CLT by Stora Enso Technical Brochure EN PDF
CLT by Stora Enso Technical Brochure EN PDF
CLT by Stora Enso Technical Brochure EN PDF
by Stora Enso
Technical brochure
Stora Enso
The renewable
materials company
Part of the bioeconomy, Stora Enso is a leading provider of renewable solutions
in packaging, biomaterials, wooden constructions and paper on global
markets.
We believe that everything that is made from fossil-based materials today can
be made from a tree tomorrow. Our materials are renewable, reusable and
recyclable, and form the building blocks for a range of innovative solutions
that can help replace products based on fossil fuels and other non-renewable
materials.
With carbon captured in the wood, the products offer a truly sustainable means
of combating climate change.
Stora Enso products are entirely made from renewable wood, sourced from
sustainably managed forests. The wood supply chains to Stora Enso’s Wood
Products units are covered by a third-party certified wood traceability system.
2. Structure ................................................................................................................................ 10
Maximum element
Length: 16 m / Width: 3.45 m / Thickness: 0.35 m
dimensions
2.25 m / 2.45 m / 2.75 m / 2.95 m / 3.25 m / 3.45 m
Invoiced widths
3.25 m and 3.45 m only available from Gruvön mill on request
Wood species Spruce (pine, fir, stone pine/larch and other wood types on request)
C24 according to EN 338, maximum 10% C16 permitted (other strength class
Strength class
compare with ETA 14/0349)
CLT panels are made up of at least three layers of single-layer panels and are
Air tightness therefore extremely air-tight. The air-tightness of a 3-layer CLT panel was tested
according to EN 12 114
max. 3.50 m
max. 16.00 m
C panels
The grain direction of the cover layers is always parallel to the production widths.
60 C3s 3 20 20 20
80 C3s 3 20 40 20
90 C3s 3 30 30 30
100 C3s 3 30 40 30
120 C3s 3 40 40 40
100 C5s 5 20 20 20 20 20
120 C5s 5 30 20 20 20 30
160 C5s 5 40 20 40 20 40
Production widths: 225 cm, 245 cm, 275 cm, 295 cm, 325 cm, 345 cm
Production lengths: from minimum production length of 8.00 m per charged width
up to max. 16.00 m (in 10 cm increments)
CLT by Stora Enso 6
L panels
The grain direction of the cover layers is always at right angles to the production widths.
production production
Thickness Panel type Layers Panel design [mm] width
length
[mm] [—] [—] L C L C L C L
60 L3s 3 20 20 20
80 L3s 3 20 40 20
90 L3s 3 30 30 30
100 L3s 3 30 40 30
120 L3s 3 40 40 40
100 L5s 5 20 20 20 20 20
120 L5s 5 30 20 20 20 30
160 L5s 5 40 20 40 20 40
180 L5s 5 40 30 40 30 40
200 L5s 5 40 40 40 40 40
L7s L7s-2* L8s-2**
160 L5s-2* 5 60 40 60
180 L7s 7 30 20 30 20 30 20 30
200 L7s 7 20 40 20 40 20 40 20
240 L7s 7 30 40 30 40 30 40 30
220 L7s-2* 7 60 30 40 30 60
240 L7s-2* 7 80 20 40 20 80
260 L7s-2* 7 80 30 40 30 80
280 L7s-2* 7 80 40 40 40 80
300 L8s-2** 8 80 30 80 30 80
320 L8s-2** 8 80 40 80 40 80
Timber species one single species one single species addition of other timber species allowed
Moisture content ≤ 11 % ≤ 15 % ≤ 15 %
occasional open joints permitted occasional open joints permitted occasional open joints permitted
Narrow side bonding
≤ 1 mm ≤ 2 mm ≤ 3 mm
slight discolouration permitted slight discolouration permitted
Discolouration permitted
≤1% ≤3%
Knots — sound permitted permitted permitted
occasional occurences permitted permitted
Knots — black permitted
≤ 15 mm Ø ≤ 30 mm Ø
occasional occurences permitted permitted
Loose knots, knot holes permitted
≤ 10 mm Ø ≤ 20 mm Ø
occasional occurences permitted occasional occurences permitted
Resin pockets permitted
≤ 5 x 50 mm ≤ 10 x 90 mm
Quality of surface finish occasional small defects permitted occasional defects permitted occasional defects permitted
Quality of end grain occasional small defects permitted occasional defects permitted occasional defects permitted
Sanding scratches / sanding directions Sanding marks on L-panels run in grain direction, on C-panels across grain direction.
