OUTLINE - Reactions & Molecular Collisions

REACTIONS AND MOLECULAR COLLISIONS - Raising the temperature of a chemical
reaction results in a higher reaction rate.

THE COLLISION THEORY - When the reactant particles are heated,
- This theory states that for a chemical they move faster and faster, resulting in a
reaction to occur, they must collide to greater frequency of collisions.
one another. As they form their - An even more important effect of the
collision energy increases with an temperature increase is that the collisions
increase in the kinetic energy of occur with a greater force, which means
molecules. the reactants are more likely to surmount
the activation energy barrier and go on to
Examples: form products.
Molecules of gas colliding with the - Increasing the temperature of a reaction
walls of the container. increases not only the frequency of
collisions, but also the percentage of those
ACTIVATION ENERGY collisions that are effective, resulting in an
- is the energy required to proceed and increased reaction rate.
reach the transition rate.
- In chemistry and physics, activation
energy is the minimum amount of
energy that must be provided for
compounds to result in a chemical
reaction.
- The activation energy of a reaction is measured
in joules per mole (J⋅mol -1) or (J/mol),
kilojoules per mole or kilocalories per mole.
REACTION RATE Surface Area

- intuitively defines as how quickly or slowly - Surface area surely affects the rate of a
a reaction takes place. reaction . If the area of a solid reactant
- The rate of reaction is the change in the increases, then the rate of reaction
amount of a reactant or product per unit increased the greater the surface are
time. greater its rate of reaction.
- Reaction rates are therefore determined - In a reaction some bonds break and some
by measuring the time dependence of new bonds are formed, Thus for this
some property that can be related to breakage and formation larger surface
reactant or product amounts. area of the reactant will trigger the rate of
the reaction.
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATE:
● Temperature
● Surface area
● Concentration of reactants
● Catalyst
Temperature
Concentration of Reactants
- increasing the concentration of a reactant promote specific bond formations, or
leads to an increase in the reaction rate, facilitate the breaking of bonds.
while decreasing the concentration tends ● Increasing Effective Collision Frequency
to slow down the reaction. - Catalysts can enhance the effective
- Increased Collision Frequency: Higher collision frequency between reactant
reactant concentrations lead to a greater molecules. They can adsorb reactant
number of reactant molecules per unit molecules onto their surface, bringing them
volume. closer together and increasing the chances
- By increasing the concentration of of successful collisions.
reactants, the probability of finding ● Providing Active Sites
reactant molecules with enough energy to - Catalysts often have specific active sites
surpass the activation energy barrier also on their surface where reactant molecules
increases. This leads to a higher can bind and undergo reactions. These
proportion of effective collisions and an active sites may have a different electronic
increased reaction rate. environment or chemical properties
compared to the bulk catalyst material. By
providing these active sites, a catalyst offers
a favorable environment for reactants to
interact and undergo chemical
transformations, leading to an accelerated
reaction rate.
● Altering Reaction Equilibrium
- a catalyst can shift the equilibrium position
of a reaction.
Catalyst - by increasing the rate of the forward or
- A catalyst is a substance that increases reverse reaction, the catalyst can speed up
the rate of a chemical reaction without the attainment of equilibrium. Although this
being consumed in the process. It doesn't directly affect the reaction rate, it
achieves this by providing an alternative allows the reaction to reach equilibrium
reaction pathway with a lower activation faster, resulting in a faster overall reaction
energy. rate.
Here's how a catalyst affects the reaction rate:

● Lowering Activation Energy
- the activation energy is the minimum
energy required for a reaction to occur.
- by reducing the activation energy, a
catalyst increases the number of
successful collisions between reactant
molecules and thus enhances the reaction
rate.
● Altering Reaction Mechanism
- Catalysts can also change the reaction
mechanism, which is the series of steps by
which a chemical reaction proceeds.
- by providing an alternative pathway, a

catalyst can stabilize intermediate species,

OUTLINE - Reactions & Molecular Collisions

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REACTIONS AND MOLECULAR COLLISIONS - Raising the temperature of a chemical

reaction results in a higher reaction rate.

REACTION RATE Surface Area

Here's how a catalyst affects the reaction rate:

- by providing an alternative pathway, a

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