PIMSAT COLLEGES, INC.

McArthur Highway, Bolosan District, Dagupan City

Seam 6
(Finals – Module 7th Issue)

CM ALBERT U. SALUD
( Instructor)

_____________________
Name of Student

Target Time Frame:

1
Approach: Distance Learning

Learning Strategy: Worksheets, PDF saved in USB to be

picked-up at the office of Director of Academics every two weeks
(Wednesday).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Learning Outcomes ………………………………

Introduction ………………………………………..

Lesson 7 – Ballasting and Deballasting

Topic
Effect of Ballasting and Deballasting to Ship
Stability
Assessment # 07.........................................

Laboratory Instruction …………………………….

Reference ………………………………………….

2
Learning Outcome: At the end of this module, the
student should be able to:

1.learn the importance of ballasting and

deballasting to ship stability.

Introduction:
Ballasting or de-ballasting is a process by which sea water is
taken in and out of the ship when the ship is at the port or at the
sea. The sea water carried by the ship is known as ballast water.

consumption of water and fuel, provides better manoeuverability

with sufficient vessel draft, including ship propeller immersion
What is ballasting in ship?
Ballast is material that is used to provide stability to a vehicle or
structure. Ballast, other than cargo, may be placed in a vehicle,
often a ship or the gondola of a balloon or airship, to provide
stability. ... Water should move in and out from the ballast tank to
balance the ship.

What is the purpose of ballasting?

The major purposes of ballasting a vessel for a voyage are to
increase its manageability (and conditions of the crew aboard by
reducing vibrations. safety), particularly under heavy weather
conditions; control its draft and trim for maximum efficiency; and
control its stability to ensure safe passage. Ballast water reduces
stresses on the vessel's hull, balances off for the weight loss due
to, and also helps in improving living

3
How does ballasting affect ships stability?
Ballasting of ship helps in reducing ship's stresses on the hull of
the vessel. It also provides for transverse stability of the ship.
As the propeller is submerged, it aids the propulsion plant in
maintaining its efficiency.

What is ballast pump?

Ballast Pump is also
called ballast tank pump or ballast water pump. It is a pump for
transferring or discharging water ballast. Ballast pump is usually
in a pump room on board the ships or vessels. Together with the
tank, pipe, valves, it is composited of the ballast system.

Ballast Pump

Why do ships need ballast?

4
Ballast is used in ships to provide moment to resist the lateral
forces on the hull. ... Too much heel may result in
the boat/ship capsizing. If a sailing vessel should need to
voyage without cargo then ballast of little or no value would be
loaded to keep the vessel upright.

What is the purpose of ballasting and deballasting?

Ballasting and deballasting is very essential in ships. It is an
operation keenly supervised by ship officers to maintain the
vessel's stability. This is very crucial. It keeps the ship upright by
compensating the distribution of weights.

Why ships are usually refilled with sand or water?

An unloaded ship floats with its very small volume inside water.
As a result, it's centre of gravity is higher and it's equilibrium is
unstable. There is a danger that it may get blown over on its side
by strong winds. Therefore an unloaded ship is filled with water
called ballast, at its bottom.

What does stripping mean in ballasting operations on cargo

ships?
The final stage in bulk liquid pumping from a tank or pipeline. To
achieve this, it is often necessary to list the ship to avoid suction
loss. Chemical cargoes, which create threat to the marine
environment, must be discharged until there is virtually no residue
left on board.

What regulation that covers the segregated ballast tanks?

Regulation 18 - Segregated ballast tanks. Every crude oil

tanker of 20,000 tonnes deadweight and above and every product

5
carrier of 30,000 tonnes deadweight and above delivered after 1
June 1982, as defined in regulation 1.28.

How do you check a ballast?

One probe of the multimeter should touch the hot wire
connections, while the other touches the neutral wire connections.
If the ballast is good, an analog multimeter has a needle that will
sweep to the right across the measuring scale. If the ballast is
bad, then the needle won't move.

How do you do Deballasting and ballasting?

Methods Used For Ballasting And De-ballasting Operation
1 ) Ballasting 'by gravity' means the ballasting of tanks without
involving of any pumping units. ... This is called 'the principle of
communicating vessels' and it is based on gravity (and pressure)
effect.
2 ) Using Ballast Pumps. Dedicated ballast pumps installed in
pump room on a ship is used at times you can pump in or out
water using the gravity.

What is the purpose of ballast tanks?

A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other
floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to
provide stability for a vessel. Using water in a tank provides
easier weight adjustment than the stone or iron ballast used in
older vessels.

Slack Tank - Any tank that is not totally empty or pressed full.

What is the effect in stability if the tank is slack?

6
 When a tank is partially filled, the liquid's centre of gravity position
will change as the ship is inclined. Liquid in partially filled tank
always decreases the initial metacentric height GM, righting lever
GZ, and angle of vanishing stability.

What is free surface in ship?

Liquid that only partially fills a compartment is said to have a free

surface that tends to remain horizontal (parallel to the waterline).
When the ship is inclined, the liquid flows to the lower side (in the
direction of inclination), increasing the inclining moment.

