Chapter I III Group B2 With Page Numbers

Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as
Fire Asphyxiator
__________
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School STEM
Department of Cabatuan National Comprehensive High School
Cabatuan, Iloilo
__________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Research Capstone
of the Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Program
Secondary Education
__________
By:
Ashley June M. Montalban
Alea Nicole C. Fajardo

Francis C. Romallosa
Lara May S. Mediodia
Jezyl R. Simaurio
Jergen Athea Q. Titular
Ghia D. Berbegal
12 – Aphrodite
CABATUAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
Research Report of: Ashley June M. Montalban, Alea Nicole C. Fajardo,

Francis C. Romallosa, Lara ay S. Mediodia, Jezyl S. Simaurio, Jergen Athea Q.
Titular, Ghia D. Berbegal
Title of Research Study: Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid

(Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator
Recommended:
VINCENT JOHN ARTIEDA ____________________
Practical Research II Teacher Date
Approved:
NOEL EDUARDO C. CATOLIN ____________________
Research Teacher & Adviser Date
Approved:
TEDDY B. GABINETE ____________________
Asst. Principal II, SHS Date
Approved:
VALENTE L. LAURO ____________________
Principal III Date
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OFFICIAL ABSTRACT and CERTIFICATION

TITLE: Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Category
Pick one only—
Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator mark an “X” in box at
NAME: Ashley June M. Montalban, Alea Nicole C. Fajardo, Francis C. right
Romallosa, Lara May S. Mediodia, Jezyl R. Simaurio, Jergen Athea Q. ● Animal Sciences
Titular, Ghia D. Berbegal ● Behavioral and
Social Science
SCHOOL: Cabatuan National Comprehensive High School ● Biochemistry
Cellular &
● Molecular Biology
ABSTRACT Chemistry
● Computer
Fires can consume anything in its path if not prevented. This Science
study was conducted to find out whether the Magallana bilineata and ●
●
Earth Science
Eng: Electrical &
Acetic Acid Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator was effective in Mechanical
● Eng: Materials &
putting off Class A fire. The study was conducted at the Cabatuan Bioengineering
National Comprehensive High School. The researchers used a portable ● Energy &
Transportation
pressure sprayer as the fire extinguisher container. The Fire Retardant ● Environmental
Management
Spray was made by putting 16.68 grams of powdered Oyster Shells ● Environmental
Sciences
wrapped in a tissue and net held on top of the container by a thread. 400 ● Mathematical
milliliters of Vinegar was put into the lower part of the container. A ●
Sciences
Medicine and
pressure gauge was placed on the container to measure the pressure. 20 Health
● Microbiology
psi of pressure was pumped into the sprayer before shaking the solution, ● Plant Sciences
therefore, reaching the desired pressure of 40 psi before spraying the ● Physics and
Astronomy
solution at the base of the fire. The product was applied to Class A fire
which was made by combusting kerosene into wood. The time was
recorded in seconds as the Fire Retardant Spray and commercial Fire
Extinguisher put off the fire. T-test for two independent samples revealed
that the use of the Fire Retardant Spray and commercial Fire Extinguisher
has no significant difference in putting off Class A fires. The researchers
concluded that the Fire Retardant Spray has a significant effect in putting
off Class A Fire. The researcher recommends using the Fire Retardant
Spray as an alternative fire extinguisher.
1. As a part of this research project, the student directly handled, manipulated, or
interacted with (check ALL that applies):
human subjects potentially hazardous biological agents
vertebrate animals microorganisms rDNA tissue
2. This abstract describes only procedures performed by me/us, reflects
my/our own independent research, and represents one year’s work only Yes No
3. I/we worked or used equipment in a regulated
research institution or industrial setting: Yes No
4. This project is a continuation of previous research. Yes No
I/we hereby certify that the abstract and responses to the above statements are
correct and properly reflect my/our own work.
_____________________________ __________________________
Signature of the Researcher Date Signed
Acknowledgment
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“Gratitude can transform common days into thanksgivings, turn routine
jobs into joy, and change ordinary opportunities into blessings.”
– William Arthur Ward
We extend our deepest gratitude to those, who in one way or the
other, extended their help and assistance that contributed to the completion
of this study.
To God Almighty for granting us wisdom and strength during times
when this study was being undertaken, thank you Lord for guiding us;
To our beloved parents, with their love, care, and financial support
during the conduct of this study;
To our Research teacher, Mr. Noel Eduardo C. Catolin for the
invaluable advices he extended and for the comfort and encouragement that
boosted our determination to perform and finish this research work;
To the Bureau of Fire Station, for their supervision and assistance
during the conduct of our research experiment.
A special thanks to Mr. Vincent John E. Artieda for his endless
suggestions, support, and guidance during our study.
And to our friends and classmates who manifested their support, giving
us inspiration and encouragement for the completion of our research work;
Thank you to all!
Table of Contents
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Page No.
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Title Page…………………………………………………………..……………….
Approval Sheet…………………………………………………………………...
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..…
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………….
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………….
List of Appendices…………………………………………….…………………
CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………………………………
Introduction……………………………………………………………………
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………….
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………
Hypothesis……………………………………………….…………………….
Significance of the Study………………………………………………….
Definition of Terms…………………………………………….……………
Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………….…………………
CHAPTER 2…………………………………………………………….………….
Review of Related Literature…………………………………………….
Related Studies………………………………………………………….……
CHAPTER 3…………………………………………………………………………
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Methodology……………………………………………………………………
Description of Study Variables…………………………………….……
Gathering of Materials………………………………………………….……
Preparing of Oyster Shells…………………………………………..…….
Preparing the Fire Retardant Spray……………………………………
Preparation Before Testing………………………………………………..
Testing of Fire Extinguishers……………………………………..………
Experimental Design and Layout…………………………….…………
Experiment Proper……………………………………………………………
Data Collection………………………………..………………………………
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..………
CHAPTER 4……………………………………………………………….…………
Results and Discussion……………………………..………………………
CHAPTER 5………………………………………………….………………………
Summary………………………………………………………..……………….
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….
Recommendations…………………………………………………………….
References………………………………………………….……………………
APPENDICES…………………….………………………………………………..
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List of Figures
Page No.
Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework of the Study……………………… 3
Figure 2.1 Schematic Diagram of Research Methodology…………. 22
Figure 3.1 Fire Retardant Spray……………………………………………..
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List of Tables
Page No.
Table 1.1 Experimental Layout……………………..…………………………
Table 2.1 Recorded time of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and
Acetic acid Fire Retardant Spray and Commercial Fire
Extinguisher…………………………………………………………………….……
Table 2.2 Significant difference between Magallana bilineata
(Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray and
Commercial Fire Extinguisher…………………………………………….……
Table 2.3 Computed T-value and Tabular T-
value………………………
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List of Appendices
Page No.
APPENDIX A CALENDAR OF EVENTS………………………………………
March 2023………………………………………………………………………
April 2023…………………………………………………………………………
APPENDIX B EXPENDITURES……….…………………………………………
APPENDIX C RAW DATA AND CERTIFICATIONS………………….……
APPENDIX D
COMPUTATIONS…………………………………………………
APPENDIX E PICTORIALS ……………………………….……………….……
Plate 1. Magallana bilineata Oyster Shells…………………….……
Plate 2. Pressure Gauge……………………………………………………
Plate 3. 500 ml Beaker………………………………………………………
Plate 4. Powdered Oyster Shells…………………………………….……
Plate 5. Vinegar…………………………………………………….…………
Plate 6. Fire Retardant Spray ……………………………………………
Plate 7. Fire Extinguisher……………………………………………………
Plate 8. Kerosene………………………………………………………………
Plate 9. Gathering of Oyster Shells………………………………………
Plate 10. Cleaning the Oyster Shells……………………………….…
Plate 11. Drying the Oyster Shells………………………………………
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Plate 12. Pulverizing the Oyster Shells……………………………….
Plate 13. Weighing the needed amount of powdered Oyster