CNC cutting on visual quality (VI) surface will be carried out exclusively with
CNC cutting on visual quality (VI) surface
milling and cutting tools that cause no soiling through chain oil.
Crack formations and open joints caused by swelling and shrinking due to later equilibrium moisture
Crack formations
in normal use status is wood specific and cannot be prevented.
The quality requirements to the surfaces listed above are valid:
Validity • on delivery • for top and bottom surfaces only
All end grains / edges are to be considered as NVI quality.
VI Visual quality
CLT ceiling
board
clearance
CLT ceiling board
joint-sealing tape
Structure: Structure:
• CLT wall board • screed
wooden battens insulation strip • partition layer
• battens (on spring clips),
(intermediate (between CLT
insulation (between • impact sound insulation
structure in the and battens)
insulation layer) battens) • joint filler (gravel)
• gypsum cardboard or • trickle protection CLT wall board
CLT ceiling board gypsum fibreboard (optional)
• CLT ceiling board
wall anchorage
joint-sealing
(according
tape
to structural
requirement)
edge insulation
strip for screed
joint-sealing joint-sealing
tape tape
Structure:
• CLT wall board
• insulation (mineral wool)
• vertical seal (for wind-tightness)
• battens CLT wall board CLT ceiling board
• horizontal wall cladding
Thermal insulation
0.50
0.45
with CLT 0.40
0.35
U-value (W/m²K)
The thermal performance of a component is determined 0.30
by its U-value or rate of transfer of heat (also known as 0.25
thermal transmittance). The location in the building and
the structure, thermal conductivity and dimensions of 0.20
the individual materials contained must be known in
order to calculate this value. The thermal conductivity of 0.15
wood is essentially determined by its bulk density and
0.10
wood moisture content and can be calculated for CLT
with a value of λ = 0.12 W/mK. 0.05
air-tight
timber moisture content of 12% ± 2% Tests carried out at the Technical
depending on the surface quality. University of Graz’s laboratory for
building physics demonstrated that CLT
During the construction phase, it remains air-tight even in the long-term.
absorbs building moisture, for instance, The usual fluctuations in timber moisture
from joint filler, screed or plaster, thus content were simulated in the climatic
increasing the timber moisture content. cabinet, and CLT was exposed to four
The service life is also characterised by different moisture conditions to test its
seasonal fluctuations in timber moisture air permeability.
content. Domestic ventilation can also
dry out CLT during the winter months. The test was performed on a 3-layer,
These moisture content fluctuations of 100 mm-thick CLT element in non-visual
CLT are connected to changes in the quality (CLT 100 3s NVI) with dimensions
shape of the wood (swelling or shrinkage), of 2 m × 2 m, which was vertically joined
which in extreme cases can manifest once with a stepped rebate and once
themselves through cracks in the surface with a butt joint.
CLT by Stora Enso 15
Moisture Hygrothermal principles
The aim of moisture protection is to limit the various Where timber, and therefore CLT, is concerned, we basically • The water vapour diffusion resistance factor depends on
effects of moisture on building constructions to such differentiate between three moisture transport mechanisms: the level of humidity, and in damp test conditions, a clearly
an extent that damage — for example, reduction of • vapour diffusion reduced μ of the bonded joints was observed.
thermal performance, loss of strength of building • sorption • In a dry climate (23 °C and 26.5% mean RH), the CLT
materials, mould and rot — is prevented. The • capillary transport adhesive joint has the same transmission-equivalent air
various effects of moisture include, in particular, film thickness as a spruce lamella with a thickness of 6 mm
condensation, atmospheric moisture and rising damp. In addition to these basic moisture transport mechanisms, ± 4 mm. In a humid climate (23 °C and 71.5% mean RH),
In addition, during the construction phase, increased when considering the moisture protection of wood, any the adhesive joint has the same transmission-equivalent
moisture content of building materials can occur due likely convective processes should also be taken into air film thickness as a spruce lamella with a thickness of
to the absorption of building moisture from screed or account. Due to its structure, which consists of layers of 13 mm ± 6 mm.
plaster for example. timber bonded at right angles to each other across the • Thus, a 3-layer CLT element (with two flat adhesive
full surface, CLT in itself prevents the appearance of any joints) has, on average, a transmission-equivalent air film
convection phenomena. However, connections, fixtures and thickness corresponding to a spruce lamella of the same
installations should be checked for leaks. thickness plus 12 mm in a dry climate and plus 26 mm in a
humid climate.
