A Project Report on

To Analysis Strength Properties of M40 Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate

Submitted in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

Civil Engineering
by

Ayush Kumar(19ESKCE028)

Mohammed Ramjan (19ESKCE070)

Chitranshu Meena (19ESKCE031)

Under the supervision of

Mr. Deepak Sharma

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT &

GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR-302017

June 2023

i
 SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MANGEMENT & GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR, INDIA-302017

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “To Analysis Strength Properties of M40
Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ” which is being submitted by Ayush kumar
(19ESKCE028) , Mohammed Ramjan (19ESKCE070), Chitranshu Meena
(19ESKCE031) in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering, SKIT, Jaipur is a bonafide work carried out under my
supervision.

Mr. Deepak Sharma

Assistant professor

Department of Civil Engineering

SKIT, Jaipur.

ii
 SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MANGEMENT & GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR, INDIA-302017

Candidate’s Declaration

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report “To Analysis Strength
Properties of M40 Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate”, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology and submitted in the
Department of Civil Engineering of the Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Mangement
& Gramothan, Jaipur is an authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from
September 2022 to May 2023 under the supervision of Mr.Deepak Sharma, Assistant
professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SKIT, Jaipur.

Ayush Kumar(19ESKCE028)

Mohammed Ramjan (19ESKCE070)

Chitranshu Meena (19ESKCE031)

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.Tech. Project undertaken
during B.Tech. Final Year. We owe special debate of gratitude to Mr.Deepak Sharma , our
project guide and Associate Professor of Civil Department in SKIT college for his constant
support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and
perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It only his cognizant efforts that
our endeavor have seen light of the day.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of DK Sharma , Head of

Department of Civil Engineering, SKIT college for his support and guidance during the
development of the project.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of
our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the
completion of the project.

Ayush Kumar(19ESKCE028)

Mohammed Ramjan (19ESKCE070)

Chitranshu Meena (19ESKCE031)

iv
 ABSTRACT:

This paper presents the performance of compressive strength of M40 Grade artificial sand
concrete with replacement of river sand to manufactured/Artificial sand. This necessitates huge
demand of concrete for infrastructure development worldwide and extreme scarcity of natural
sand availability. Investigation carried out by varying 0 to 100% replacement of natural sand
using manufactured sand in M40 mix with super plasticizer as an admixture. The super
plasticizer is used as admixture of dosage 0.5% volume fraction in all concrete mixes. The
concrete specimens were cured on normal moist, curing under normal atmospheric temperature.
The compressive strength, split tensile Strength, and flexural strength were determined at 7 days.
Current investigation revealed that M40 Grade concrete using complete manufactured sand with
super plasticizer yielded an excesses compressive strength of 9.50% compared to conventional
concrete for 7 days respectively. It also revealed that workability of concrete with manufactured
sand could be increased considerably with super plasticizer. Hence M40 Grade concrete with
manufactured sand was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete on all ages when
compared to conventional concrete with river sand. Split Tensile
Strength and Flexural Strength also increased to 10.61%, 9.49% more at
28 days respectively compared to conventional concrete

v
 Table of Contents

TITLE………………………………………. Page no.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………iv

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………v

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………..

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………

LIST OF TABLE………………………………………………

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………1-8

1.1 BACKGROUND…………………………………………….

1.2 Objective and scopes…………………………………………

1.3 Methodology…………………………………………………

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………9-14

CHAPTER 3 TEST CONDUCT ON PHYSICAL STATE…………15-27

3.1 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate………………

3.2 sieve analysis of fine aggregate

vi
3.3 specific gravity of cement………………………………………………

3.4 Specific gravity of water absorption and coarse aggregate……………..

3.5 specific gravity of water absorption and fine aggregate………………

CHAPTER 4 HARDENESS STATE………………..28-32

4.1 Compressive strength…………………………………….

Conclusion……………………………………………………….