Shells…………………………………………………………………………………..
Plate 14. Packaging the powdered Oyster Shells…………………..
Plate 15. Tying and securing the powdered Oyster Shells………
Plate 16. Measuring the needed amount of vinegar………………
Plate 17. Putting the measured amount of vinegar in the

sprayer…………………………………………………………………………………
Plate 18. Putting the packaged Oyster Shells inside the

sprayer………………………………………….……………………………………..
Plate 19. Firefighter lighting up the fire using kerosene…….….
Plate 20. Pumping the container…………………………………….…..
Plate 21. Shaking the container…………………………………………
Plate 22. Spraying the solution at the base of the fire…………
Plate 23. Doing the
T.P.A.S.S………………………………………………
Plate 24. Testing the commercial fire extinguisher………………..
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CHAPTER I
Introduction of the study
Fire is important and is beneficial for the ecosystem. Fire heats the
ground, causing seed coverings to split and increasing germination as it
promotes new growth that produces food for a variety of species (NSW
Government, 2021). Fire is used to cook on a daily basis and keep us warm
on cold nights. We also utilize fire to light the area around us and to burn any
garbage that may be safely incinerated, such as cardboard, paper, and
household trash. However, fire consumes houses and all your hard-earned
properties in seconds and even can cause our life. High temperatures
contribute to the occurrence of fire and the lack of readily available fire
hydrants causes the fire to be uncontrollable. As for our country, we have a
contributing factor wherein during the warm season, fires are most likely to
happen due to the hot weather, and houses are mostly built of light materials.
Fire is extremely difficult to contain once it starts, thus we must
understand the occurrence and factors that contribute to it. Fire is the
phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat (Fire
Definition & Meaning, 2022). Fire is one of the most common accidents here
in the Philippines that we experience every year. The Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP) is alerted by the number of fire incidents that rose by 13% in
the first two months of 2022 compared to the year 2021 (Lloyd, 2022).
According to the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), they report that
the top four causes of home fires are cooking, heating, electrical distribution,
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and lighting equipment (installed wiring, outlets, switches, cords, plugs,
power supplies, and lighting), and careless smoking (Koorsen Fire & Security,
2020).
An increase in the incident fire occurred with the factors stated. It is
mandatory that all precaution and prevention be applied or implemented. The
Philippines is an archipelago and is abundant in natural resources which can
be diverted into alternative solutions to disasters such as fire. Magallana
bilineata (talaba) commonly known as the Philippine cupped oyster or slipper
oyster, is an economically important species of true oyster found in the
western Pacific Ocean. Aside from being one of the country’s delicacies, it has
other functions too. Oyster Shells contain 95% Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
(Becker et al., 2012). Calcium carbonate is known to be an effective fire
retardant. Vinegar will be used in this study as it contains 4-6% acetic acid
which is suitable to use. When calcium carbonate and vinegar are combined,
it generates carbon dioxide gas which can be used to put out fires.
Most of the houses in the Philippines are made of fire susceptible
materials. Given the fact and the possibilities of creating a more available and
cheap fire hydrant, the researchers decided to produce a fire asphyxiator as
an alternative. Therefore, this study aims to determine Magallana bilineata
(Oyster) shells and Acetic Acid as a Fire Retardant spray as Fire Asphyxiator.
Conceptual Framework
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Figure 1.1. The system approach (Input - Process - Output System) will
be used in describing the conceptual framework of the study. As shown in
Figure 1.1, the input consists of the identified dependent variable which is the
Oyster (Magallana bilineata) shells and the Vinegar (Acetic Acid). These
variables will be used to make the Fire Retardant Spray.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
• Oyster (Magallana • Gathering of materials • Fire Retardant

bilineata) shells Spray
• Preparing of materials
• Vinegar (Acetic
• Designing prototype
Acid)
• Assembling materials
into pressure container
• Forming of Fire
Retardant Spray
Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework of the Study.
Statement of the Problem
Generally, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of Magallana
bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire
Asphyxiator.
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the effectiveness of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) Shells and
Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator?
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2. What is the efficiency of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) Shells and
Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator in
extinguishing Class A Fire?
3. Is there a significant difference between the Magallana bilineata
(Oyster) and Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire
Asphyxiator from a commercial fire extinguisher?
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the Magallana bilineata
(Oyster) and Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator
from other commercialized fire extinguishers.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study will benefit the following:
Firefighters
This study aims to show expert firefighters the efficacy of Magallana
bilineata (Oyster) Shells and Vinegar (Acetic Acid) fire retardant spray as a
fire asphyxiator and a partner to fire extinguishers in containing fire.
Home
The output of this study is to develop an alternative to fire extinguisher
that is easily retrievable in an event of fire.
Schools
The product of this study is useful for schools since it can be utilized to
protect schools against fire. In the event of a fire emergency, these
frequently disregarded materials may be crucial to maintaining school safety.

