Problem and Review of Literature: Surigao Del Norte National High School Peñaranda ST., Surigao City
Problem and Review of Literature: Surigao Del Norte National High School Peñaranda ST., Surigao City
Problem and Review of Literature: Surigao Del Norte National High School Peñaranda ST., Surigao City
Chapter 1
Introduction
The Badjao tribe consists of nomadic seafaring individuals.
interact with others and communicate their needs and wants due to
this study aims to learn about the values, belief and traditions
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badjaos beg because they do not want to work ,In reality, the
the said researchers, they focus more on how badjao people behave
today and claim the way badjao make a living is by begging for
money. To address these gaps, the Badjao are a nomadic tribe that
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related activities.
in Surigao City are the focus of this study. They were frequently
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t spring water for the treatment and cure of disease. This therapy has been practiced all
Hot Springs are therefore widely used for bathing and curative purposes. They
as temperature, pH, alkalinity and salinity, among others (Esperanza, R., et. al.2014).
classifying and assessing water quality according to Anjali, D. et. al.,(2013). Physical
and chemical characteristics of hot springs can vary from spring to spring. They can vary
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Patil. P.N, et al., (2012) said that water is one of the most important and
abundant compounds of the ecosystem. In the earth, all living organisms need water for
growth and survival. As of this moment, only earth is the planet having about 70 % of
water. Therefore it is necessary that the quality of the water should be checked. The
availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and
improving quality of life. It is very essential and important to test the water before it is
parameters for testing of water is solely depends upon for what purpose we going to use
that water and what extent we need its quality and purity. Water does content different
impurities. Some physical test should be performed for testing of its physical appearance
such as temperature, color, odour, pH, turbidity, TDS etc, while chemical tests should be
perform for its BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness and other characters.
For obtaining more and more quality and purity water, it should be tested for its trace
Generally water in hot spring is basic, and in some of hot springs the water is
acidic. Chemical content of the water in hot springs changes according to the chemical
composition of rocks situated on path of the hot water flow. When the temperature of
reason to increase the herbal value of water in hot springs (Rajapaksha, B. et. al.,2014).
Some physical and chemical parameters are tested regularly for monitoring
quality of water such as the following according to Patil. P.N, et al., (2012):
Temperature controls the rate of all chemical reactions, and affects fish growth,
reproduction and immunity. Drastic temperature changes can be fatal to fish according
to Patil.P.N, et al., (2012). Springs with a temperature between 35° and 45°C are
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mesothermal; those with higher temperatures are hyperthermal and lower temperatures,
value higher is the corrosive nature of water. pH was positively correlated with electrical
conductance and total alkalinity (Guptaa 2009). The reduced rate of photosynthetic
activity the assimilation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonates which are ultimately
responsible for increase in pH, the low oxygen values coincided with high temperature
during the summer month. Various factors bring about changes the pH of water. The
(Karanth,1987).
temperature , pH value , alkalinity , total hardness , calcium , total solids, total dissolved
solids , chemical oxygen demand , chloride and iron concentration of water. Navneet
Kumar et al (2010) suggested that the underground drinking water quality of study area
can be checked effectively by controlling conductivity of water and this may also be
applied to water quality management of other study areas. It is measured with the help
of EC meter which measures the resistance offered by the water between two platinized
with standard KCl solution. High conductivity increases corrosive nature of water.
Dissolved Oxygen is one of the most important parameter. Its correlation with
water body gives direct and indirect information e.g. bacterial activity, photosynthesis,
summer, dissolved oxygen decreased due to increase in temperature and also due to
increased microbial activity (Moss 1972, Morrissette 1978, Sangu 1987, Kataria, 1996).