References………………………………………………………….

vii
viii
Chapter 1.1

Introduction

M40 concrete is a high-strength concrete mix that is used for construction purposes where
heavy loads and high traffic are expected. It has a compressive strength of 40 megapascals
(MPa) after 28 days of curing.
The mix design of M40 concrete typically consists of a combination of cement, fine
aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates (gravel), and water. The ratio of these ingredients is
carefully calculated to achieve the desired strength and workability of the concrete.
M40 concrete is commonly used for the construction of bridges, high-rise buildings, and other
structures where high strength is required. It can also be used in the construction of roads and
pavements. However, it is important to note that the use of M40 concrete requires skilled
workers and proper equipment to ensure proper placement, compaction, and curing.

Fig.1: Compacting of concrete

1
 chapter1.2

Objectives

1. Evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using recycled M40 concrete in construction
projects.

2. Investigate the properties and characteristics of recycled M40 concrete, including its
strength, durability, and workability.

3. Compare the performance of recycled M40 concrete with conventional M40 concrete to
assess its suitability for various applications.

4. Assess the environmental benefits of using recycled M40 concrete, such as reducing the
consumption of natural resources and minimizing waste generation.

5. Explore the economic implications of incorporating recycled M40 concrete into

construction projects, including potential cost savings or additional expenses.

6. Identify any challenges or limitations associated with using recycled M40 concrete and
propose strategies for mitigating them.

7. Examine the structural applications and design considerations related to recycled M40
concrete, including guidelines and codes for its use in different structures.

8. Investigate the potential long-term effects and durability of recycled M40 concrete in real-
world conditions.

9. Identify areas for further research and development in the field of recycled M40 concrete to
improve its performance and expand its applications.

2
 Chapter 1.2

Scopes

1. Material Focus: Specify that the document focuses on recycled M40 concrete, which is
concrete produced by incorporating recycled aggregates or supplementary cementitious
materials.

2. Experimental Scope: If applicable, mention the specific experimental methods, procedures,

and testing parameters that were used to evaluate the properties and performance of recycled
M40 concrete.

3. Application Areas: Describe the intended application areas where the findings and
recommendations of the study are relevant. This could include various construction projects
such as buildings, bridges, pavements, or other infrastructure.

4. Performance Factors: Identify the key performance factors that will be assessed, such as
strength, durability, workability, and any other specific characteristics relevant to the study.

5. Environmental Considerations: Highlight the environmental aspects that will be examined,

such as the potential reduction in carbon footprint, resource conservation, and waste
management implications associated ethodologywith the use of recycled M40 concrete.

6. Limitations: Acknowledge the limitations or constraints of the study, such as the specific
mix designs, sample sizes, time constraints, or other factors that may affect the
generalizability of the findings.

7. Geographical Context: Specify the geographical context or region to which the findings can
be applied, as certain factors like climate and available resources may vary from one location
to another.

8. Timeframe: Indicate the time period covered by the study, including any specific
considerations related to the availability of data or the applicability of the findings to the

3
 present context

1.3 Methodology

Recycling of m40 concrete

Recycling M40 concrete involves breaking down and reusing the materials that make up the
concrete.

The process of recycling M40 concrete typically involves the following steps:

●Crushing:
Crushing is an essential part of the recycling process for M40 concrete. The crushing process
involves breaking down the concrete into smaller pieces, which can then be sorted and reused
in new construction projects.

There are several methods for crushing M40 concrete, including:

i.Jaw crushers:
These machines use a stationary jaw and a moving jaw to crush the concrete into smaller
pieces. The moving jaw applies pressure to the concrete as it moves, which helps to break it
down into smaller pieces.

ii.Impact crushers:
These machines use a rotating rotor with hammers or blow bars to impact the concrete and
break it down into smaller pieces.

iii.Cone crushers:
These machines use a rotating cone to crush the concrete into smaller pieces.
The size and type of crusher used will depend on the specific requirements of the recycling
project, including the size and quality of the M40 concrete being recycled. It is important to
ensure that the crushing process is done correctly to ensure that the recycled M40 concrete is

4
 of high quality and suitable for reuse in new construction projects.