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Rural Areas
The purpose of this study is to assist locals in rural locations in case of
fire due to the inability of responders to reach certain areas.
Urban Areas
This study will be beneficial to urban residents without the means to
purchase a commercial fire extinguisher. It is a cheaper option.
Future Researcher
This research study may serve as a guide for future investigations into
the efficacy of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) Shells and Vinegar (Acetic Acid)
fire retardant spray as fire asphyxiator in putting out Class A fire.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clarity and understanding, the following terms were
specified with their conceptual and operational definitions.
In this study, the commercial fire extinguisher will serve as our base
to show how effective our spray is.
Fire Extinguisher. Portable or moveable equipment used to extinguish
small fires by spraying the flame with a liquid that cools the material being
burned reduces the flame of oxygen or prevents the chemical processes
taking place in the flame (Pallardy, 2023).
In this study, an oyster shell contains 95% of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), which makes it a strong agent against fire.
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Oyster. Any member of the family Ostreidae (true oysters) bivalve
mollusks found in temperate and warm coastal waters of all oceans (The
Editor of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2022).
In this study, a liquid that is pressurized and driven out of a particular
container to form a cloud-like mass of tiny liquid drops.
Pressure Gauge. A pressure gauge is a device that measures the state
of a liquid or gas by calculating the force that the fluid would apply to a unit
area if it were at rest, such as pounds per square inch or newtons per square
centimeter.(Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia, 2022)
In this study, it is used to monitor the pressure inside our sprayer.
Spray. An ensemble of water droplets torn by the wind from the
surface of an extensive body of water and carried upward a short distance
into the air (Cambridge English Dictionary, 2022).
In this study, the acetic acid of vinegar serves as the base of our
chemical mixture in making fire asphyxiator.
Acetic Acid. Acetic acid is a colorless acid. It is the main substance in
vinegar (Scott, 2016).
In this study, chemicals known as flame retardants are added to
materials to stop or delay the spread of fire.
Fire Retardant. Substances make the thing that they are applied to
burn more slowly (The Collins Dictionary, 2019).
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In this study, the class A fires will serve as our variable/combustion.
Class A fire. Refers to a fire that involves solid combustibles such as
wood, coal, paper, plastic, straw, cloth, rubber or any other solid materials.
These solid substances are mainly of organic origin and contain carbon and its
compounds (Safeopedia Inc. 2017).
In this study, a fire asphyxiator traps oxygen that can put out small
fires from combusting kerosene.
Fire Asphyxiator. A manually operated device for extinguishing small
fires (Free Dictionary, 2021).
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of
Magallana bilineata and acetic acid in asphyxiating Class A fire. The prototype
will also be compared to a commercial fire extinguisher to discern if the fire
retardant spray is effective to use. The effectiveness and efficiency of
fire asphyxiator will be determined by comparing the time in seconds it took
to put off fire to the time in seconds the commercial fire extinguisher is able
to extinguish the fire.
It will be performed in Cabatuan National Comprehensive High School
in the month of April 2023. The materials to use are Magallana bilineata shells
and vinegar. The Magallana bilineata shells will be gathered at a local
restaurant in Cabatuan and the acetic acid will be obtained from a local store
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in Passi City. The study will be conducted under the supervision of the
research adviser and firefighters.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
This portion contains the following parts: I) Magallana bilineata, its
taxonomic classification, definition, benefits, structure, distribution and uses,
and the related studies are presented in this part. II) Fire Retardant, its
definition, importance, functions and uses, its features, advantages and
disadvantages and related studies are presented in this part. III) Acetic Acid,
its definition, importance, and benefits of Acetic Acid as Vinegar are
presented in this part.
Magallana bilineata
Definition. Magallana bilineata is one of the huge saltwater bivalve
mollusks in the Ostreidae family. It frequently resembles an oval or pear
structure with its shells length reaching 18cm and its shape varies it cannot
be differentiated from other tropical rock oysters until they reach its unique
size which is larger than other species this makes early life cycle identification
challenging and severely reduces the alternatives for selective treatment as a
control tool (Black Scar Oyster, 2020).
Taxonomic Classification. Magallana bilineata falls under Animalia
(Kingdom) > Mollusca (Phylum) > Bivalvia (Class) > Autobranchia (Subclass)
> Pteriomorphia (Infraclass) > Ostreida (Order) > Ostreoidea (Superfamily) >
Ostreidae (Family) > Crassostreinae (Subfamily) > Magallana (Genus)>
Magallana bilineata (Species)
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Benefits of Magallana bilineata. Oyster shells are mostly made out of
calcium carbonate, which produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when
heated thus preventing fire from access to oxygen by the produced carbon
dioxide. This property of oysters can help people escape their homes when
fire happens (Hetherington & Fang, 2020). Oyster shell powder was
discovered to be mostly made of calcium carbonate. As the temperature goes
up higher than 800°C, calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide, blocking oxygen from being attracted to the fire by the carbon
dioxide that was created (Cho et al., 2005). Oyster shell is an effective fire
retardant due to its 95% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content (Han et al.,
2003). A non-combustible ingredient known as calcium carbonate is reported
to be able to make polymer-based composites more fire resistant
(Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Calcium Carbonate , 1995).
Structure of Magallana bilineata . According to Piti Amparyup (2022),
“Oyster shell is composed of prismatic layer, cross lamellar and foliate layer
from outside to inside that are all made of CaCO3. Small amount of organic
matrix 3 components possibly play important roles to produce the structure of
crystal structures specific for each layer.” Layers of foliated microstructure
and lenses of chalk, a substance that is highly porous, superficially
disorganized, and mechanically weak, make up the majority of oyster shells.
We investigated the structural and crystallographic properties of these
materials, focusing on their interfaces. The laths that make up these
microstructures have comparable morphologies and crystal structures.
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Generally speaking, texture and crystallographic orientation were the key
variations. The sheet texture of the chalk is considerably softer than that of
the foliated microstructure, which has a definite 001 maximum. The
considerably more jumbled nature of the chalk makes this stunning. We
propose that, possibly by twinning, a portion of the unexpected order is
inherited from the foliated microstructure. According to growth line
distribution, the mantle separates from the preceding shell during chalk
formation several times faster than it does for foliated material. The chalk
becomes extremely porous due to a lack of structural material, which enables
crystals to reorient themselves at a sharp angle to the mantle surface while
still maintaining contact with it. In conclusion, the structural similarity of the
two materials simply explains the reasons for the disparities in orientation and
aspect. (Checa et al., 2018).
Distribution and Uses. Magallana bilineata is an important aquaculture
species in the Philippines (Lebata-Ramos et al., 2021). In many coastal towns
around Asia, oyster farming is a significant source of income (Szuster, 2008).
Because they are accessible to people with low incomes, they are among the
most sought-after bivalves. They are gourmet and luxury food in developed
countries but cheap food in developing countries, such as the Philippines