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The high DO in summer is due to increase in temperature and duration of bright sunlight
has influence on the % of soluble gases (O² & CO²). DO in sample is measured
initial and final DO gives the amount of oxygen consumed by the bacteria during this
period. This procedure needs special BOD bottles which seal the inside environment
Salinity measures all the salts dissolved in water. Salinity is often measured by
measuring how well electricity travels through the water. This property of water is called
conductivity. Water that has dissolved salt in it will conduct electricity better than water
with no dissolved salt. The more salt that is dissolved in the water, the better the water
comprised of suspended and colloidal material. It is important for health and aesthetic
reasons. Higher levels of turbidity are associated with disease causing bacteria’s (Patil.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) are a measure of salt dissolved in a water sample
after removal of suspended solids. TDS is residue remaining after evaporation of the
water. The TDS load carried in streams throughout the world has been estimated by
Chemical composition consist in hot springs water has its own beneficial for the
human’s health where it generally can increase metabolism, accelerate healing, soothe
muscles, improve blood circulation and detoxify the body’s lymphatic system. The
composition and physical properties of various hot springs waters are vary in term of
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These literature and studies are important as they help the researchers to gain
further ideas regarding the main focus of the study. This will serve as the basis to the
researchers to understand the concept in analyzing water quality of the Hot Spring.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the research methodology use in this study. It includes the
Research Design
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An experiment method of research was used in the study. It aimed to analyze the
water quality of the Hot Spring water in the upper and lower stream of the research
locale.
Research Locale
This study was conducted at Mapaso Wellness Resort. Mapaso Wellness Resort
is a hot spring area located at Brgy. Magsaysay, Mainit, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. It
can be reach through riding bus, multicab, tricycle and even motor bike.
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Materials
1 Ice Box
1 Thermometer
Multi-Tester
1 Wash Bottle
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Tissue Paper
conduct a test/experiment was sought from the office of Chemistry Division in Caraga
A letter was given also to the Mapaso Wellness Hot Spring personnel asking
permission to conduct and get a water sample in the research locale. Upon approval, the
researchers measured and recorded the temperature of the spring from the upper and
lower stream and got 1 liter bottle of water sample from the upper and lower stream,
The water should be tested before 24 hours so upon getting water from the
spring, the sample was brought immediately to the Chemistry Laboratory of Caraga
To determine the water quality of the water sample, a multi-tester, beaker, wash
bottle, and tissue was used. The researcher asked assistance to the laboratory in-
Each water sample had undergone three trials to have an accurate average. The
lower stream was first tested using the multi-tester of different parameters (pH,
and turbidity) and after was the upper stream of the water sample. The remaining water
in the bottle was used to rinse the probe of the multi-tester after it was sunk in the
beaker of water sample and tap wipe using tissue paper to avoid contamination for the
next sample. Then the result revealed was recorded in a table ready for interpretation.
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Physical Parameters
Temperature
approval from the personnel, the researcher measured its temperature within 1 minute,
Turbidity
To measure the murkiness of water the researcher used 3 vials and Turbidimeter
(TN-100). The researcher washed the inside and outside of the vials using the water
sample in the lower stream. And the researcher labeled the first vial as Trial 1, the
second vial as Trial 2 and the third vial as Trial 3. Then, the researcher get the water
sample of the lower stream and put a quantity of water in each vials not exceeding to the
line of the vials which indicates required amount of water. After that, researcher turn on
the turbidimeter and press the button “read” to measure the turbidity of water. Waited
until the turbidimeter stops and recorded the data. The researchers repeated the
process in Trial 2 and 3. Then, the researcher rinsed again the vials for the water sample
Chemical Parameters
pH
wash bottle with distilled water, 3 beakers for every trial and tissue. After preparing,
researcher washed the beakers using the water sample in the lower stream. And the
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researcher labeled the first beaker as Trial 1, the second beaker as Trial 2 and the third
beaker as Trial 3. After the beaker, the researcher rinse the probe PH-C301 with distilled
water and tap wipe using a tissue paper and connected the probe to the multi-tester.