CLT’s vapour diffusion behaviour In addition, during the course of a master’s thesis, CLT test
The proportion of glue in CLT varies according to the lamella bodies were tested at the Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung
structure, however it remains less than 1%. Nevertheless, in Hamburg and their moisture-dependent water vapour
the adhesive joints of the surface bonding have a different diffusion resistance factor was determined:
water vapour diffusion resistance factor to that of the • The water vapour diffusion resistance factor of CLT
surrounding wood lamellas and must be taken into account increases at a roughly linear rate in relation to the number
when determining the sd value. of adhesive joints (which increases according to the
thickness of the CLT element). This result enables an
It should also be borne in mind that, throughout its service average number of adhesive joints to be defined per cm of
life, CLT is exposed to fluctuating moisture conditions due CLT thickness.
to residual moisture from the construction of the building, • By taking this average number of adhesive joints into
moisture during the heating season and humid air in the account, the following water vapour diffusion resistance
summer. These fluctuating moisture conditions can result factors were determined for varying levels of wood
in a timber moisture content varying between 8% and 14% moisture content:
which affects CLT’s vapour diffusion behaviour.
Ϝ 11.3% wood moisture content µ = 52 ± 10
Tests to establish the water vapour diffusion resistance Ϝ 14.7% wood moisture content µ = 33 ± 7
factor (μ) of adhesive joints in CLT elements delivered the Ϝ 8.0% wood moisture content µ = ~105
following results: (obtained by interpolation)
CLT by Stora Enso 16
rainwater
water vapour
driving rain
splash water
Ceiling structures is not cropped until the flooring has been laid) — on a soft The sound insulation of single-layer
The sound insulation of ceiling structures can be improved impact sound insulation board (s′ ≤ 10) ¹ with backfill or building components is defined by their
either by increasing the mass or by improving the acoustic bulk to provide additional mass underneath. In the case surface-based mass and flexural rigidity.
isolation of components. Adding mass by ballasting a raw of non-suspended ceilings, the thickness of the bulk According to Berger’s mass law, doubling
ceiling or suspended ceiling reduces vibrations, causing must be increased to approx. 10 cm and, due to its high the mass increases sound insulation by
less noise emissions. Above their resonance frequency, the sound attenuation capacity, the bulk should preferably be 6 dB, and thereby proportionally increases
transmission of component vibrations within the structure bonded. In terms of sound insulation, ceiling linings are the efficiency of the sound insulation. The
is reduced. Therefore, the resonance should be as low in most effective when decoupled (mounted on spring clips critical coincidence frequency is the weak
frequency as possible (< 80 Hz). or hoops). Cavities should be insulated with mineral wool to point of the sound insulation. For multi-layer
prevent cavity resonance. panels with facing, greater sound insulation
In practice, this means installing relatively heavy screed can be achieved with less mass.
— 5–7 cm cement screed (note: the edge insulation strip ¹) s′ = dynamic stiffness (MN/m³)
In such mass-spring systems, below
the resonance frequency f0, the sound
insulation increases at a rate of 6 dB per
70 mm cement screed (2200 kg/m3)
octave, however, above f0, it increases
Ceiling structures 0.2 mm PE membrane by 18 dB per octave. To achieve good
Noise levels from laboratory 30 mm soft impact sound insulation (s' < 10 MN/m3) sound insulation, the resonance must be
and construction site measure- 100 mm gravel (loose or elastically bound) as low in frequency as possible (≤ 100 Hz).
140 mm CLT by Stora Enso
ments. Resonance frequency can be reduced
Rw(C;C tr) = 63 (-2;-5) dB
by increasing the gaps between layers,
Details about the construction Ln,w(CI) = 43 (-3) dB increasing the mass and ensuring that
of connection nodes are insulating panels are attached as flexibly as
available on request. possible to the load-bearing wall. To avoid
70 mm cement screed (2200 kg/m3)
cavity resonance, the insulating panels
0.2 mm PE membrane should be filled with sound-absorbing
30 mm soft impact sound insulation (s' < 10 MN/m3) insulation material.