(Delmendo, 1989). According to Rosell (1991), they are found on tidal rivers,
channels, gulfs, and land-locked bays. Along the coast, where oyster farming
is a significant industry, different substrates (such as bamboo, recycled
bicycle tires, hanging ropes with oyster shells, etc.) used for collecting spat
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and/or growing oysters are frequently seen. The bamboo stake method,
which dates back to 1935 when oyster farming started in Hinigaran, Negros
Occidental, is one of the country's oldest cultural practices (Lebata-Ramos et
al., 2021).
Acetic Acid
Definition. An organic substance having the chemical formula
CH3COOH is acetic acid. It is a carboxylic acid with a functional group of
carboxyl linked to a methyl group. The chemical formula for acetic acid is
C2H4O2, and its systematic IUPAC name is ethanoic acid. A mixture of acetic
acid and water, vinegar has a volume percentage of ethanoic acid ranging
from 5% to 20%. The acetic acid that is present in it gives it a strong scent
and sour taste (Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), 2022).
Importance. Acetic acid is frequently employed as a chemical reagent
for the creation of a number of chemical compounds like acetic anhydride,
ester, vinyl acetate monomer, vinegar, and many other polymeric materials.
Acetic acid is also utilized in many industrial processes for the production of
substrates (Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), 2022).
Benefits of Acetic Acid (Vinegar). A chemical reaction between vinegar
and dissolving baking soda produces carbon dioxide (CO2) in a short period of
time. The candle will go out if the chemical reaction takes place in a beaker
with a lit candle inside because the carbon dioxide that is produced will build
up and drive out the oxygen (Schultz & Lien, 1995). Sodium bicarbonate is a
chemical compound that goes by the name "baking soda." Any acid, including
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vinegar, interacts with it to produce gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2). When you
pour the vinegar into the glass dish, you can really see it creating the bubbles
and froth that you see. When you combine an acid with sodium bicarbonate,
the same carbon dioxide reaction causes a baking soda volcano to erupt or
inflate a balloon. The carbon dioxide (CO2) in this experiment puts out the
candle flame. Although it is invisible, the carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the
vinegar-baking soda interaction begins to fill the glass dish from the bottom
up. The flame eventually dies out when there is no more oxygen available to
burn after all of the air in the glass dish has been replaced by carbon dioxide.
The match also burns out when it touches the carbon dioxide layer in the
glass dish, so if you try to light the candle again, it will not light (Lohner,
2017).
Fire Retardant
Benefits of Fire Retardant Spray. Flame retardants provide an
important layer of fire protection by helping to prevent or slow the spread of
fire. They lessen the amount of heat emitted by a fire as well as its capacity
to spread. Your time to flee or put out the fire is extended thanks to the spray
foam. To claim that fire retardant spray "puts out" a fire in the same manner
as water would be inaccurate. It is a race against time to put out a fire. The
fight is easier to win thanks to the fire retardant spray's extended duration.
This spray's ability to considerably reduce the spread of fire on treated items
has been demonstrated. Because the flames are not bursting into the air, it
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also lessens the likelihood that the surface will catch fire in the first place
(Stafford, 2021).
Disadvantages of Fire Retardant Spray. According to the United States
Forest Service (USFS), 2021 “Fire Retardant spray should not be used within
300 feet of lakes, creeks, streams, or any body of water. The high
concentration of ammonia and phosphate will cause some negative effects on
aquatic life that can also kill fish. This can also create algae blooms. There are
some cases that report skin irritation, but generally, the safety benefits
outweigh these incidents. While it is non-toxic, it should not be digested by
people or animals ” (Ingram, 2021).
Related Studies
Chemical Reaction Between Calcium carbonate and Acetic Acid. In
(Chan et al., 2019)’s study, they determine whether the amount of baking
soda (sodium bicarbonate) used affects or does not affect the amount of
carbon dioxide produced when reacting with vinegar (acetic acid). The
researchers determined that 5 g of baking soda would be required to react
with 70 mL of vinegar. Before adding the baking soda to the liquid measuring
cup, they set up their phones to capture the reaction. They then marked the
cup with the quantity of baking soda that would be utilized for the study using
a 500-mL liquid measuring cup. They halted the recording when the reaction
was finished, then carried out the same procedure five times, varying the
amount of baking soda used for each experiment by 2x, 1.5x, 0.75x, 0.5x,
and 0.25x, respectively. They folded a piece of paper in half and set it on the
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baking scale to transfer the baking soda. The liquid measuring cup was filled
with 5 mL of dish soap and 70 mL of vinegar (5% acetic acid), which they
combined. They measured 5 g of baking soda after zeroing the scale and
placing the piece of paper on top. Because the reaction for this experiment
happened quickly and the bubbles did not stay at their highest point for very
long, it is crucial to both observe and record the reaction with different
equipment. They implemented Experimental Research Design as their
research design. The materials used are Baking Soda (Sodium bicarbonate),
Vinegar (Acetic acid), and Liquid Soap. They used observation as their
research instrument. The quantity of baking soda used has an impact on how
much carbon dioxide is created when vinegar and baking soda are combined.
Given that the amount of baking soda used has no bearing on the amount of
carbon dioxide created, the null hypothesis was that if different amounts of
baking soda react with 70mL of vinegar, the mean volume of bubbles formed
should be the same. The experiment tested how the product affects the
outcome by varying
the amount of baking soda in the reaction with vinegar. The vinegar and
baking soda combustion can be useful for baking as the carbon dioxide
produced acts as a leavening agent.
Alternative Fire Extinguisher. According to (Reolo, 2019), the
objective of the study is to produce a fire retardant spray that can be used as
an alternative fire extinguisher containing calcium carbonate from eggshells
and oxaloacetic acid from kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi). The process of making
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this fire retardant spray consists of the following Seeking, Preparing,
Extracting, Measuring, and Putting. They found Kamias ( Averrhoa bilimbi) and
wasted eggshells, after that, they extracted the kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) and
turned the eggshells into powder. This mixture was put into a pump hand
sprayer to test its effectiveness in different combustions. The research design
used is Experimental Research Design. The materials used are calcium
carbonate from eggshells and oxaloacetic acid from kamias (Averrhoa
bilimbi). They used observation as their research instrument in their study.
When combined, the calcium carbonate from powdered eggshells and the
oxaloacetic acid from kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) will produce CO2, which will
be used to extinguish the oxygen in areas where there are mild fires.
According to the test results, the fire retardant spray was successful and
efficient in putting out fires caused by various reactants. The reaction caused
by the calcium carbonate from eggshells and oxaloacetic acid from kamias
(Averrhoa bilimbi) was able to create an alternative fire extinguisher.
Citrusoda. According to the study, Citrusoda significantly contributes to
Class A fire suppression. It serves as a substitute fire extinguisher. As an
alternate fire extinguisher, citric acid and baking soda solution were used. The
goal of the study was to ascertain whether Citrusoda, a mixture of baking
soda and citric acid, can be used as a substitute fire extinguisher to put out
Class A flames. The Citrusoda (Citric Acid and Baking Soda) solution was
shaken by the researcher as part of the experiment. The sprayer's mouth was
pressed during combustion and pointed directly at the fire's base by the
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researchers. It was attached to the upper portion of the two combined cans.