●Screening:
Screening is an important step in the recycling process of M40 concrete, which involves
separating the crushed concrete into different sizes and removing any debris or contaminants.
The screening process helps to ensure that only high-quality concrete is recycled and reused in
new construction projects.

Fig.2: Screening

5
There are several methods for screening M40 concrete, including:

i.Vibrating screens:
These machines use a series of vibrating screens with different sized openings to separate the
crushed concrete into different sizes.

ii.Trommel screens:
These machines use a rotating drum with small openings to separate the crushed concrete into
different sizes.

iii.Air classifiers:
These machines use air to separate the crushed concrete based on size and weight. Once the
M40 concrete is screened, the different sizes can be sorted and used for different
applications. The larger pieces of recycled concrete can be used as a base or fill material,
while the smaller pieces can be used to create new concrete mixtures.
It is important to ensure that the screening process is done correctly to ensure that the recycled
M40 concrete is of high quality and suitable for reuse in new construction projects. Any
debris or contaminants that are not removed during the screening process can have a negative
impact on the quality of the recycled concrete and the performance of the new construction
project.

●Sorting:

Sorting is an important step in the recycling process of M40 concrete, which involves
separating the recycled concrete into different categories based on its quality and composition.
This helps to ensure that only high-quality recycled M40 concrete is used in new construction
projects. The sorting process can be done manually or with the help of automated equipment.
Manual sorting involves visually inspecting the recycled concrete and separating it into
different categories based on its quality and composition. This process can be time-consuming
and labor-intensive, but it allows for a more detailed inspection of the recycled concrete.

Automated sorting equipment uses sensors or cameras to identify and sort the recycled
concrete based on its composition and quality. This process is faster and more efficient than
manual sorting and can be used to sort large quantities of recycled M40 concrete.

The different categories of recycled M40 concrete can be used for different applications in

6
 new construction projects. High-quality recycled concrete can be used to create new concrete
mixtures, while lower-quality recycled concrete can be used as a base or fill material.

It is important to ensure that the sorting process is done correctly to ensure that only high-
quality recycled M40 concrete is used in new construction projects. Any recycled concrete
that does not meet the required quality standards should be discarded or used for non-
structural applications.

●Reusing:
Reusing is the ultimate goal of recycling M40 concrete, which involves using the recycled
concrete to create new concrete mixtures that can be used in construction projects. The
reusing process helps to conserve natural resources, reduce waste, and lower the
environmental impact of construction projects.

The recycled M40 concrete can be used to replace some or all of the aggregates, such as sand
and gravel, in new concrete mixtures. The amount of recycled concrete that can be used in
new mixtures depends on its quality and composition, as well as the specific requirements of
the construction project.

The recycled concrete is typically processed to remove any debris or contaminants and sorted
into different sizes before being used in new mixtures. The new mixtures may require
additional additives, such as cement or water, to achieve the desired properties and strength.
The use of recycled M40 concrete in new construction projects can provide several benefits,
including:

i.Lowering the environmental impact of construction projects by reducing the need for
natural resources and landfill space.

ii.Reducing the cost of new construction projects by using recycled materials.

iii.Improving the sustainability and durability of new construction projects by using high-
quality recycled materials.

It is important to ensure that the recycled M40 concrete is of high quality and suitable for use
in new construction projects. The quality of the recycled concrete can be tested and verified
through various methods, including compressive strength tests and slump tests, to ensure that
it meets the required standards and specifications.

7
Recycling M40 concrete can help to reduce waste and conserve natural resources. It can also
help to reduce the environmental impact of construction projects by reducing the amount of
waste that ends up in landfills.