Then, the researcher get the water sample of the lower stream and put 3/4 of a water in
each beakers. After that, researcher turned on the muti-tester and selected the “pH” as
the first parameter to be measured. Put the probe to the first beaker and press the
button “read” to measure the pH of water. Wait until the “lock” symbol appears beside
the number meaning it was stabilized. And then recorded the data. Then, the researcher
rinsed again the probe for the next trial to avoid contamination. The researcher repeat
the process in Trial 2 and 3, and to the water sample in the upper stream.
To test the Conductivity, Salinity, Resistivity and Total Dissolved Solids, the
researcher prepared a muti-tester with a probe CDC401, wash bottle with distilled water,
3 beakers for every trial and tissue. After preparing, researcher washed the beakers
using the water sample in the lower stream. And the researcher labeled the first beaker
as Trial 1, the second beaker as Trial 2 and the third beaker as Trial 3. Then, the
researcher rinsed the probe with distilled water and tap wipe it using a tissue paper and
connected it to the multi-tester. After that, the researcher selected the parameter to be
measured either Conductivity, Salinity, Resistivity and Total Dissolved Solids. Put the
probe CDC401 to the first beaker and press the button “read” to measure the parameter
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the researcher measured. Wait until the “lock” symbol appears beside the number
meaning it was stabilized. And then the researcher recorded the data. Then, the
researcher rinsed again the probe for the next trial and to the next parameter to avoid
contamination. The researcher repeat the process in Trial 2, Trial 3 and to remaining
parameters.
Dissolved Oxygen
The researcher prepared a muti-tester with a probe LDO101, wash bottle with
distilled water, 3 beakers for every trial and tissue. After preparing, researcher washed
the beakers using the water sample in the lower stream. And the researchers labeled the
first beaker as Trial 1, the second beaker as Trial 2 and the third beaker as Trial 3. Then,
the researcher rinsed the probe with distilled water and tap wipe it using a tissue paper
and connected it to the multi-tester. After that, the researcher select “DO” as the
parameter to be measured. Put the probe to the first beaker and press the button “read”
to measure the Dissolved Oxygen of water. Wait until the “lock” symbol appears beside
the number meaning it was stabilized. But in DO the researcher only get the range of
the Dissolved Oxygen. And then the researchers recorded the data. Then, the
researcher rinsed again the probe for the next trial to avoid contamination. The
researcher repeated the process in Trial 2 and 3 and to the water sample in the upper
stream.
Finally the researcher analyzed the significant difference of the data using T-test
statistical treatment.
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Chapter 4
Based on the data gathered, the researchers come up with the following results
and findings.
RESULTS
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Upper Stream
Parameters Remarks
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean
Physical Parameters
Turbidity 5.83 NTU 6.42 NTU 6.44 NTU 6.23 NTU Excellent
Chemical Parameters
Acidic
pH 5.79 pH 5.78 pH 5.76 pH 5.78 pH
Low/Pristine
Conductivity 2.81 mS/cm 2.78 mS/cm 2.80mS/cm 2.80mS/cm
Brackish
Salinity 1.43 g/kg 1.47 g/kg 1.45 g/kg 1.45 g/kg
Water
Total Dissolved Unacceptable
1383 mg/l 1445 mg/l 1428 mg/l 1419 mg/l
Solid
Brackish
Resistivity 390 Ω.cm 354 Ω.cm 359 Ω.cm 368 Ω.cm
water
Good
Dissolved 4.82-5.02 5.28-5.48 5.07-5.27 5.06-5.26
Oxygen mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
Water quality parameters are divided into physical, chemical and biological.
Examples of physical water quality parameters are temperature, and turbidity. Examples
of chemical water quality are pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, resistivity,
dissolved oxygen, heavy metals, nitrate and phosphorus. Examples of biological water
Table 1 shows the feature of the physical and chemical parameters of the upper
stream.
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The first physical parameter is the temperature that was measured using
thermometer. The temperature recorded for the three trials remained constant which
was 38°C and the mean is also 38°C which means that the temperature is mesothermal.