The information was gathered by keeping track of how long it takes the
Citrusoda to put out the fire. (Surmion et al., 2013).
Fire Incidents in the Philippines. According to (Velasco, 2013), fires are
relatively unstudied and it is also the most costly preventable emergency. This
study aims to assess the epidemiology in the Philippines of fire and fire-
related casualties. This study used data from the OpCen of the HEMS and
included all fires reported in the HEARS Plus Reports from 2010 to 2012.
The HEARS Plus Reports underwent three stages of evaluation. In order to
ascertain the degree of fire documentation, a preliminary review of the
HEARS Plus Reports was conducted. A second evaluation was carried out to
determine what to include individual reports of fires and a comprehensive
summary of all fire events. Fire incidents were arranged in time order and
given a special code for event identification. Prior to data, the final evaluation
was completed. encoding. A data extraction tool in the form of a
questionnaire was created using EpiInfo 2000 in order to extract significant
data.
From 2010 to 2012, half of all fires took place during the day. Real fire
risks exist in physical structures, especially while residents may be sleeping or
otherwise physically gone from the buildings. The usage of open flames
during the evenings, such as candles and lamps, is some of the reasons.
Fires burn for longer between midnight and three in the morning because
people are asleep and firefighters take longer to respond. Reporting of fires
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and fire-related casualties has increased in the HEARS, although the extent of
reporting has been limited in scope. The information available from the
present reporting system does not allow for a more in-depth investigation of
the effects and determinants of fires. Reporting of the effects of fires and the
factors that could affect their occurrence should be improved.
Commercial Fire Extinguisher. Stated by (Du et al., 2018), The
existing fire extinguishing powder was improved by Magnesium hydroxide
that was used to prepare a compound superfine powder, which was tested by
a modified cup-burner and showed advantages in minimum extinguishing
concentration, temperature, and extinguishing time.The experimental results
showed that the minimum extinguishing concentration of compound superfine
powder was much lower than the other two, and the temperature drop rate
was greater in the process of suppressing flame.
According to (Benfer & Williams, 2016), Portable fire extinguishers play
a main role in reducing the impact of fires. In its early stages, a fire that can
be put out with an extinguisher will not spread to materials nearby. Water,
clean gaseous agents, dry chemicals, and foam are some of the common
extinguishing agents utilized in museums and libraries. Their effects on
collection materials have not been adequately studied. The following variables
were evaluated through eleven tests: exposure with and without fire, the kind
of extinguisher, the kind of material, and sample exposure (direct vs.
indirect). For exposing a large number of materials to the effects of
extinguisher agents, the established test method was found to be sufficient.
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There was no single extinguisher that did not affect any of the materials
tested, including the cleaning agents, according to the findings.In point of
fact, the fire tests were more affected by the corrosive effects of the thermal
decomposition products from the clean agents. Damage to samples was
found to be immediate and did not appear to progress over time.
In (Su et al., 2014) study, Taiwan’s most important fire safety
equipment is the fire extinguisher. The ABC powder fire extinguisher is a
common fire safety equipment as it can extinguish different classes of fire,
such as papers, gasoline, and electrical fire. The DSC was used in this study
to inspect the ABC powder of fire extinguishers, and the thermal
decomposition values of constituents of powder were analyzed directly. Not
determining the phosphorus content indirectly is the key concept in this
study. The results showed that the variation curves of ammonium dihydrogen
phosphate and ammonium sulfate have their particularities, and they will not
disturb each other.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the materials and procedure employed in this
study.
For an overview refer to the Schematic Diagram in Figure 2.1
Magallana bilineata
Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
(Oyster) Shells
Gathering Gathering
Pulverizing Weighing
Preparing Preparing
Fire Retardant Spray
Experiment Proper
Collecting Data
Analyzing and
Interpreting Data
Figure 2.1 Schematic Diagram of Research Methodology
Description of Study Variables
Magallana bilineata shells. Two kilograms of discarded whitish-gray
slipper oyster shells will be used in the study.
Vinegar. Five-hundred milliliters of sour and cloudy vinegar will be used
in the study.
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Gathering of Materials
Magallana bilineata (Oyster) Shells. The researchers will obtain oyster
shells in Zea Ser Talabahan & Tinu-om Restaurant at Rizal Ilawod Street,
Cabatuan. This is to be cleaned and pulverized afterward. Vinegar. The
researchers will buy 4 liters of Vinegar at a local store in Cabatuan,Iloilo.
Portable Pressure Sprayer Container. The researchers will buy pressure
sprayers in a local store. Fire Extinguisher. The school will provide a fire
extinguisher. Laboratory Apparatus. The researchers will use a weighing scale
to measure the mass of the pulverized oyster shells and a beaker to measure
the volume of the vinegar. Class A fire. Piles of wood will be gathered around
the conduct area and kerosene will be bought at a local store which will be
used to light the piles of wood on fire.
Preparing of Oyster Shells
The Oyster shells are to be scrubbed thoroughly using water and a
brush. After cleaning the shells, they will be left under the sun to dry for 48
hours. Then, the shells will be prepared for the pounding process and turn
them into fine grains providing the researchers the calcium carbonate. This
process is repeated until all the shells are completely pulverized. The
granulated shells will be sifted to separate oyster shell crumbs from refined
powdered shells.
Preparing the Fire Retardant Spray
The researchers will use a portable pressure sprayer. The container
will have two parts. The circular-shaped net with tissue in which will hold the
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grains of oyster shells and the lower chamber where the vinegar will be
poured into. 16.68 grams of powdered Magallana bilineata shells and four-
hundred milliliters (400mL) will be utilized.
Figure 3.1 Fire Retardant Spray
Preparation Before Testing
The researchers will be guided and assisted by firemen of the
Cabatuan fire station on how to handle the commercial fire extinguisher and
for safety concerns as handling fire is involved. The researchers will wear
protective gear for proper protection against fire.
Testing of Fire Extinguishers
In testing the Fire Retardant Spray, the researchers will prepare the
spray by mixing the substance incorporated into the pressured container
making an acid-base chemical reaction. During the experiment, the
researchers will open the container and spray it directly on the fire. A
considerable amount of solution will be sprayed until the fire is put off.
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In testing the commercial fire extinguisher, the same procedure in the
testing of the Fire Retardant spray solution will be used. The researchers will
remove the safety pin and open it towards the fire, putting it off.
The data will be gathered upon the application of the fire asphyxiator
and the commercial fire extinguisher in each replication from the moment the
Fire Retardant spray and commercial fire extinguisher are opened and pointed
directly at the base of the fire.
Experimental Design and Layout
The Experimental Method of Quantitative Research will be used to
answer the objectives of the study. The objective of this study is to find out
how successfully the fire asphyxiator can contain Class A fire. In doing so, the
researcher tries to ascertain or predict how effective the fire asphyxiator is
compared to a commercial fire extinguisher.
The researchers will run one trial using the provided variables to find
the mixture that best puts out fires. The given amount of solution will be
repeated five times in a Class A fire. The identical process will be repeated for
the commercial fire extinguisher for comparison.
Table 1.1. Experimental Layout