Fig.3: Concrete Mixer

8
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

1. "Study on Strength Development of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with

Different Mix Proportions":-

The study investigated the strength development of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with
different mix proportions. The researchers used recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) obtained
from M40 grade concrete to produce RAC with different mix proportions of natural coarse
aggregate (NCA). The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of
the RAC were tested at different ages, including 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 60 days.
Result:
The results showed that the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural
strength of RAC decreased with an increase in the percentage of RCA in the concrete mix.
However, the RAC still met the strength requirements for M40 grade concrete. The study
concluded that the use of RCA in concrete mixtures is a viable option for sustainable
construction and can reduce the environmental impact of construction projects.

Limitations:
One limitation of the study was that only one type of RCA was used, obtained from M40
grade concrete. Therefore, further research is needed to investigate the use of RCA from
different sources and its effect on the strength development of RAC. Overall, this study
provides valuable insights into the use of RCA in concrete mixtures for sustainable
construction.

2. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate":-

9
The study by Nuno Pereira et al. (2013) investigated the mechanical properties of concrete
made with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) obtained from M40 grade concrete. The
researchers conducted compressive strength tests, modulus of elasticity tests, and splitting
tensile strength tests on concrete specimens with different percentages of RCA, ranging from
0% to 100%. The tests were conducted at different ages, including 7 days, 28 days, and 90
days.

Result:

The results showed that the use of RCA had a negative effect on the mechanical properties of
concrete, but the decrease in strength was not significant. The compressive strength, modulus
of elasticity, and splitting tensile strength decreased as the percentage of RCA in the concrete
mix increased. However, the decrease in strength was not proportional to the percentage of
RCA. For instance, the compressive strength of concrete decreased by 10% when the
percentage of RCA increased from 0% to 50%, but decreased by only 6% when the
percentage of RCA increased from 50% to 100%.

Limitations:

The study concluded that the use of RCA in concrete is a feasible option for sustainable
construction, but the amount of RCA in the concrete mix should be limited to 50% or less to
ensure that the mechanical properties of concrete are not significantly affected. The
researchers also recommended that further research should be conducted to investigate the
long-term durability of concrete made with RCA.
In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanical properties of concrete
made with RCA obtained from M40 grade concrete. The findings indicate that the use of RCA
is a feasible option for sustainable construction, but the percentage of RCA in the concrete
mix should be limited to ensure that the mechanical properties of concrete are not
significantly affected.
3. "Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in High-Strength Concrete":-

The study investigated the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in high-strength concrete
(HSC) with a compressive strength of 69 MPa. The researchers conducted compressive
strength tests and modulus of elasticity tests on HSC specimens with different percentages of
RCA, ranging from 0% to 100%. The tests were conducted at different ages, including 7 days,
28 days, and 56 days.

10
 Result:
The results showed that the use of RCA had a negative effect on the compressive strength and
modulus of elasticity of HSC. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity decreased
as the percentage of RCA in the concrete mix increased. However, the decrease in strength
was not significant when the percentage of RCA was limited to 30%. The study concluded
that the use of RCA in HSC is a feasible option for sustainable construction, but the amount of
RCA in the concrete mix should be limited to 30% or less to ensure that the mechanical
properties of HSC are not significantly affected.

Limitation:
The researchers also investigated the effect of the age of RCA on the properties of HSC. They
found that the strength and modulus of elasticity of HSC made with fresh RCA were lower
than those made with aged RCA. This indicates that the use of aged RCA can improve the
mechanical properties of HSC.
In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the use of RCA in HSC. The findings
indicate that the use of RCA in HSC is a feasible option for sustainable construction, but the
percentage of RCA in the concrete mix should be limited to 30% or less to ensure that the
mechanical properties of HSC are not significantly affected. The study also highlights the
importance of the age of RCA in the properties of HSC.

