Chapter One 1.1 Background of The Study

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
For decades plants had being in used for the treatment of different illness, being them
having less or minimal side effect (Bako et al., 2015).
According to Botanical Gardens Conservation International (1995) “almost up to
80% of the world’s population relies on plants for their primary healthcare”. In
pharmaceutical industries, Green plants are used in the manufacture and production of
drugs/medicines and more than 50,000 plant species had been successfully used in the
production of drugs with flowering plants taken approximately 13% out of those 50,000 plant
species (Sanni, 2017). Plants referred to as medicinal plants are also said to have nutritional
values which are essential to human health. These plants serve dual functionality by
providing the human body with the essential minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins
for growth and development and as well as the secondary metabolites (phytochemicals)
which help in preventing or curing of diseases to maintain a good health.
Lamium Purpureum also known as red dead-nettle, or purple dead netle is usually
called ‘tattaba’ in Hausa, while the Yoruba’s called it “Ewe esinsin”, and the Igbo’s called it
“Agbara or Akuwa. The plant is considered as a weed with rich essential nutrients which are
distributed in the leaves, stems and roots of the plant (Yalcin and Kaya, 2006). It also
contains phytochemicals which include terpenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids,
iridoids, secoridoids, anthocyanins, phenyl proprpanoids, phytoecdysteroids, benzoazinoids
and betaine. (Yordanova et al., 2014). Extracts from the plants are been reported to possess
antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer (Mirzaei et al.,
2020).
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1.2 TAXONOMY OF LAMIUM PURPUREUM
According to the National Plant Data Center [NPDC], 1996), the taxonomy of
Lamium purpureum is given below as follows:
Kingdom: Plantae
Sub-Kingdom: Viridiplantae
Infrakingdom: Streptophyta
Superdivision: Embryophyta
Division: Tracheophyta
Subdivision: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Superorder: Asteranae
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae (Mints)
Genus: Lamium L (Deadnettle)
Species: Lamium purpureum L.
1.3 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATHABITAT
Lamium purpureum is also known as Red dead-nettle, purple archangel or purple
dead-nettle, it belongs to the family lamiacea (mint) family. Their leaves have a purple-grey
tinge to them and can grow up to a maxima hieght of 2.5cm long, while the stem has a
square cross-section and can grows up to a height of 20-25cm long. The plant usually
flowered from March-October and its flowers has pink-purple colour that can grow up to
5mm long (Mages et al., 1999).
2
The plant is native to the Mediterranean region of Eurasia and North Africa (Defilice,
2005). Two species of lamiaceae which are lamium purpureum and Lamium amplexicaule
have also been found in southern united state countries. However it can also be found in
North American countries cultivated and horticultural farmlands.
The plant grows rapidly in dru areas and it can grow in different types of soil and
moisture regions. But it can grows mostly in loamy soil as well it can also grow in clay soil ,
it prepares soil of less acidic content (Copson & Roberts, 1991)
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
There have been well documented literatures on the nutritional and phytochemical
constituents of various parts of Lamium purpureum plant, however few has been reported on
the roots of the plant. This work will examined the phytochemical and the nutritional profile
of the Lamium purpureum roots through standard methods and data generated from this study
can be used to standardize the production and use of Lamium purpureum based products in
the food and pharmaceutical industry.
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to analysis nutritional contents and phytochemical agents of
Laminum purpureum root with the following specific objectives:
1. To carry out phytochemical screening on the crude ethanol extract of the root of
Laminum purpureum plant.
2. To quantify the phytochemical constituents present in the ethanol extract of the root
of the plant using standard methods.
3
3. To carry out proximate analysis to determine the macronutrients; crude fiber, crude
lipid, crude protein, carbohydrate by difference and as well as moisture content of the
root using standard methods.
4. To determine the nutritional minerals of the root using atomic absorption
spectroscopy AAS technique.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study will only cover determination of phytochemical constituents in the ethanol
extract of the root of Laminum purpureum plant and as well as analysis to determine the
crude fiber, crude protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate by difference, moisture content and
some vital minerals.
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REFERENCE
Bako, S., Bakfur, M., John, I. and Bala, E. (2015). Environmental and phytochemical profile
of some Savanna plant species in Nigeria. International Journal of Botany, pp: 147-
150.
Botanical Gardens Conservation International (1995). Plants as medicine, pp:2.
Copson, P. J. and Roberts, H. A. (1991). Garden weeds - a survey of cereal weeds in
professional Horticulture 5, pp:71-73.
Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., and Moore, D. M (1998). Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
Defelice, M. S. (2005). Henbit and the deadnettles, Lamium spp.--archangels or demons?.
Journal of weed Technology 19, pp: 768-774.
Magee, D. W., and Ahles, H. E. (1999) Flora of the Northeast. Amherst, MA: University of
Massachusettspress.
Mirzaei-Najafgholi, H., Tarighat, F., Hashemian, M., Sahebkar, A. (2020). A review of the
phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Lamium spp. Journal of
Pharmacology.;72(9):1157-1171.
National Plant Data Center (1996). National Journal of Baton Rouge, pp: 23-25.
Sanni, S. (2017). Pharmacological and toxicological effects of Ocimum basililum. PhD
Thesis, submitted to the department of veterinary physiology and pharmacology,
Usman Dan-foldio University Sokoto, 98-199.
Smith, E. B. 1998. An atlas and annotated list of the vascular plants of Arkansas (2nd end.).
Published by the author. Iv + pp: 489.
5
Tomlinson, J., and Carter, A. (1970). Studies on the seed transmission of cucumber mosaic
virus in chickweed (Sterllaria media) in relation to the ecology of the virus annals of
Applied Biology, (6th ed.). pp:381-386.
Yalcin, F. N. and Kaya, D. Ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry of the genus
Lamium (lamiaceae). FABAD J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 31, 43–52.
Yordanova, Z P., PZhiponova, M. K., Iakimova, E.T., Dimitrova, M.A., Kapchina-Toteva,
V.M. (2014). Revealing the reviving secret of the white dead nettle (Lamium album
L.). Journal of Phytochemical. Rev., 13, 375–389.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