Treatment Time in putting off Class A fires
Oyster and Vinegar R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Fire Retardant Spray
Commercial Fire R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Extinguisher
Legend:
R1 - 1st Replication
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R2 - 2nd Replication
R3 - 3rd Replication
R4 - 4th Replication
R5 - 5th Replication
Calculations:
To determine how much calcium carbonate is needed to react with 400
mL of vinegar containing 5% acetic acid, we need to use stoichiometry to
calculate the amount of acetic acid in moles and then determine the
corresponding amount of calcium carbonate needed.
First, we need to convert the volume of vinegar to moles of acetic acid:
Molarity of acetic acid in vinegar = 5% = 0.05
Density of vinegar = 1.00 g/mL (Assuming it's at room temperature
and atmospheric pressure)
The molar mass of acetic acid is 60.05 g/mol, so the concentration of acetic
acid in the vinegar is:
0.05 mol/L = 3.003 g/60.05 g/L = 0.04996 g/mL
The amount of acetic acid in 400 mL of vinegar is:
0.04996 g/mL x 400 mL = 19.984 g = 0.3333 moles of acetic acid
Now that we know we have 0.3333 moles of acetic acid, we can use
the balanced equation to determine the amount of calcium carbonate needed:
2 CH₃COOH + CaCO₃ → Ca(CH₃COO)2 + H2O + CO2
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From the balanced equation, we see that 1 mole of calcium carbonate
reacts with 2 moles of acetic acid. So, 0.3333 moles of acetic acid will require
(0.3333/2) = 0.1667 moles of calcium carbonate.
The molar mass of calcium carbonate is 100.09 g/mol, so the amount
of calcium carbonate needed is:
0.1667 moles x 100.09 g/mol = 16.68 g
Therefore, 16.68 g of calcium carbonate is needed to react with 400
mL of vinegar containing 5% acetic acid.
Experiment Proper
The researchers will test the trial with the supervision of the experts by
the variables given to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the Fire
Retardant spray. The setup will determine the extinguishing capability of the
fire extinguishing prototype when compared to a commercial fire extinguisher.
The researchers will go to an open area and perform the experiment.
First, the researchers will gather materials for the Class A fire. This includes
500 milliliters of kerosene and match. The open area will prevent the
researchers and the experts from inhaling the fumes of the Class A fire. The
experiment will commence until 5 replications are done.
20 psi of pressure will be incorporated by pumping the device of the
container before the experiment. The mixture in the container will activate by
shaking the container, and mixing the vinegar and the powdered oysters
inside. A circular-shaped net will be put on the upper part of the container
where the refined oyster will be contained. Once the researcher shakes the
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sprayer, the vinegar will react with the oyster shell powder which will cause a
chemical reaction that will expand itself greatly, creating a foam-like
substance. Pressure will be built up that is needed to spray the solution. This
pressure will add up the pressure put beforehand and will have a total
amount of 40 psi. Once the desired amount of pressure is reached, the nozzle
should be directed to the fire. Then extinguish the fire by pressing the trigger.
Data Collection
The researchers will document the time in seconds the Magallana
bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray and
commercial fire extinguisher completely extinguish the fire. A stopwatch will
be utilized in recording the time. The data will be recorded the moment the
researchers spray the alternative fire extinguisher at the base of the fire and
it will end when the fire is completely put off. The researchers will record the
effectiveness and efficiency of the Fire Retardant Spray by recording the time
of the spray in putting off combustibles.
Data Analysis
The following statistical tools were used to analyze and represent the
data gathered during the study. Microsoft Excel was used to compute the
following statistical tools:
Mean. This will be used to summarize the arbitrary rating per
treatment.
T-test. The T-Test will be used to interpret the comparison of results
between the Fire Retardant Spray and the commercial fire extinguisher.
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CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the data gathered after testing the Magallana
bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire
Asphyxiator. In this study, the researchers used Experimental Method in
determining the effectiveness and efficiency of the study against Class A fires
and its significant difference when compared to a commercial fire
extinguisher. The time in extinguishing the fire in both the improvised fire
extinguisher and commercial fire extinguisher was recorded using a stopwatch
and was recorded the moment the researchers spray the Fire Retardant Spray
at the base of the fire and ends when the fire is no longer visible.
Table 2.1. Recorded time of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid
(Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray and Commercial Fire Extinguisher
Recorded Time in Putting off Class A Fires
Treatment
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Replication Replicatio Replication Replication Replication
n
Oyster and 38.30 secs 37.98 sec 34.75 secs 38.07 sec 38.58 sec
Vinegar Fire
Retardant Spray
Commercial Fire 2.01 secs 1.95 sec 2.04 sec 1.91 sec 1.82 sec
Extinguisher
The table shows the length of time the Magallana bilineata (Oyster)
and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator and
Commercial Fire Extinguisher put off fire completely.
Table 2.2. Significant difference between Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and

Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray and Commercial Fire Extinguisher
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Recorded Time in Putting off Class A Fires

Total Total
Treatment Replications
Length Mean
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 of Time
Fire Retardant 38.30 37.98 34.75 38.07 38.58 187.68 37.536
Spray secs secs secs secs secs secs
Commercial Fire 2.01 1.95 2.04 1.91 1.82 9.73 1.946
Extinguisher secs secs secs secs sec secs
Grand Total 197.41
Grand Mean
Table 2.3. Computed T-value and Tabular T-value.

Computed T Tabular T
1.062 2.776
The T-test for two independent samples revealed that the use of the
Fire Asphyxiator and commercial Fire Extinguisher has no significant
difference in putting off Class A fires. There is no significant difference
between theMagallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire
Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator and commercial made Fire Extinguisher
since the Computed T is less than the Tabular T at 0.05 level of significance.
The effectiveness of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid
(Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator in putting off Class A fire is
unparalleled to the commercial fire extinguisher, though, still as effective and
has the ability to put off fire efficiently, therefore, the Magallana bilineata
(Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator
can be an alternative fire extinguisher.
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CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness and
efficiency of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire
Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator and to know if there is a significant
difference between Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire
Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator and commercial fire extinguisher. This
study was conducted on April 14, 2023 at Cabatuan National Comprehensive
High School, Cabatuan, Iloilo.
Magallana bilineata (Oyster) shells were gathered at a local seafood
restaurant and acetic acid at a local store. The researchers performed 1 trial
and 5 replications with the replication all having the same amount of solution
which contains 400 mL of vinegar and 16.68 grams of pulverized oyster
shells. The researchers prepared the spray by pumping it to 20 psi
beforehand then proceeded to shake the container which resulted in the
substance being mixed adding up to 40 psi where it incorporated pressure
inside, making an acid-base chemical reaction used to extinguish the Class A
fire.
Results showed that Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid
(Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator can put out Class A fires
but compared to the commercial fire extinguisher, the latter was able to
extinguish Class A fires more quickly.
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Conclusion
The Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire
Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator is effective and efficient against Class A
fires but there is no significant difference when compared to the commercial
fire extinguisher. The researchers concluded that the Magallana bilineata
(Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray is effective and can
be used efficiently against Class A fire. Therefore, the Retardant Spray can be
used as an alternative fire extinguisher.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend using a steel container rather than plastic
to prevent any pressure leaks that may be brought on by the expanding of
the container. In addition to this, the researchers also recommend adding
dishwashing liquid to the mixture to increase the efficiency of trapping CO2 by
creating foam when the mixture is shaken.
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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-oyster-shell-Oyster-
shell-is-composed-of-prismatic-layer-cross-lamellar_fig5_228708594
[31] Velasco, G. N. V. (2013, June). Epidemiological Assessment of Fires in
the Philippines. Retrieved December 21, 2022, from
http://hdl.handle.net/10419/126941
[32] Du, D., Pan, X., & Hua, M. (2018). Experimental Study on Fire
Extinguishing Properties of Compound Superfine Powder. https://sci-
hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.126
[33] Benfer, M., & Williams, E. (2016, December). Assessing the Impact of
Fire Extinguisher Agents on Cultural Resource Materials. Retrieved
March 21, 2023, from
https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10694-017-0684-9
[34] Su, C.-H., Chen, C.-C., Liaw, H.-J., & Wang, S.-C. (2014). The
assessment of fire suppression capability for the ammonium
dihydrogen phosphate dry powder of commercial fire extinguishers.
https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.459
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
37
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
MARCH 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THUR FRI SAT
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Gathering Cleaning Drying of Drying of Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin
of Oyster and oyster oyster g of g of g of
Shells Drying of shells shells Oyster Oyster Oyster
Oyster Shells Shells Shells
Shells
26 27 28 29 30 31
Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin
g of g of g of g of g of g of
Oyster Oyster Oyster Oyster Oyster Oyster
Shells Shells Shells Shells Shells Shells
APRIL 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THUR FRI SAT
38
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
1
Pulverizin
g of
Oyster
Shells
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pulverizin Preliminar Preliminar
g of y Conduct y Conduct
Oyster
Shells
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Preliminar Preparing Handing Conductin
y Conduct of over the g of Study
Materials letter to
the
Bureau of
Fire
Station
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
39
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
APPENDIX B
EXPENDITURES
Materials Quantity Price per Item Total Cost
Sprayer 3 bottles Php 130.00 Php 390.00
Epoxy 1 piece Php 90.00 Php 90.00
Pressure Gauge 3 pieces Php 150.00 Php 450.00
Vinegar 2 liters Php 48.00 Php 96.00
Kerosene 2 liters Php 72.00 Php 144.00
TOTAL Php 1170.00
40
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
APPENDIX C
RAW DATA AND CERTIFICATION
41
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
APPENDIX D
COMPUTATIONS
42
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
APPENDIX E
PICTORIALS
Plate 1. Magallana bilineata Plate 2. Pressure Gauge