Springs with a temperature between 35° and 45°C are mesothermal; those with higher
Another physical parameter is the Turbidity. Turbidity is the ability of light to pass
through water, that is, a measure of the water’s murkiness. Measuring murkiness gives
an estimate of suspended solids in the water. 5.83 NTU was the reading for the first trial,
the second trial was 6.42 NTU and 6.44 for the third trial. The mean of the trials is 6.23
NTU which indicates excellent turbidity. Less than or equal to 10 NTU’s indicates
greater than 30 NTU’s indicates Poor water in relation to the measurement of the
turbidity. High turbidity is often a sign of poor water quality and associated with disease
causing bacteria’s.
The first chemical parameter was the pH. Potential of Hydrogen (pH) is a
measure of how acidic or basic water is. The first trial read 5.79 pH, the second trial was
5.78 pH and on the third trial, it resulted in 5.76 pH. The average of the three trials was
5.78 which implies that the water in the upper stream is acidic since the range goes from
0 - 14, with 7 being neutral, below 7 is acidic and more than 7 is basic. Water with a pH
measure conductivity, we are measuring how easily electricity is flowing through the
water and we get an indirect estimate of how many salts are in. In the first trial, the result
was 2.81 mS/cm. The second trial read 2.78 mS/cm and 2.80 for the last trial. The mean
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was 2.80 mS/cm which means that the water has low conductivity. Basically, low
Midrange conductivity (200 to 1000 mS/cm) is the normal background. High conductivity
. The next parameter was Salinity. Salinity is the ability to measure all the salts
dissolved in water. The more salt that is dissolved in the water, the better the water
conducts electricity. The first trial was 1.43 g/kg, second trial 1.47 g/kg and third trial
1.45 g/kg. The mean of these trials was 1.45 g/kg which implies that the type of the
water is brackish water. Brackish water is a mixture of fresh water and seawater which is
below approximately 33g/kg or 33 ppt. Seawater generally ranges from 33 ppt to 38 ppt.
Freshwater lakes, rivers, and streams contain some dissolved matter—1 ppt or less.
Another chemical parameter is the Total Dissolved Solid. Total Dissolved Solid
(TDS) is any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. It comprises
inorganic salts and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water.
1383 mg/l was the reading first trial. The second trial was 1445 mg/l and the last trial
read 1428 mg/l. The mean was 1419 mg/l and it means unacceptable water for human
consumption because it falls in the range between 900 and 1200mg/L. Accordingly,
excellent is less than 300 mg/L; good, between 300 and 600 mg/L; fair, between 600
and 900 mg/L; poor, between 900 and 1200 mg/L; and unacceptable, greater than 1200
mg/L.
related to the amount of dissolved salts in the water. Water with a high concentration of
dissolved salts will have a low resistivity. On the first trial, the result was 390 Ω.cm, the
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second trial was 354 Ω.cm and in the last trial it resulted into 359 Ω.cm. The mean was
368Ω.cm and it indicates medium resistivity. Pure Water has an approximate resistivity
20,000,000, Distilled Water is 500,000, Rain Water is 20,000, Tap Water is 1,000 –
5,000, Brackish water is 200, Coastal seawater is 30, Open seawater is 20 – 25. Since
Next is the Dissolved Oxygen where the range was being recorded. Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen that is present in the water. The dissolved oxygen
level can be an indication of how polluted the water is and how well the water can
support aquatic plant and animal life. In the first trial, the result ranged 4.82-5.02 mg/L.
On the second trial, it ranged 5.28-5.48 mg/L and on the last trial the range was 5.07-
5.27 mg/L. A mean range of 5.06-5.26 mg/L means good value and better water quality.
