French
Somaliland, Madagascar (East Africa)
Germany Togoland, Cameroon (West Africa); Namibia (South-
west Africa) Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi (East
Africa)
Belgium Democratic Republic of Congo
Portugal Guinea Bissau, Angola and Mozambique
Italy Libya, Italian Somaliland, Eritrea
Spain Spanish Morocco, Rio de Ore, Spanish Guinea (Rio
Muni)
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THE RESULTS OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

1. Africa were shared among European States (Scramble and Partition of
Africa)
2. European states began to send their agents to Africa to sign treaties with
local African Chiefs
3. European powers (Colonialists) established administrative systems in their
colonies and protectorates
4. Africa lost its land resources to Europe (Minerals and agricultural
produce were used to boost industries in Europe
Map of Africa showing the partition of Africa by the European countries

(including countries that remained un-colonised)
INDEPENDENT STATES
- Even though the partition, scramble and colonisation affected the rest of
Africa, two states escaped European domination and remained
independent
- These states (countries) were Liberia and Ethiopia
THE REASONS WHY THE COUNTRIES REMAINED UNCOLONISED

a. Liberia
- It was independent under the influence of the USA because it was set up
as a settlement for the freed slaves
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b. Ethiopia
- The Italians were defeated by the Ethiopian forces under emperor Menelik
at the Battle of Adowa in 1896
- In essence, Ethiopia successfully defended her political independence
from the Italians
THE EFFECTS OF THE PARTITION OF AFRICA ON AFRICAN SOCIETIES

The Partition of Africa among European countries had both positive and
negative effects on the African Societies
POSITIVE EFFECTS
1. It led to the ending of slave trade
2. It helped the spread of Christianity in Africa
3. The Partition of Africa imported western education, technology and
medicine into Africa
4. It assisted Africans to adopt western language and culture
5. It promoted commerce among different groups of people in Africa
6. It encouraged exchange of ideas and skills
7. It led to the introduction of new crops and better farming methods
8. It led to the creation of larger nation-state
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
1. European colonisation of Africa suppressed local traditions, customs and
practices (Assimilation and Westernisation)
2. The partition of Africa forced natives to rebel against colonialists
3. The employment and government policies reduced food production
4. African leaders lost their political and economic rights
5. It led to the border disputes among countries in Africa
6. It led to the loss of land and labour force because Europeans grabbed
land from Africans
7. It led to the underdevelopment of Africa because Europeans exported
vital resources to Europe
8. It led to the break-up of ethnic groups
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REFERENCES
Beza, K., P. (2013). Arise with History Students’ Book 1. Blantyre: CLAIM Limited
Chiunguzeni, G. New Junior Secondary History Course 1 & 2. Blantyre: CLAIM
Katombosola, B., Okoth, A. & Agumba, Musa (2014). Achievers Junior
Secondary History Student’s Book 1. Nairobi: East African Educational
Publishers Limited
Longman Malawi (2003). Strides in History Form 1. Blantyre: Longman Malawi
Longman Malawi (2003). Strides in History Form 2. Blantyre: Longman Malawi
Mukanya, S. (1997). Dynamics of History Book 1. Harare: College Press Publishers
(PVT) Limited
Munama, K., D. (2014). Target in Junior Secondary History 1 (2nd Ed). Blantyre:
Bookland International
Mdala, G. (2015). History Junior School Certificate Course for Malawian Schools
Form 1. Balaka: Montfort Media Limited
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2013). Syllabus for History Forms
1 and 2. Domasi: Malawi Institute of Education
82
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STUDY NOTES (HISTORY FORM 1) COMPILED BY MOSES MTIMBE

THE STUDY OF HISTORY

CLASSES OR CARTEGORIES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

a. Primary written sources or records

b. Secondary written sources or records

c. Mixed written sources or records

ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

ADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES

DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES

ADVANTAGES OF ORAL SOURCES

DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL SOURCES

ADVANTAGES OF VISUAL SOURCES

 It is accessible to many people

DISADVANTAGES OF VISUAL SOURCE

REASONS FOR STUDYING HISTORY

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YEARS IN BC AND AD

DECADE, CENTURY AND MILLENIUM

Century Shortened Range of years

EXAMPLE OF TIME CHART

IMPORTANCE OF DATES AND TIME CHART IN HISTORY

THE ORIGINS OF PEOPLE

- They had less hair on the body

- It was able to stand and walk upright

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN BEINGS AND APE-LIKE CREATURES (HOMINIDS)

HYMAN BEINGS APE-LIKE CREATURES (HOMINIDS)

SOCIAL-CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEINGS

THE GROWTH OF ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS

 The term Civilisation means a period of change whereby people or society

- Egyptian Civilisation was located to the north east of Africa

ORIGINS OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION

3. The Mediterranean Sea

4. Effective leadership or Government

CONTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION TO THE MODERN WORLD

5. PRIESTS AND NOBLES

GODS OF ANCIENT EGYPT AND ROLES THEY PLAYED

GODS ROLES OF THE GODS

Isis Wife of Osiris and goddess of moon

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF ANCIENT EGYPT

b. Belief in many gods

ANCIENT GREEK CIVILISATION

 The earliest civilisation in Europe was developed by the Greeks

Map of Ancient Greece

- These people were the Archeans and the Dorians

GREEK CITY STATES

3. History 5. Science and Mathematics

1. SPORTS AND GAMES

- He came up with the principle of levers and pulley system

THE AZTEC EMPIRE

LOCATION OF AZTEC EMPIRE

- The Aztec Empire developed in the valley of Mexico in Central America

The Jaguar Warrior The Eagle Warrior

 Tezcatlipoca – all powerful god

Political Hierarchy of the Aztec Empire

- Within the council, a four member executive was chosen

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE

3. Clash of religious beliefs with Spaniards