1)

11
 RESEARCH OF METHODOLOGY

The research methodology in recycling of M40 concrete typically involves the following
steps:

●Literature review:
This step involves reviewing the existing literature on the use of recycled concrete aggregates
(RCA) in concrete, including the properties of RCA, the effects of RCA on concrete
properties, and the potential environmental and economic benefits of using RCA.

●Collection and testing of materials:

This step involves collecting samples of waste concrete from construction and demolition
sites and testing the quality and properties of the recycled aggregate obtained from the waste
concrete. The testing typically includes tests for aggregate grading, density, water absorption,
and crushing value.

●Mix design and concrete production:

Based on the results of material testing, the mix design of recycled M40 concrete is optimized
to achieve the desired properties. The mix design typically includes the proportion of recycled
aggregates, cement, water, and other additives, such as fly ash, silica fume, and
superplasticizer.
The recycled M40 concrete is then produced in the laboratory or at a construction site.

●Testing of recycled M40 concrete:

The properties of the recycled M40 concrete are then tested in the laboratory, including
compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, durability properties, and other

12
 relevant properties. The testing typically follows the relevant standard procedures, such as
ASTM or BS standards.

●Analysis and interpretation of results:

The test results are analyzed and interpreted to evaluate the performance of the recycled M40
concrete and to compare it with traditional concrete made with natural aggregates. The
analysis typically includes statistical analysis, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), to
determine the significance of the differences between the properties of recycled M40 concrete
and traditional concrete.

●Discussion of results and conclusions:

Based on the analysis of the results, the findings are discussed, and conclusions are drawn
regarding the feasibility and potential benefits of using recycled M40 concrete in construction
projects. The discussion may also include recommendations for future research or practical
applications of recycled M40 concrete.

13
 Chapter 3

3.1 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

1. Equipment and Materials:

- Coarse aggregate sample
- Set of sieves with different mesh sizes (typically 80 mm, 63 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm,
4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 µm, 300 µm, 150 µm, and pan)
- Mechanical shaker or sieve shaker machine
- Balance or scale (capable of measuring at least 0.1% accuracy)
- Clean trays or containers
- Oven

2. Sample Preparation:
- Take a representative sample of coarse aggregate. The sample size depends on the
specifications and the purpose of the analysis. A typical sample size is around 10-15 kg.
- Thoroughly mix the sample to ensure it is homogeneous.

3. Sieve Setup:
- Arrange the sieves in descending order of mesh size, with the largest sieve at the top and the
smallest at the bottom.
- Place a clean tray or container at the bottom to collect the material passing through the finest
sieve (pan).

4. Sieving Process:
- Start by placing the entire coarse aggregate sample onto the top sieve (largest mesh size).
- Cover the stack of sieves and sieve shaker machine (if using) to prevent material loss during
sieving.
- Start the mechanical shaker or sieve shaker machine and allow it to run for a sufficient
duration to ensure proper sieving. The duration can vary but is typically around 10-15 minutes.

14
 - After sieving, remove each sieve from the stack, one by one, and carefully separate the
retained material on each sieve. Use a brush to aid in the separation process.
- Collect and weigh the material retained on each sieve.

5. Determination of Particle Size Distribution:

- Record the weight of each sieve and the total weight of the material retained on each sieve.
- Calculate the percentage of aggregate retained on each sieve by dividing the weight of
material retained on a particular sieve by the initial sample weight and multiplying by 100.
- Calculate the cumulative percentage passing for each sieve by subtracting the cumulative
percentage retained from 100.
- Plot the particle size distribution curve using a graph, with the sieve sizes (mesh sizes) on the
x-axis and the cumulative percentage passing on the y-axis.

6. Additional Considerations:
- If the material passing through the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve is significant, a separate fine sieve
analysis should be performed using finer sieves to determine the fines content accurately.
- It's important to ensure that the sieves are clean and free from any previous residue before
starting the analysis.
- If the aggregate contains a significant amount of moisture, it is recommended to dry the
sample in an oven at a specified temperature (e.g., 110°C) before conducting the sieve analysis.