50 mm gravel (loose or elastically bound)
140 mm CLT by Stora Enso
70 mm suspension; 60 mm mineral wool intermediate layer
15 mm plasterboard
Rw(C;C tr) = 63 (-2;-6) dB
Ln,w(CI) = 46 (1) dB
Based on fR, the Rw of the wall is calculated according to the following equation:
12.5 mm fire protection plasterboard 40 mm mineral wool CLT 100 C3s 30–40–30 35 REI 90
12.5 mm fire protection plasterboard 40 mm mineral wool CLT 100 C3s 30–40–30 35 REI 120
40 mm mineral
12.5 mm fire protection plasterboard CLT 140 L5s 40–20–20–20–40 5 REI 90
wool
Structural analysis
The special feature when analysing and designing
CLT is that the transverse layers have a low rigidity in
shear. As a result, the deflection caused by shear can
no longer be ignored. Various analysis methods have
been developed, to reflect this behavior. These meth-
ods are outlined briefly below, and the publications
containing full details are listed. Cross-laminated tim-
ber cannot be regarded and treated in the same way
as solid timber or glulam.
analogy method
shear deformation of a CLT panel (e.g.: floor or roof). This
deflection needs to be added to the elastic deflection, based
on the Euler Bernoulli theory. This assembly of theories is
also called the Timoschenko beam theory.State of the art The shear analogy method is described in DIN 1052-1:2008 Connector design in CLT
software for structural engineering is able to include shear annex D and is known as a precise method for calculating
deformations in the design. cross-laminated timber with any type of layer structures. General rules from EN 1995-1-1 apply to CLT as well as
However, the application is not practical and requires ideally for glulam or solid timber. More detailed information can
engineering software. be found in the technical assessment documents of the
respective connector manufacturer.
As the board layers are bonded at right supported structures require more planning
angles to each other, the load is transferred effort, they are perfectly feasible.
along two main axes — also known as
biaxial load bearing. In the past, this was the CLT panels have a particularly high load
preserve of reinforced concrete structures. bearing capacity as point loads are
The advantage of this is a more flexible plan generally spread across the entire panel
layout; designs can also be simplified, and width due to the cross layers. The high
lower floor to floor heights are possible. rigidity of CLT is very beneficial for the
Although diagonally-projecting or point- bracing of a building.
2.80
140 L5s
Ultimate limit state:
Flexural stress design
Designing CLT 1.00 90 L3s 100 L3s 160 L5s 180 L5s 200 L5s
3.50 120 L3s 140 L5s 220
L7s-2 Shear stress design
2.80
In accordance with ETA-14/0349
220 240 260 280
3.00 120 L3s 120 L3s 180 L5s 200 L5s L7s-2 L7s-2 L7s-2 L7s-2 (02.10.2014)
3.50 140 L5s
EN 1995-1-1 (2014)
4.00
5.00
R0
Fire resistance:
R30 HFA 2011
R60 β1 = 0.65 mm/min
R90
Project phases
you based on your documents. The main elements of a
quote are as follows:
• quantities (net area, gross area, area required to perform
the saw pattern or for cutting waste)
• panel design
• quality
• machining
• transport costs
• additional products or services
Charged dimensions
Example: 15,900 × 2,950 mm
2,905 mm
2,950 mm
inspection documents which you must check and approve.
Horizontal transport
max. 2.60 m
This is necessary to protect the panels
against ambient influences. We then
max. 4.00 m
place the panels between lashing straps
and cardboard edge protectors to further
protect them.
standard wooden skid on the first layer of panels
1.40 m
wooden skid for unloading by forklift on request
perforated strap
max. 3.00 m
the CLT solid wood panels can be leaned
and then screwed to each other (screw
points are marked in colour). The panels are
then further connected to each other using
lashing straps on the sides of the racks, and
the entire load is then also firmly strapped
together. The panels are also placed on
chocks which prevent them from slipping
or tilting. As with horizontal transport,
cardboard edge protectors are placed
between the lashing straps and the panels.
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