Chapter I III Group B2 With Page Numbers
Chapter I III Group B2 With Page Numbers
Chapter I III Group B2 With Page Numbers
Fire Asphyxiator
__________
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School STEM
Cabatuan, Iloilo
__________
Secondary Education
__________
By:
Recommended:
VINCENT JOHN ARTIEDA ____________________
Practical Research II Teacher Date
Approved:
NOEL EDUARDO C. CATOLIN ____________________
Research Teacher & Adviser Date
Approved:
TEDDY B. GABINETE ____________________
Asst. Principal II, SHS Date
Approved:
VALENTE L. LAURO ____________________
Principal III Date
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other, extended their help and assistance that contributed to the completion
of this study.
when this study was being undertaken, thank you Lord for guiding us;
To our beloved parents, with their love, care, and financial support
invaluable advices he extended and for the comfort and encouragement that
And to our friends and classmates who manifested their support, giving
Table of Contents
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Title Page…………………………………………………………..……………….
Approval Sheet…………………………………………………………………...
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..…
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………….
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………….
List of Appendices…………………………………………….…………………
CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………………………………
Introduction……………………………………………………………………
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………….
Hypothesis……………………………………………….…………………….
Definition of Terms…………………………………………….……………
CHAPTER 2…………………………………………………………….………….
Related Studies………………………………………………………….……
CHAPTER 3…………………………………………………………………………
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Methodology……………………………………………………………………
Gathering of Materials………………………………………………….……
Experiment Proper……………………………………………………………
Data Collection………………………………..………………………………
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..………
CHAPTER 4……………………………………………………………….…………
CHAPTER 5………………………………………………….………………………
Summary………………………………………………………..……………….
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….
Recommendations…………………………………………………………….
References………………………………………………….……………………
APPENDICES…………………….………………………………………………..
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List of Figures
Page No.
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List of Tables
Page No.
Extinguisher…………………………………………………………………….……
value………………………
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List of Appendices
Page No.
March 2023………………………………………………………………………
April 2023…………………………………………………………………………
APPENDIX B EXPENDITURES……….…………………………………………
APPENDIX D
COMPUTATIONS…………………………………………………
Plate 5. Vinegar…………………………………………………….…………
Plate 8. Kerosene………………………………………………………………
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T.P.A.S.S………………………………………………
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CHAPTER I
Fire is important and is beneficial for the ecosystem. Fire heats the
promotes new growth that produces food for a variety of species (NSW
Government, 2021). Fire is used to cook on a daily basis and keep us warm
on cold nights. We also utilize fire to light the area around us and to burn any
household trash. However, fire consumes houses and all your hard-earned
properties in seconds and even can cause our life. High temperatures
contribute to the occurrence of fire and the lack of readily available fire
contributing factor wherein during the warm season, fires are most likely to
happen due to the hot weather, and houses are mostly built of light materials.
understand the occurrence and factors that contribute to it. Fire is the
Definition & Meaning, 2022). Fire is one of the most common accidents here
Protection (BFP) is alerted by the number of fire incidents that rose by 13% in
the first two months of 2022 compared to the year 2021 (Lloyd, 2022).
According to the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), they report that
the top four causes of home fires are cooking, heating, electrical distribution,
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power supplies, and lighting), and careless smoking (Koorsen Fire & Security,
2020).
western Pacific Ocean. Aside from being one of the country’s delicacies, it has
other functions too. Oyster Shells contain 95% Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
retardant. Vinegar will be used in this study as it contains 4-6% acetic acid
which is suitable to use. When calcium carbonate and vinegar are combined,
it generates carbon dioxide gas which can be used to put out fires.
materials. Given the fact and the possibilities of creating a more available and
(Oyster) shells and Acetic Acid as a Fire Retardant spray as Fire Asphyxiator.