15
IS sieve size Weight of %age of total Calculation % %age
aggregate weight retained age of total passing
retained weight retained

20mm 0 0 0 100%

16mm 47.3 4.73 4.73 95.27%

12.5mm 4.94 49.40 54.13 45.87%

10mm 374.7 37.47 91.60 8.40%

4.75mm 76.0 7.60 99.20 0.80%

pan 8.0 0.80 100% zero

Total coarse aggregate=1000g

16
3.2 sieve ananlysis of fine aggregate

1. Equipment and Materials:

- Fine aggregate sample

- Set of sieves with different mesh sizes (typically 10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600
µm, 300 µm, 150 µm, 75 µm, and pan)

- Mechanical shaker or sieve shaker machine

- Balance or scale (capable of measuring at least 0.1% accuracy)

- Clean trays or containers

- Oven

2. Sample Preparation:

- Take a representative sample of fine aggregate. The sample size depends on the
specifications and the purpose of the analysis. A typical sample size is around 2-3 kg.

- Thoroughly mix the sample to ensure it is homogeneous.

3. Sieve Setup:

- Arrange the sieves in ascending order of mesh size, with the smallest sieve at the top and

17
the largest at the bottom.

- Place a clean tray or container at the bottom to collect the material passing through the
finest sieve (pan).

4. Sieving Process:

- Start by placing the entire fine aggregate sample onto the top sieve (smallest mesh size).

- Cover the stack of sieves and sieve shaker machine (if using) to prevent material loss
during sieving.

- Start the mechanical shaker or sieve shaker machine and allow it to run for a sufficient
duration to ensure proper sieving. The duration can vary but is typically around 5-10 minutes.

- After sieving, remove each sieve from the stack, one by one, and carefully separate the
retained material on each sieve. Use a brush to aid in the separation process.

- Collect and weigh the material retained on each sieve.

5. Determination of Particle Size Distribution:

- Record the weight of each sieve and the total weight of the material retained on each sieve.

- Calculate the percentage of aggregate retained on each sieve by dividing the weight of
material retained on a particular sieve by the initial sample weight and multiplying by 100.

- Calculate the cumulative percentage passing for each sieve by subtracting the cumulative
percentage retained from 100.

18
 - Plot the particle size distribution curve using a graph, with the sieve sizes (mesh sizes) on
the x-axis and the cumulative percentage passing on the y-axis.

6. Additional Considerations:

- It's important to ensure that the sieves are clean and free from any previous residue before
starting the analysis.

- If the fine aggregate contains a significant amount of moisture, it is recommended to dry

the sample in an oven at a specified temperature (e.g., 110°C) before conducting the sieve
analysis.

- For finer sieves (e.g., 75 µm and smaller), special care should be taken to avoid the loss of
fines. Gentle tapping or brushing can be used to ensure accurate results.

19
Total Wt = 800 gm

IS sieve Weight retained Weight retained Passing(%) IS Grading

size(mm) in(gm) in(%) Zone-II

10.00 47.2 5.90 94 100

4.75 31.0 9.78 90 90-100

2.36 61.3 17.44 83 75-100

1.18 149.3 36.1 64 55-90

0.600 155.5 55.54 44 35-59

0.300 192.3 79.58 20 8-30

0.150 106.6 92.91 7 0-10

Pan 56.8 100 ……. …..

20
 3.3 Specific gravity of cement

Mainly Specific Gravity is the is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a
reference substance at a fixed temperature. On the other words, it is the ratio of the mass of a
substance to the mass of a reference substance. And the theme is also same for cement. Specific
Gravity of cement is the ratio of the density or mass of cement to the density or mass of a
reference substance.

But in both of the state's density or mass, the volume should be same. If the volume does not
remain same the specific gravity has no existence then. Because the mass or density will be
changed of the substance or reference substance.