2-4 mg/L indicates only few value/level of DO, 4-7 mg/L have good value/level of DO
Lower Stream
Parameters Remarks
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean
Physical Parameters
Turbidity 14.91 NTU 15.99 NTU 15.93 NTU 15.61 NTU Fair
Chemical Parameters
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2.46 Low/Pristine
Conductivity 2.35 mS/cm 2.58mS/cm 2.46mS/cm
mS/cm
Brackish
Salinity 1.35 g/kg 1.29 g/kg 1.32 g/kg 1.32 g/kg Water
Unacceptable
Total Dissolved
1330 mg/l 1293 mg/l 1315 mg/l 1313 mg/l
Solid
Brackish
Resistivity 382 Ω.cm 391 Ω.cm 386 Ω.cm 386 Ω.cm
water
Good
Dissolved 6.15-6.35 6.10-6.30 6.70-6.90 6.32-6.52
Oxygen mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
Table 2 shows the feature of the physical and chemical parameters in the Lower
Stream. The water has undergone three trials. The temperature was measured using the
thermometer. On the first and second trial, the temperature was constant which is 36°C
and on the third trial, the temperature rose to 37°C. The mean of the temperature is
Turbidity was also measured. 14.91 NTU was the result of the first trial. On the
second trial, it read 15.99 NTU and 15.93 for the last trial. The mean was 15.61 NTU
The first chemical parameter is the pH. The pH of the first trial was 6.13 pH, 6.20
pH for the second trial and 6.30 pH for the third trial. It got an average of 6.21 pH which
means that the water is acidic since 6.21 pH is below 7 pH which is the neutral level.
Next is the Conductivity of the water. On the first trial, the result was 2.35 mS/cm.
The second trial was 2.46 mS/cm and 2.58 mS/cm for the last trial. The average was
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Another parameter is the Salinity. 1.35g/kg was the result for the first trial; 1.29
g/kg for the second trial and 1.32 g/kg in the third trial. It got an average of 1.32 g/kg that
The next parameter tested was the Total Dissolved Solid. 1330 mg/l was the
result for the first trial. 1293 mg/l on the second trial and 1315 mg/l for the last trial. The
average was 1313 mg/l which implies that the water is unacceptable for human
consumption.
Another is the Resistivity. On the first trial, it read 382 Ω.cm. Second was 391
Ω.cm and 386 Ω.cm for the third trial. 368 Ω.cm is the average and it means that the
Dissolved Oxygen was also tested. The first trial ranged 6.15-6.35 mg/L, the
second trial ranged 6.10-6.30 mg/L and third trial ranged from 6.70-6.90 mg/L. It got an
average range of 6.32-6.52 and that means the water is of good value.
FINDINGS
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<35°C - Hypothermal
Temperature
35°C-45°C - Mesothermal 38°C 36.33°C
>45°C - Hyperthermal
Chemical Parameters
<7 - Acidity 5.78 pH 6.21 pH
pH 7 - Neutral
>7 - Basic
0-200mS/cm - Pristine 2.80mS/cm 2.46mS/cm
200-1000mS/cm - Normal
Conductivity
1000-10000mS/cm - Saline
Approximately 20,000,000
Ω.cm – Pure Water
Approximately 500,000 Ω.cm
Resistivity – Distilled Water
Approximately 20,000 Ω.cm
- Rain Water
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Source:
McCaffrey, S. Water Quality Parameters and Indicators. Namoi Catchment
Management Authority.
Patil. P.N., et al. (2012). Physico-Chemical Parameters for Testing of Water – A
Review. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3 (3).
Table 3 shows the mean of all the parameters tested in both upper and lower
The temperature of the upper stream is more hot compared to lower stream but
both water samples indicates mesothermal which means medium ranges of temperature
and pressure.
Turbidity indicates excellent in upper stream which supports good quality of the
water but the lower stream indicates fair turbidity, thus they differ in quality.
