11

BASIC CALCULUS
4th QUARTER MODULE 1
Antiderivative of a Function

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BASIC CALCULUS 4th QUARTER MODULE 1
After going through this module, you should be able to do the following:
1. Illustrate an anti-derivative of a function; and
2. Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial, radical, exponential, and
trigonometric functions.

ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
Definition: A function F is an antiderivative of the function f on an interval I if
𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) for every value of x in I.

Theorem: If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then every antiderivative of

f on I is given by 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶, where C is an arbitrary constant.

Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the antiderivative of a given function.

Antiderivatives are also called integrals.
The symbol ∫ , is also called the integral sign that denotes the operation of
antidifferentiation and the function 𝒇 is called the integrand.

If F is an antiderivative of f, we write ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶.

The symbols ∫ and 𝑑𝑥 go hand-in-hand and 𝑑𝑥 helps us identify the variable of
integration. The constant C is called the constant of integration.

The expression 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 is called the general antiderivative of f. Meanwhile, each

antiderivative of f is called a particular antiderivative of f.

Example 1: Given 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 and 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶. Show that 𝐹 (𝑥 ) is an

antiderivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
Solution:
From definition, 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙), so get the derivative of 𝐹 (𝑥 ).
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 → 𝑭′(𝒙) = 3(3)(𝑥 3−1 ) + 2(2)(𝑥 2−1 ) + 0 = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙
𝐹 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥) → 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
Therefore, 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥.
3 2

Example 2: Given 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 and 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶. Show that 𝐹 (𝑥 ) is an

antiderivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
Solution:
From definition, 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙), so get the derivative of 𝐹 (𝑥 ).
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 → 𝑭′(𝒙) = 5(3)(𝑥 3−1 ) + 2(2)(𝑥 2−1 ) + 0 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙
′( )
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) → 15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
Therefore, 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 15𝑥 2 + 4𝑥.

Example 3: Verify that ∫(2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶.

Solution:
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
From the given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 4 and 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶

From definition, 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙), so get the derivative of 𝐹 (𝑥 ).

𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 → 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 2𝑥 2−1 + 4 + 0 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
′( )
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) → 2𝑥 + 4 = 2𝑥 + 4
Therefore, ∫(2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶.
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Example 4: Verify that ∫(3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1.
Solution: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶
From the given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 and 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
From definition, 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙), so get the derivative of 𝐹 (𝑥 ).
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 → 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 3𝑥 3−1 + 3(2)(𝑥 2−1 ) + 2 − 0 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐
𝐹 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥) → 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 2
Therefore, ∫(3𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1.
2 3

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

(POLYNOMIAL AND RADICAL)
Theorem 1:
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪
Examples: 1. ∫ 100𝑑𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 + 𝑪
3 𝟑
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙+𝑪
5 𝟓

Theorem 2: If n is any real number and 𝑛 ≠ −1, then

𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
𝑥 5+1 𝒙𝟔
Examples: 1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 = +𝑪
5+1 𝟔
𝑥 −3+1 𝑥 −2 𝟏
2. ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶 = − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
−3+1 −2
1 −6 𝑥 −6+1 𝑥 −5 𝟏
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = + 𝐶 = − 𝟓𝒙𝟓 + 𝑪
𝑥6 −6+1 −5
1
+1
𝑥2 𝑥 3/2 𝟐𝒙𝟑/𝟐
4. ∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 1/2 𝑑𝑥 = 1 +𝐶 = +𝐶 = +𝑪
+1 3/2 𝟑
2

Theorem 3: If a is any constant and f is a function, then

∫ 𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
Examples:
𝟏
1. ∫ 𝟔√𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝑎 = 6 𝑓 (𝑥) = √𝑥 𝑎=3
1
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3
= 6 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
1 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
= 6 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1 1 𝑥 3+1
𝑥 2+1 = ( )+𝐶
= 6 (1 )+𝐶 3 3+1
+1 1 𝑥4
2 = ( )+𝐶
3 3 4
𝑥2
=6 3 +𝐶 𝒙𝟒
= +𝑪
2 𝟏𝟐
𝟑
= 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪

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Theorem 4: If f and g are functions defined on the same interval, then
∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
Examples:

1. ∫(𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙)𝒅𝒙 2. ∫ 𝒙(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔)𝒅𝒙

= ∫ 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 12 ∫ 𝑥 2 + 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 − 6 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 12 ( ) + 4( )+𝐶 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
2+1 1+1 = 3( ) − 6( )+𝐶
𝑥3 𝑥2 2+1 1+1
= 12 ( ) + 4 ( ) + 𝐶 𝑥3 𝑥2
3 2 = 3( ) − 6( ) + 𝐶
𝟑
= 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 3 2
𝟑 𝟐
= 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟒 −𝒙
3. ∫ 𝒅𝒙 4. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
2
𝑥 1 2𝑥 4
𝑥
= ∫ ( 2 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 3 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
−2
= ∫(1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 −2+1 = ∫ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 −2 )𝑑𝑥
(
=𝑥+ +𝐶
−2 + 1 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥+ +𝐶
−1 𝑥 1+1 𝑥 −2+1
𝟏 = 2( )− +𝐶
=𝒙− +𝑪 1+1 −2 + 1
𝒙 𝑥2 𝑥 −1
=2 ( ) − +𝐶
2 −1
𝟏
= 𝒙𝟐 + + 𝑪
𝒙