Oyster Shells
Plate 3. 500 ml Beaker Plate 4. Powdered Oyster Shells
43
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
Plate 5. Vinegar Plate 6. Fire Retardant Spray
Plate 7. Fire Extinguisher Plate 8. Kerosene
44
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
Plate 9. Gathering of Oyster Shells Plate 10. Cleaning the Oyster

Shells
Plate 11. Drying the Oyster Shells Plate 12. Pulverizing the
Oyster Shells
Plate 14. Packaging the Powdered

Oyster Shells
Plate 13. Weighing the needed

amount of powdered Oyster Shells
Plate 15. Tying and securing Plate 16. Measuring the the
powdered Oyster Shells needed amount of Vinegar
45
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
Plate 17. Putting the measured Plate 18. Putting the packaged
amount vinegar inside the sprayer powdered Oyster Shell inside
the sprayer
Plate 19. Firefighter lighting up the

Plate 21.Shaking the container
fire using kerosene
Plate 20. Pumping the container
46
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
at the base of the fire
Plate 22. Spraying the solution

Plate 23. Doing the T.P.A.S.S. Plate 24. Testing using the
commercial fire extinguisher
47

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Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as

Department of Cabatuan National Comprehensive High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Research Capstone

of the Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Program

Ashley June M. Montalban

Alea Nicole C. Fajardo

Research Report of: Ashley June M. Montalban, Alea Nicole C. Fajardo,

Title of Research Study: Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid

OFFICIAL ABSTRACT and CERTIFICATION

“Gratitude can transform common days into thanksgivings, turn routine

jobs into joy, and change ordinary opportunities into blessings.”

– William Arthur Ward

We extend our deepest gratitude to those, who in one way or the

To God Almighty for granting us wisdom and strength during times

during the conduct of this study;

To our Research teacher, Mr. Noel Eduardo C. Catolin for the

boosted our determination to perform and finish this research work;

To the Bureau of Fire Station, for their supervision and assistance

during the conduct of our research experiment.

A special thanks to Mr. Vincent John E. Artieda for his endless

suggestions, support, and guidance during our study.

us inspiration and encouragement for the completion of our research work;

Thank you to all!

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………

Significance of the Study………………………………………………….

Scope and Delimitation of the Study……………….…………………

Review of Related Literature…………………………………………….

Description of Study Variables…………………………………….……

Preparing of Oyster Shells…………………………………………..…….

Preparing the Fire Retardant Spray……………………………………

Preparation Before Testing………………………………………………..

Testing of Fire Extinguishers……………………………………..………

Experimental Design and Layout…………………………….…………

Results and Discussion……………………………..………………………

Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework of the Study……………………… 3

Figure 2.1 Schematic Diagram of Research Methodology…………. 22

Figure 3.1 Fire Retardant Spray……………………………………………..

Table 1.1 Experimental Layout……………………..…………………………

Table 2.1 Recorded time of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and

Acetic acid Fire Retardant Spray and Commercial Fire

Table 2.2 Significant difference between Magallana bilineata

(Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray and

Commercial Fire Extinguisher…………………………………………….……

Table 2.3 Computed T-value and Tabular T-

APPENDIX A CALENDAR OF EVENTS………………………………………

APPENDIX C RAW DATA AND CERTIFICATIONS………………….……

APPENDIX E PICTORIALS ……………………………….……………….……

Plate 1. Magallana bilineata Oyster Shells…………………….……

Plate 2. Pressure Gauge……………………………………………………

Plate 3. 500 ml Beaker………………………………………………………

Plate 4. Powdered Oyster Shells…………………………………….……

Plate 6. Fire Retardant Spray ……………………………………………

Plate 7. Fire Extinguisher……………………………………………………

Plate 9. Gathering of Oyster Shells………………………………………

Plate 10. Cleaning the Oyster Shells……………………………….…

Plate 11. Drying the Oyster Shells………………………………………

Plate 12. Pulverizing the Oyster Shells……………………………….

Plate 13. Weighing the needed amount of powdered Oyster

Plate 14. Packaging the powdered Oyster Shells…………………..