The pH in both stream are acidic. The more the less than 7 are the pH, the more
it is acidic. So if it is compared, the upper stream is more acidic (5.78 pH) than the lower
stream (6.21 pH) of the water sample. In conductivity, both upper and lower stream of
the water sample indicates low conductivity which is less than 200 mS/cm, ( 2.80 mS/cm
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and 2.46 mS/cm respectively). Though lower stream is greater than in the upper stream,
Salinity is defined as the ability to measure all the salts dissolved in water. The
water is both in a range of brackish water, not quite saltwater, but it’s definitely not fresh
water. Also, the resistivity of the water is both in a range of brackish water that indicates
Total Dissolved Solid of the water samples differ from the upper to lower stream.
Though they differ in value but they are in the same range that indicates high level of
TDS that generally considered unfit and unacceptable for human consumption. The
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the upper and lower stream are not the same in number but it
both indicates the same in range, means good dissolved oxygen level that supply good
water quality.
Physical Parameters
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Chemical Parameters
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water. It determines the ‘goodness’ of the water for particular purposes. Water quality in
a body of water influences the way in which communities use the water for activities
such as drinking, swimming or commercial purposes Thus, if the water quality is good,
the health of the people in the community will be ensured safe otherwise it brings
Table 4 shows the significant role of the water quality parameters of the Mapaso
hot spring to the people in the community. It indicates that each parameter has its
different role not just in a quality of the water but also to the people in the community.
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Pair 1 Rejec
Temperature .3333 .2324 3.1008 t HO1 Signif
1.66667 .57735 5.000 2 .038
of Upper 3 5 8 icant
Stream
Temperature
of Lower
Stream Rejec Signif
t HO1 icant
Pair 2
- -
.1505 - .0002
- .26083 9.921 8.6253 2
Turbidity of 9 61.579 64
9.27333 28 9
Upper
Stream
Turbidity of
Lower
Stream
Table 5 showed the result on the significant difference between the Water Quality
of the Upper Stream and the Lower Stream in terms of the physical parameters. It has
been showed that the null hypothesis was rejected thus there was a significant
difference between the water quality of the upper stream and the lower stream in terms
of the Temperature and Turbidity. The significant value of the Temperature and Turbidity
were .038 and .000264 respectively. This implied that the Temperature of the upper
stream and in the lower stream has a significant difference in level as well as in terms of
turbidity.
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Pair 2
Conductivity of
Upper Stream - Reject Signifi
Conductivity of .3333 4.78 .04 HO1 cant
.12055 .06960 .03386 .63281 2
Lower Stream 3 9 1
Pair 4 Do
TDS of Upper - not Not
106.0 49.869 28.792 229.88 3.68 .06
Stream – 17.883 2 Reject Signifi
00 83 36 353 2 7
TDS of Lower 53 HO1 cant
Stream
Pair 5 Do Not
- - -
Resistivity of Upper 23.629 13.642 .30 not Signifi
18.66 77.364 40.031 1.36 2
Stream - Resistivity 08 25 5 Rejec cant
7 55 22 8
of Lower Stream t HO1
Table 6 projected the result on the significant difference between the Water
Quality of the Upper stream and the Lower Stream in terms of the chemical parameters.
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It has been showed that the null hypothesis was rejected to the pH, Conductivity, Salinity
which means that the water quality in upper stream and lower stream suggest significant
of .018, .041 and .046 respectively. There was no significant difference between the
water quality of the upper stream and the lower stream in terms of the Total Dissolved
Solids and Resistivity with the significant value of .067 and .305 respectively.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY
Surigao del Norte. It is often visited by people since it is known as one of the beautiful
spots in Caraga and also it is reportedly can give medical relief or balneotherapy.