Required Materials & Apparatus

Followings are the specific gravity test apparatus and materials:

 Kerosene
 Ordinary Portland Cement
 Le-Chatelier Flask of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer of 100 ml
 Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Specific Gravity Test Procedure for Cement
The specific gravity test procedure contains only four steps. Followings are the four steps to be
followed to perform specific gravity test of cement:

The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the empty
flask. Which is W1.
Next, fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask around 50gm and weigh with its stopper.
And it is W2.

21
Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air bubbles in it.
Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene. And it is W3.
Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask for counting W4.
Specific Gravity Calculation
3.4 Specifc gravity and water absorption of coarse aggregate
Specific gravity test of aggregates is done to measure the strength or quality of the material
while water absorption test determines the water holding capacity of the coarse and fine
aggregates. The main objective of these test is to,
To measure the strength or quality of the material.
To determine the water absorption of aggregates.

Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the weight of an
equal volume of water. It is the measure of strength or quality of the specific material.
Aggregates having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific
gravity values.
Contents: [show]

Procedure of Water Absorption and Specific Gravity Test on Aggregates

There are three methods of testing for the determination of the specific gravity of aggregates,
according to the size of the aggregates larger than 10 mm, 40 mm and smaller than 10 mm.
For Samples larger than 10 mm, 40 mm, the below given test method is used and for
samples smaller than 10 mm Pycnometer test is done.

Apparatus for testing Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Aggregates

Apparatus Required
 A balance of capacity about 3kg, to weigh accurate 0.5g, and of such a type and shape
as to permit weighing of the sample container when suspended in water.
 A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature at 100-110° C.
 A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient
size with thin wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.

22
  A container for filling water and suspending the basket
 An air tight container of capacity similar to that of the basket
 A shallow tray and two absorbent clothes, each not less than 75x45cm.

Procedure
About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and placed in
wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22- 32º C and a cover
of at least 5cm of water above the top of basket.
Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket
containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop at the rate of about
one drop per second. The basket and aggregate should remain completely immersed in
water for a period of 24 hour afterwards.
The basket and the sample are weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22° –
32°C. The weight while suspended in water is noted = W1g.
The basket and aggregates are removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes,
after which the aggregates are transferred to the dry absorbent clothes. The empty basket is
then returned to the tank of water jolted 25 times and weighed in water= W2 g.
The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture could
be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth spread
in single layer and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely
surface dry. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed = W3 g
The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature
of 110° C for 24 hrs. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an air tight container and
weighted=W4 g.

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Result

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

S.no Description Observed value

1. Weight of S.S.D aggregate in water (w1)gm 1566

2. Weight of S.S.D aggregate in air (w2)gm 2441

3. Weight of oven dried aggregate in air (w3)gm 2429.5

4. Specific gravity = w3/(w2-w1) 2.777

5. Apparent specific gravity = w3/(w3-w1) 2.830

6. Water absorption = [(w2-w3)/w3]*100 % 0.47

24
 3.5 Specifc gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate
The object of the experiment is to determine the Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of
Fine Aggregate by using Pycnometer or Specific Gravity Flask. Specific Gravity is the ratio
of the mass of a unit volume of soil at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume
of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.

Apparatus
1. Weighing balance
2. Thermostatically controlled oven
3. Pycnometer
4. Enamel tray
5. Airtight container
6. Glass rod
7. Wash bottle
8. Filter Paper
9. Funnel

PROCEDURE
1. Take 500 gms of the sample (Sand) in the SSD (Saturated Surface Dry) condition.
Weight of Sample = ……………….. (D)
2. The sample is then placed in Pycnometer and fill the Pycnometer with Distilled water
properly.
Weight of Pycnometer + Sample + Water = ……………….. (A)
Now, empty the contents of the pycnometer an enamel tray. Wash and wipe the pycnometer
properly.