What are the effects of free surface?

FREE SURFACE EFFECT
 FSE increases with increased length and width of compartment.
 FSE increases when displacement decreases (de-ballasting)
 FSE is independent of the depth of the liquid.

What is the meaning of free surface effects?

When a vessel with a full tank is heeled, the liquid within the tank
acts like a solid mass. Its centre of gravity, being the centre of its
volume, remains constant and therefore does not cause any
change in the vessel's centre of gravity (G) or its metacentric
height (GM) as the vessel is heeled.

What would happen if the metacentric height is negative?

7
If GM is negative, the ship will capsize when inclined. The ship's
roll period is directly related to the Metacentric Height of your
vessel.

What is free surface effect formula?

This adverse effect on the stability is referred to as a “loss in GM”
or as a “virtual rise in vertical centre of gravity KG” and is
calculated as follows: Loss in GM due to free surface effects (in
metres) = Free surface moment (tones metres) x Specific gravity
of liquid in tank/Displacement of vessel in tonnes.

What is the purpose of ballast tanks?

A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other
floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to
provide stability for a vessel. Using water in a tank provides
easier weight adjustment than the stone or iron ballast used in
older vessels.

What are the types of ballast conditions?

– Light Ballast: When the ship is heavily loaded, and it does not
require an additional ballast, the water ballast tanks are kept
empty. This condition is known as a light ballast. –

8
Heavy Ballast: During the seagoing state, if the ship is not fully
loaded, ship ballast tanks are filled to its capacity.

What are the conditions to be taken before ballast operation?

When planning and carrying out operations with ballast water the
following factors must be taken into account: Shear Force and
Bending Moment. Stability and Free Surface Effect. Slack Tanks.

Slack Tank - Any tank that is not totally empty or pressed full.

What is the effect in stability if the tank is slack?

When a tank is partially filled, the liquid's centre of gravity position
will change as the ship is inclined. Liquid in partially filled tank
always decreases the initial metacentric height GM, righting lever
GZ, and angle of vanishing stability.

Seagoing bulk carriers when not carrying cargo or is lightly

loaded, sufficient ballast must be carried to ensure that
the ship's stress, stability, draft, trim and propeller immersion is
within permissible limits to guarantee the safe handling of the
vessel in the prevailing or expected conditions.

What do you think will happen to a ship when you do de-

ballasting?
De-ballasting removes some of the ship's weight to lighten her,
thus counterbalancing the added cargo weight. You can see
this happen on some ships in port pumping out water from their
sea side. They are most likely engaged

9
in deballasting operation. Ballasting usually happens during
discharging operation.

What is the purpose of ballasting?

The major purposes of ballasting a vessel for a voyage are to
increase its manageability (and safety), particularly under heavy
weather conditions; control its draft and trim for maximum
efficiency; and control its stability to ensure safe passage.

Why is seawater used for ballasting operation?

Ballast water is known as seawater used to maintain the stability
and maneuverability of ships when they are being transported
without enough weight of loading.

Why is ballast water bad?

While ballast water is important for the proper operation of ships,
this water adversely affects the surrounding marine environment
and can introduce invasive species and organisms to water that
alter the local ecosystem.

How is ballast water treated?

Deoxygenation. Like biocides, deoxygenation kills any living
organisms in the ballast water. The ballast water
treatment system injects an inert gas (such as nitrogen) into the
tank or the ballast flow to asphyxiate the organisms.
While ballast water is important for the proper operation of ships,
this water adversely affects the surrounding marine environment

10
and can introduce invasive species and organisms to water that
alter the local ecosystem.

What is Ballast Management System?

Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) is a system designed
to remove and destroy/inactive biological organisms (zooplankton,
algae, bacteria) from ballast water. The purpose of the Ballast
Water Management System is to minimize the transfer of Non-
indigenous harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens from one
area to another (arrival port) through the ship's ballast
water system.

What is D1 and D2 in ballast water management?

Ships are required to have on board and implement an
approved Ballast Water Management Plan. ... The D1 standard
concerns ballast water exchange, which must be undertaken
within open ocean areas, >200nm from land and in seas >200m
deep. The D2 standard covers approved ballast water
treatment systems.

Ballast water exchange is a process which involves the

substitution of water in ship's ballast tanks using either a
sequential, flow-through, dilution or other exchange methods
which are recommended or made obligatory by the IMO, in order
to preserve ecology in biologically rich coastal waters.

What are the ballast water exchange methods?

Acceptable methods for ballast water exchange are the
sequential method, the flow-through method and the
dilution method. Sequential Method: A process by which
a ballast tank is first emptied and then refilled with

11
replacement ballast water. Efficiency is to be of at least 95 %
volumetric exchange.

Assessment # 07

Directions: Answer the following question. Write your answer

on the space provided.

1) There are two types of approved ballast water management plan.

Name them and explain their difference? (10 points/each)

______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________

12
 ______________________________________________________________________
__________________

2) Why is it important for the ballast water to apply treatment?

Explain? (10 points)
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________

13
______________________________________________________________________
__________________

14
15
16