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The researcher conducted this study to analyze the water quality of the Hot
total dissolved solids, resistivity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity of the hot spring water
water. It determines the ‘goodness’ of the water for particular purposes. In determining
the water quality of the hot spring, the researcher asked permission to the Mapaso
Wellness Resort to get a water samples in the locale. The water samples are preserved
in the ice box and immediately tested not exceeding 24 hours in Chemistry Laboratory,
Caraga State University with the used of the Multi-tester and other laboratory
The parameters are classified into physical and chemical. Example of physical
are temperature and turbidity and for chemicals are pH, Conductivity, Salinity, Total
hotness type of water. The Turbidity indicates excellent in upper stream which support
The pH of both streams indicates acidic in nature. The acidity of the water may
prove useful in balneotheraphy or treating minor scrapes, prevent infection and skin
problems. The conductivity of the spring is low therefore it decreases corrosive nature of
the hot spring water and it indicates pristine condition of the water
The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the spring indicates good dissolved oxygen level
that supply good water quality and the type of water is brackish water, not quite
saltwater, but it’s definitely not fresh water. The resistivity of brackish water indicates an
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Total Dissolved Solid of the water indicates high level of TDS that generally
considered unfit and unacceptable for human consumption. But if the pool water has
become contaminated and the TDS level confirms this, the pool should ideally be
drained and refilled with fresh flowing water which is the routine in the Mapaso Hot
spring. There is no way to reduce Total Dissolved Solid effectively without replacing
Water quality in a body of water influences the way in which communities use the
water for activities such as drinking, swimming or commercial purposes Thus, if the
water quality is good, the health of the people in the community will be ensured safe
The result revealed by the T-test suggested that there was a significant
difference between the results of the physical parameters tested, the Temperature and
the Resistivity in the upper and lower stream of the hot spring, thus the null hypothesis
was rejected. There was also a significant difference to the pH, conductivity, and salinity
which are chemical parameters tested on the water sample, thus also rejected the null
hypothesis. Moreover, there was no significant difference on the Total Dissolved Solids
and Resistivity of the water sample both upper and lower stream, it does not rejected the
null hypothesis.
Conclusions
The feature of the parameters both upper and lower stream identified the water
quality of Mapaso Hot Spring in Barangay Magsaysay, Mainit, Surigao del Norte. Based
1. Based from the results in different parameters, the researcher finally concluded
that the water both upper and lower stream of the Mapaso Hot Spring plays
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significant role to the quality of the water and to the people in the community who
2. Though the parameters differ in level, they have the same range of indicators
3. Thus, the water of Mapaso Wellness Hot Spring is considered as good quality.
That the water can be used in balneotherapy, and proves safe in bathing
purposes.
Recommendations
further research about the water quality of the spring to ensure the benefits of the
maintain its positive feedback as one of the tourist destinations. However, they
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3. Future researchers to include the trace metals that are present in Mapaso Hot
Spring in order to supply information about the condition of the water quality of
the spring.
4. The future researchers must determine and differentiate the water quality of the
spring in the lower stream before and after it is used by the people.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Asanthi, H.B., et al. (2014). Water quality and biology of hot springs waters of
Mahapelessa, Sri Lanka. Scientific Research Journal. 2 (12).
Dash, A., et al. (2013). Physico-Chemical Analysis of Thermal Spring of Atri in the
District 0f Khurda, Odisha, India. International Journal of Chemical
Sciences and Applications. 4 (2).
Hamzah, Z., et al. (2013). Determination of Hot Springs Physico-Chemical Water Quality
Potentially Use for Balneotherapy. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 17
(3).
Morrissette, D. G., and Mavinic, D. S., (1978). BOD Test Variables. Journal of
Environment: Engg. Division, EP, 6, 1213-1222.
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Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Moss, B., (1972), Studies on Gull Lake, Michigan II. Eutrophication evidence and
prognosis, Fresh Water Biology, 2, pp 309-320.
Navneet, K., Sinha D. K. (2010). Drinking water quality management through
correlation studies among various physicochemical parameters: A case study.
International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), pp 253-259.
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APPENDICES
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The upper part of the research locale The lower part of the research locale
where the water samples taken. where the water sample taken.
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Waiting for the result of the tester to stabilize and record the result corresponding to the tested
parameter.
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