Conceptual Framework
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Figure 1.1. The system approach (Input - Process - Output System) will
Figure 1.1, the input consists of the identified dependent variable which is the
Oyster (Magallana bilineata) shells and the Vinegar (Acetic Acid). These
• Forming of Fire
Retardant Spray
bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire
Asphyxiator.
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Hypothesis
(Oyster) and Vinegar (Acetic Acid) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator
Firefighters
bilineata (Oyster) Shells and Vinegar (Acetic Acid) fire retardant spray as a
Home
Schools
The product of this study is useful for schools since it can be utilized to
Rural Areas
Urban Areas
Future Researcher
This research study may serve as a guide for future investigations into
the efficacy of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) Shells and Vinegar (Acetic Acid)
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clarity and understanding, the following terms were
In this study, the commercial fire extinguisher will serve as our base
small fires by spraying the flame with a liquid that cools the material being
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mollusks found in temperate and warm coastal waters of all oceans (The
of a liquid or gas by calculating the force that the fluid would apply to a unit
area if it were at rest, such as pounds per square inch or newtons per square
In this study, the acetic acid of vinegar serves as the base of our
Fire Retardant. Substances make the thing that they are applied to
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wood, coal, paper, plastic, straw, cloth, rubber or any other solid materials.
These solid substances are mainly of organic origin and contain carbon and its
In this study, a fire asphyxiator traps oxygen that can put out small
Magallana bilineata and acetic acid in asphyxiating Class A fire. The prototype
Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as
to put off fire to the time in seconds the commercial fire extinguisher is able
in the month of April 2023. The materials to use are Magallana bilineata shells
restaurant in Cabatuan and the acetic acid will be obtained from a local store
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in Passi City. The study will be conducted under the supervision of the
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CHAPTER II
and the related studies are presented in this part. II) Fire Retardant, its
disadvantages and related studies are presented in this part. III) Acetic Acid,
Magallana bilineata
structure with its shells length reaching 18cm and its shape varies it cannot
be differentiated from other tropical rock oysters until they reach its unique
size which is larger than other species this makes early life cycle identification
(Kingdom) > Mollusca (Phylum) > Bivalvia (Class) > Autobranchia (Subclass)
> Pteriomorphia (Infraclass) > Ostreida (Order) > Ostreoidea (Superfamily) >
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calcium carbonate, which produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when
heated thus preventing fire from access to oxygen by the produced carbon
dioxide. This property of oysters can help people escape their homes when
fire happens (Hetherington & Fang, 2020). Oyster shell powder was
carbon dioxide, blocking oxygen from being attracted to the fire by the carbon
dioxide that was created (Cho et al., 2005). Oyster shell is an effective fire
retardant due to its 95% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content (Han et al.,
“Oyster shell is composed of prismatic layer, cross lamellar and foliate layer
from outside to inside that are all made of CaCO3. Small amount of organic
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variations. The sheet texture of the chalk is considerably softer than that of
distribution, the mantle separates from the preceding shell during chalk
formation several times faster than it does for foliated material. The chalk
still maintaining contact with it. In conclusion, the structural similarity of the
two materials simply explains the reasons for the disparities in orientation and
Because they are accessible to people with low incomes, they are among the
most sought-after bivalves. They are gourmet and luxury food in developed
(Delmendo, 1989). According to Rosell (1991), they are found on tidal rivers,
channels, gulfs, and land-locked bays. Along the coast, where oyster farming
bicycle tires, hanging ropes with oyster shells, etc.) used for collecting spat
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and/or growing oysters are frequently seen. The bamboo stake method,
which dates back to 1935 when oyster farming started in Hinigaran, Negros
al., 2021).
Acetic Acid
carboxyl linked to a methyl group. The chemical formula for acetic acid is
C2H4O2, and its systematic IUPAC name is ethanoic acid. A mixture of acetic
acid and water, vinegar has a volume percentage of ethanoic acid ranging
from 5% to 20%. The acetic acid that is present in it gives it a strong scent
ester, vinyl acetate monomer, vinegar, and many other polymeric materials.