having less or minimal side effect (Bako et al., 2015).

According to Botanical Gardens Conservation International (1995) “almost up to

which help in preventing or curing of diseases to maintain a good health.

contains phytochemicals which include terpenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids,

iridoids, secoridoids, anthocyanins, phenyl proprpanoids, phytoecdysteroids, benzoazinoids

antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer (Mirzaei et al.,

Lamium purpureum is given below as follows:

Family: Lamiaceae (Mints)

Genus: Lamium L (Deadnettle)

Species: Lamium purpureum L.

1.3 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATHABITAT

Lamium purpureum is also known as Red dead-nettle, purple archangel or purple

5mm long (Mages et al., 1999).

North American countries cultivated and horticultural farmlands.

it prepares soil of less acidic content (Copson & Roberts, 1991)

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

the food and pharmaceutical industry.

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Laminum purpureum root with the following specific objectives:

Laminum purpureum plant.

of the plant using standard methods.

root using standard methods.

4. To determine the nutritional minerals of the root using atomic absorption

spectroscopy AAS technique.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

some vital minerals.

Botanical Gardens Conservation International (1995). Plants as medicine, pp:2.

Copson, P. J. and Roberts, H. A. (1991). Garden weeds - a survey of cereal weeds in

professional Horticulture 5, pp:71-73.

Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

Defelice, M. S. (2005). Henbit and the deadnettles, Lamium spp.--archangels or demons?.

Journal of weed Technology 19, pp: 768-774.

phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Lamium spp. Journal of

Sanni, S. (2017). Pharmacological and toxicological effects of Ocimum basililum. PhD

Thesis, submitted to the department of veterinary physiology and pharmacology,

Usman Dan-foldio University Sokoto, 98-199.

Published by the author. Iv + pp: 489.

Applied Biology, (6th ed.). pp:381-386.

Yalcin, F. N. and Kaya, D. Ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry of the genus

Lamium (lamiaceae). FABAD J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 31, 43–52.

Yordanova, Z P., PZhiponova, M. K., Iakimova, E.T., Dimitrova, M.A., Kapchina-Toteva,

L.). Journal of Phytochemical. Rev., 13, 375–389.

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