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Theorem 1:
∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
Examples: 1. ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
1 1 𝟏
2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
4 4 𝟒
3. ∫ −3𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝟑𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

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Theorem 2: 𝑎 > 0 with 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝒂𝒙 𝒙
∫ 𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝟒𝒙
Examples: 1. ∫ 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟒
𝟑𝒙+𝟏
2. ∫ 3 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟑
𝟐𝒙
3. ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆𝒙 + +𝑪 𝐥𝐧 𝟐

Theorem 3:
𝟏
∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪
𝒙
Examples:
1 2𝑥+1
1. ∫ 3𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪 4. ∫ (3𝑒 𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
5 1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟓 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪 2𝑥 1
𝑥
9 9
𝑥
1 𝟗 = ∫ (3𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 7 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟕 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪
7𝑥
2
= ∫ (3𝑒 𝑥 − − 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2
= ∫ 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2+1
= 3𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥| − −2+1 + 𝐶

𝑥
𝑥 −1
= 3𝑒 − 2 ln|𝑥| − +𝐶
−1
𝟏
= 𝟑𝒆𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝒙 + 𝑪

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

a. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 d. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

b. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 e. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
c. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 f. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Examples:

1. Evaluate ∫(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2. Evaluate ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Pythagorean Identity tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1

= sin 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
4
 3. Evaluate ∫
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4. Evaluate ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥

sin 𝑥 1 Pythagorean Identity cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1

= ∫( )( ) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = ∫(csc 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
cos 𝑥
5. Evaluate ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1−cos2 𝑥
2
Pythagorean Identity 1 − cos2 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
= ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥
cos 𝑥 1
= ∫ ( sin 𝑥 ) (sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝑪

SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

A. Matching Type – Directions: Match the functions in Column A with their

corresponding derivatives in Column B.
Column A Column B
1. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 A. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2
2. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 B. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
3. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 1 C. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 3
4. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 5 D. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 8𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2
5. 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 1 E. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1
F. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 1

B. Identification – Directions: Identify the following statements.

1. It is the process of finding the antiderivative of a given function.
2. It is the symbol for constant of integration.
3. It is the symbol that denotes the operation of antidifferentiation and
also called the integral sign.
4. It is the expression called the general antiderivative of f.
5. Other name for antiderivatives.

5
C. Multiple Choice – Directions: Determine the integrals of the following
functions. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. ∫ 𝟏𝟎𝒅𝒙
1 1
A. 10𝑥 + 𝐶 B. 10 + 𝐶 C. +𝐶 D. +𝐶
10 10𝑥
2. ∫ 𝟗√𝒙𝒅𝒙
27𝑥 2/3 27𝑥 3/2
A. +𝐶 B. 6𝑥 2/3 + 𝐶 C. 6𝑥 3/2 + 𝐶 D. +𝐶
2 2
𝟏
3. ∫ 𝟐𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝑥 24 𝑥 22 𝑥 −24 𝑥 −22
A. +𝐶 B. +𝐶 C.− +𝐶 D. .− +𝐶
24 22 24 22
4. ∫(−𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 )𝒅𝒙
2𝑥 5 𝑥4 2𝑥 5 𝑥4 2𝑥 3 𝑥2 2𝑥 3 𝑥2
A. − + +𝐶 B. − +𝐶 C. − + +𝐶 D. − +𝐶
5 4 5 4 3 2 3 2
𝒙 −𝒙𝟑−𝟏
𝟒
5. ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥2 1 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥2 1
A. − + + 𝐶 B. − + +𝐶 C. − − +𝐶 D. − − +𝐶
3 2 3 3 2 𝑥 3 2 3 3 2 𝑥
6. ∫ 𝟑𝟔𝒆 𝒅𝒙 𝒙

36
A. 36 + 𝐶 B. 36𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. +𝐶
𝑒𝑥
7. ∫ 𝟐𝒙+𝟒 𝒅𝒙
2𝑥 2𝑥+4 2𝑥 −4 2𝑥+4
A. +𝐶 B. +𝐶 C. +𝐶 D. +𝐶
ln 2 4 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
𝟖
8. ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑𝒙
8 3 8 3
A. + 𝐶 B. ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶 C. ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶 D. + 𝐶
3 8 3 8
9. ∫(−𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 )𝒅𝒙
1 4𝑥 4𝑥 4𝑥 1 4𝑥
A. − 𝑒 𝑥 + + 𝐶 B. −2𝑒 𝑥 + +𝐶 C. 2𝑒 𝑥 + +𝐶 D. − 𝑒 𝑥 + +𝐶
2 ln 4 ln 4 ln 4 2 ln 4
𝒙−𝟏
10. ∫(𝟐𝒆𝒙 − 𝟐 )𝒅𝒙
𝟖𝒙
1 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3
A. 2𝑒 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 | + +𝐶 C. 2𝑒 𝑥 − + +𝐶
8 24 16 24
1 1 𝑥2 1
B. 2𝑒 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 | − +𝐶 D. 2𝑒 𝑥 − − +𝐶
8 8𝑥 16 𝑥
11. ∫ 𝟗 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐

1 1
A. 9 cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. −9 cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
9 9
12.∫(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
A. sec 2 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. 1 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
13. ∫(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
A. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. csc 2 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. −cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
14. ∫(𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
A. 2 tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. 2 tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
15. ∫(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
A. cos 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. − cos 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
B. cos 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. − cos 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
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