Acetic acid is also utilized in many industrial processes for the production of
and dissolving baking soda produces carbon dioxide (CO2) in a short period of
time. The candle will go out if the chemical reaction takes place in a beaker
with a lit candle inside because the carbon dioxide that is produced will build
up and drive out the oxygen (Schultz & Lien, 1995). Sodium bicarbonate is a
chemical compound that goes by the name "baking soda." Any acid, including
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vinegar, interacts with it to produce gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2). When you
pour the vinegar into the glass dish, you can really see it creating the bubbles
and froth that you see. When you combine an acid with sodium bicarbonate,
the same carbon dioxide reaction causes a baking soda volcano to erupt or
inflate a balloon. The carbon dioxide (CO2) in this experiment puts out the
candle flame. Although it is invisible, the carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the
vinegar-baking soda interaction begins to fill the glass dish from the bottom
up. The flame eventually dies out when there is no more oxygen available to
burn after all of the air in the glass dish has been replaced by carbon dioxide.
The match also burns out when it touches the carbon dioxide layer in the
glass dish, so if you try to light the candle again, it will not light (Lohner,
2017).
Fire Retardant
fire. They lessen the amount of heat emitted by a fire as well as its capacity
to spread. Your time to flee or put out the fire is extended thanks to the spray
foam. To claim that fire retardant spray "puts out" a fire in the same manner
as water would be inaccurate. It is a race against time to put out a fire. The
fight is easier to win thanks to the fire retardant spray's extended duration.
This spray's ability to considerably reduce the spread of fire on treated items
has been demonstrated. Because the flames are not bursting into the air, it
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also lessens the likelihood that the surface will catch fire in the first place
(Stafford, 2021).
Forest Service (USFS), 2021 “Fire Retardant spray should not be used within
300 feet of lakes, creeks, streams, or any body of water. The high
aquatic life that can also kill fish. This can also create algae blooms. There are
some cases that report skin irritation, but generally, the safety benefits
Related Studies
(Chan et al., 2019)’s study, they determine whether the amount of baking
soda (sodium bicarbonate) used affects or does not affect the amount of
carbon dioxide produced when reacting with vinegar (acetic acid). The
with 70 mL of vinegar. Before adding the baking soda to the liquid measuring
cup, they set up their phones to capture the reaction. They then marked the
cup with the quantity of baking soda that would be utilized for the study using
a 500-mL liquid measuring cup. They halted the recording when the reaction
was finished, then carried out the same procedure five times, varying the
amount of baking soda used for each experiment by 2x, 1.5x, 0.75x, 0.5x,
and 0.25x, respectively. They folded a piece of paper in half and set it on the
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baking scale to transfer the baking soda. The liquid measuring cup was filled
with 5 mL of dish soap and 70 mL of vinegar (5% acetic acid), which they
combined. They measured 5 g of baking soda after zeroing the scale and
placing the piece of paper on top. Because the reaction for this experiment
happened quickly and the bubbles did not stay at their highest point for very
long, it is crucial to both observe and record the reaction with different
research design. The materials used are Baking Soda (Sodium bicarbonate),
Vinegar (Acetic acid), and Liquid Soap. They used observation as their
research instrument. The quantity of baking soda used has an impact on how
much carbon dioxide is created when vinegar and baking soda are combined.
Given that the amount of baking soda used has no bearing on the amount of
carbon dioxide created, the null hypothesis was that if different amounts of
baking soda react with 70mL of vinegar, the mean volume of bubbles formed
should be the same. The experiment tested how the product affects the
outcome by varying
the amount of baking soda in the reaction with vinegar. The vinegar and
baking soda combustion can be useful for baking as the carbon dioxide
objective of the study is to produce a fire retardant spray that can be used as
and oxaloacetic acid from kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi). The process of making
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Extracting, Measuring, and Putting. They found Kamias ( Averrhoa bilimbi) and
wasted eggshells, after that, they extracted the kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) and
turned the eggshells into powder. This mixture was put into a pump hand
When combined, the calcium carbonate from powdered eggshells and the
oxaloacetic acid from kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) will produce CO2, which will
be used to extinguish the oxygen in areas where there are mild fires.
According to the test results, the fire retardant spray was successful and
efficient in putting out fires caused by various reactants. The reaction caused
by the calcium carbonate from eggshells and oxaloacetic acid from kamias
alternate fire extinguisher, citric acid and baking soda solution were used. The
soda and citric acid, can be used as a substitute fire extinguisher to put out
Class A flames. The Citrusoda (Citric Acid and Baking Soda) solution was
shaken by the researcher as part of the experiment. The sprayer's mouth was
pressed during combustion and pointed directly at the fire's base by the
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researchers. It was attached to the upper portion of the two combined cans.
The information was gathered by keeping track of how long it takes the
relatively unstudied and it is also the most costly preventable emergency. This
study aims to assess the epidemiology in the Philippines of fire and fire-
related casualties. This study used data from the OpCen of the HEMS and
included all fires reported in the HEARS Plus Reports from 2010 to 2012.
HEARS Plus Reports was conducted. A second evaluation was carried out to
summary of all fire events. Fire incidents were arranged in time order and
given a special code for event identification. Prior to data, the final evaluation
data.
From 2010 to 2012, half of all fires took place during the day. Real fire
otherwise physically gone from the buildings. The usage of open flames
during the evenings, such as candles and lamps, is some of the reasons.
Fires burn for longer between midnight and three in the morning because
people are asleep and firefighters take longer to respond. Reporting of fires
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and fire-related casualties has increased in the HEARS, although the extent of
reporting has been limited in scope. The information available from the
present reporting system does not allow for a more in-depth investigation of
the effects and determinants of fires. Reporting of the effects of fires and the
that was used to prepare a compound superfine powder, which was tested by
powder was much lower than the other two, and the temperature drop rate
a main role in reducing the impact of fires. In its early stages, a fire that can
be put out with an extinguisher will not spread to materials nearby. Water,
clean gaseous agents, dry chemicals, and foam are some of the common
collection materials have not been adequately studied. The following variables
were evaluated through eleven tests: exposure with and without fire, the kind
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There was no single extinguisher that did not affect any of the materials
fact, the fire tests were more affected by the corrosive effects of the thermal
such as papers, gasoline, and electrical fire. The DSC was used in this study
study. The results showed that the variation curves of ammonium dihydrogen
phosphate and ammonium sulfate have their particularities, and they will not
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
study.
Magallana bilineata
Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
(Oyster) Shells
Gathering Gathering
Pulverizing Weighing
Preparing Preparing
Experiment Proper
Collecting Data
Analyzing and
Interpreting Data
in the study.
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Gathering of Materials
shells in Zea Ser Talabahan & Tinu-om Restaurant at Rizal Ilawod Street,
sprayers in a local store. Fire Extinguisher. The school will provide a fire
to measure the mass of the pulverized oyster shells and a beaker to measure
the volume of the vinegar. Class A fire. Piles of wood will be gathered around
the conduct area and kerosene will be bought at a local store which will be
brush. After cleaning the shells, they will be left under the sun to dry for 48
hours. Then, the shells will be prepared for the pounding process and turn
them into fine grains providing the researchers the calcium carbonate. This
process is repeated until all the shells are completely pulverized. The
granulated shells will be sifted to separate oyster shell crumbs from refined
powdered shells.
will have two parts. The circular-shaped net with tissue in which will hold the
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grains of oyster shells and the lower chamber where the vinegar will be
poured into. 16.68 grams of powdered Magallana bilineata shells and four-
Cabatuan fire station on how to handle the commercial fire extinguisher and
for safety concerns as handling fire is involved. The researchers will wear
In testing the Fire Retardant Spray, the researchers will prepare the
researchers will open the container and spray it directly on the fire. A
considerable amount of solution will be sprayed until the fire is put off.
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testing of the Fire Retardant spray solution will be used. The researchers will
remove the safety pin and open it towards the fire, putting it off.
The data will be gathered upon the application of the fire asphyxiator
and the commercial fire extinguisher in each replication from the moment the
Fire Retardant spray and commercial fire extinguisher are opened and pointed
answer the objectives of the study. The objective of this study is to find out
how successfully the fire asphyxiator can contain Class A fire. In doing so, the
The researchers will run one trial using the provided variables to find
the mixture that best puts out fires. The given amount of solution will be
repeated five times in a Class A fire. The identical process will be repeated for
Commercial Fire R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Extinguisher
Legend:
R1 - 1st Replication
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R2 - 2nd Replication
R3 - 3rd Replication
R4 - 4th Replication
R5 - 5th Replication
Calculations:
calculate the amount of acetic acid in moles and then determine the
The molar mass of acetic acid is 60.05 g/mol, so the concentration of acetic
Now that we know we have 0.3333 moles of acetic acid, we can use
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reacts with 2 moles of acetic acid. So, 0.3333 moles of acetic acid will require
Experiment Proper
The researchers will test the trial with the supervision of the experts by
the variables given to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the Fire
Retardant spray. The setup will determine the extinguishing capability of the
First, the researchers will gather materials for the Class A fire. This includes
500 milliliters of kerosene and match. The open area will prevent the
researchers and the experts from inhaling the fumes of the Class A fire. The
container before the experiment. The mixture in the container will activate by
shaking the container, and mixing the vinegar and the powdered oysters
inside. A circular-shaped net will be put on the upper part of the container
where the refined oyster will be contained. Once the researcher shakes the
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sprayer, the vinegar will react with the oyster shell powder which will cause a
substance. Pressure will be built up that is needed to spray the solution. This
pressure will add up the pressure put beforehand and will have a total
amount of 40 psi. Once the desired amount of pressure is reached, the nozzle
should be directed to the fire. Then extinguish the fire by pressing the trigger.
Data Collection
bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray and
be utilized in recording the time. The data will be recorded the moment the
researchers spray the alternative fire extinguisher at the base of the fire and
it will end when the fire is completely put off. The researchers will record the
effectiveness and efficiency of the Fire Retardant Spray by recording the time
Data Analysis
The following statistical tools were used to analyze and represent the
data gathered during the study. Microsoft Excel was used to compute the
treatment.
between the Fire Retardant Spray and the commercial fire extinguisher.
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CHAPTER IV
This chapter presents the data gathered after testing the Magallana
bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire
determining the effectiveness and efficiency of the study against Class A fires
extinguisher. The time in extinguishing the fire in both the improvised fire
and was recorded the moment the researchers spray the Fire Retardant Spray
at the base of the fire and ends when the fire is no longer visible.
Table 2.1. Recorded time of Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid
(Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray and Commercial Fire Extinguisher
Recorded Time in Putting off Class A Fires
Treatment
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Replication Replicatio Replication Replication Replication
n
Oyster and 38.30 secs 37.98 sec 34.75 secs 38.07 sec 38.58 sec
Vinegar Fire
Retardant Spray
Commercial Fire 2.01 secs 1.95 sec 2.04 sec 1.91 sec 1.82 sec
Extinguisher
The table shows the length of time the Magallana bilineata (Oyster)
and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator and
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Grand Mean
1.062 2.776
The T-test for two independent samples revealed that the use of the
Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as
since the Computed T is less than the Tabular T at 0.05 level of significance.
(Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator in putting off Class A fire is
has the ability to put off fire efficiently, therefore, the Magallana bilineata
(Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator
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CHAPTER V
Summary
difference between Magallana bilineata (Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire
restaurant and acetic acid at a local store. The researchers performed 1 trial
and 5 replications with the replication all having the same amount of solution
fire.
(Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray as Fire Asphyxiator can put out Class A fires
but compared to the commercial fire extinguisher, the latter was able to
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Conclusion
(Oyster) and Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Fire Retardant Spray is effective and can
be used efficiently against Class A fire. Therefore, the Retardant Spray can be
Recommendations
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References
webster.com/dictionary/fire
[2] Lloyd, C. (2022, March 1). Fire incidents up by almost 13% in the first 2
from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168780
[3] Koorsen Fire & Security. (2020, May 11). The Top Four Causes and
causes-and-trends-in-home-fires
[4] Becker, D., Balzer, P. S., & Hamester, M. R. R. (2012, January 24).
https://www.scielo.br/j/mr/a/VSTFRC4pg6h3ZJWqsQQWKhj/?lang=en
https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/
acetic-acid/
[6] Scott, J. (2016). Acetic acid definition and meaning | Collins English
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/acetic-acid
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https://www.britannica.com/technology/fire-extinguisher
https://www.britannica.com/animal/oyster
https://www.britannica.com/technology/pressure-gauge
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/spray
2022, from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/acetic-acid/
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fire-retardant
[13] What is a Class A Fire? - Definition from Safeopedia. (2017, June 1).
https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/32/class-a-fire
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Cabatuan, Iloilo
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/asphyxiator
[15] Park, C. (2022, March 26). 5 types of fire extinguishers: A guide to using
the right class. IFSEC Global. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from
https://www.ifsecglobal.com/global/choose-right-type-fire-
extinguisher/
[16] Black scar oyster. (2020, June 1). Business Queensland. Retrieved
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/
agriculture/biosecurity/animals/invasive/prohibited/black-scar-oyster
[17] Chan, K., Madsen, L., Kashani, N., & Lee, R. (2019). Fire
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[18] Checa, A. G., Harper, E. M., & Segura, A. G. (2018, May 14).
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[19] Cho, B. G., Chung, Y-C., Chun, B. C., & Chong, M. H. (2005, December
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
https:pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14583245/
[21] Hetherington, W., & Fang, C. (2020, May 12). Oysters used in
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CABATUAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cabatuan, Iloilo
https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/11997
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https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0090.pdf?id=10.26616/N
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[34] Su, C.-H., Chen, C.-C., Liaw, H.-J., & Wang, S.-C. (2014). The
https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.459
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
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CALENDAR OF EVENTS
MARCH 2023
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Gathering Cleaning Drying of Drying of Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin
of Oyster and oyster oyster g of g of g of
Shells Drying of shells shells Oyster Oyster Oyster
Oyster Shells Shells Shells
Shells
26 27 28 29 30 31
Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin Pulverizin
g of g of g of g of g of g of
Oyster Oyster Oyster Oyster Oyster Oyster
Shells Shells Shells Shells Shells Shells
APRIL 2023
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Cabatuan, Iloilo
1
Pulverizin
g of
Oyster
Shells
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pulverizin Preliminar Preliminar
g of y Conduct y Conduct
Oyster
Shells
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Preliminar Preparing Handing Conductin
y Conduct of over the g of Study
Materials letter to
the
Bureau of
Fire
Station
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
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APPENDIX B
EXPENDITURES
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APPENDIX C
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APPENDIX D
COMPUTATIONS
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APPENDIX E
PICTORIALS
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Plate 11. Drying the Oyster Shells Plate 12. Pulverizing the
Oyster Shells
Plate 15. Tying and securing Plate 16. Measuring the the
powdered Oyster Shells needed amount of Vinegar
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Plate 17. Putting the measured Plate 18. Putting the packaged
amount vinegar inside the sprayer powdered Oyster Shell inside
the sprayer
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