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3. Fill the Pycnometer with only distilled water.
Weight of Pycnometer + Water = ……………….. (B)
4. The water from the enamel tray is removed by decantation in a beaker. Again the solution
form the beaker is passed through filter paper with the help of funnel in another beaker. The
total sample (sample left in enamel tray + sample left in filter paper) is then placed in a
thermostatically controlled oven at 100-degree Celcius for 24 hours. After 24 hours the
sample is then allowed to cool in an airtight container. Now note the weight of the oven-dry
sample.
Weight of Oven dry sample = ……………….. (D)

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 Result
S.no Description Observed
value
1. Mass of S.S.D aggregate in air (w1)gm 509

2. Mass of pycnometer bottle + water + ssd sample (w2)gm 1774

3. Mass of pycnometer bottle filled with water (w3)gm 1457

4. Mass of oven dned aggregate in air (w4)gm 499

5. Specific gravity = (w4)/[w1-(w2-w3)] 2.599

6. Apparent specific gravity = (w4)/[w4-(w2-w3)] 2.742

7. Water absorption = [(w1-w4)/w4]*100% 2.00

Specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate

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 Chapter 4
Compressive strength of concrete
The ability of hardened concrete cube to resist the compression loads applied on the surface is
known as concrete blockthe compressive strength of concrete.
Otherwise, the compressive strength of concrete is defined as the maximum crushing stress
endured by the concrete.

Apparatus Required
 Steel Mould (150mm x 150mm x 150mm)
 Tamping rod
 CTM Machine
 Trowel
 Weighing machine

Procedure

1. Remove the samples from the water after curing time specified and excess water from the
surface should be wiped.
2. The dimension of the samples to the nearest 0.2m taken
3. The bearing surface of the testing machine should be cleaned
4. Place the sample in the machine so that the load is applied to the opposite sides of the cube
cast.
5. Align the centre of the sample with the machine's base plate.
6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
7. Gently rotate the movable part by hand so that it touches the upper surface of the sample.
8. Apply load gradually at a rate of 140 kg / cm2 per minute until the samples fail.
9. The maximum load recorded and any unusual features in the type of failure noted.

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Result-

Height inch 7.54

Width inch 5.91

Length inch 11.81

Weight kg 15.6

Area of block 69.80

Load in kn 1135

Load in Ib 255159

Compressive strength PSI 3656

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 CONCLUSION

Recycling M40 concrete is an eco-friendly method that can greatly lessen the negative effects
of construction activities on the environment. Crushing and reusing discarded M40 concrete
for tasks like road building, landscaping, and backfilling constitute recycling M40 concrete.
Recycling M40 concrete provides a number of benefits, including lowering the quantity of
trash sent to landfills, protecting natural resources, and lowering the carbon footprint of
building projects. Furthermore, because recycled aggregates might be less expensive than raw
ones, using recycled concrete can save costs.
Recycled concrete's quality, however, might be an issue because it might include impurities
and pollutants that reduce its tensile strength and longevity. Thus, it is crucial to carry out
appropriate testing and quality control procedures to make sure that the recycled concrete
adheres to the necessary norms and requirements.
In conclusion, recycling M40 concrete can be a practical and sustainable way to cut down on
construction waste and protect the environment. To make sure that the recycled concrete
adheres to the necessary norms and requirements, proper testing and quality control procedures
should be performed.
Scope of study in future
In the future, the scope of study in recycling of M40 concrete can focus on numerous topics,
including:
●Development of advanced recycling technologies: The development of advanced recycling
technologies such as high-pressure water jetting, microwave-assisted recycling, and
electrochemical recycling can improve the efficiency and quality of the recycling process.
●Investigation of the recycled M40 concrete's long-term performance: Long-term studies
can be carried out to look into the concrete's performance over a period of time, including its
sturdiness, strength, and resistance to environmental elements like freeze-thaw cycles and
chemical attack.
●Development of sustainable construction practices:The use of recycled M40 concrete can be
incorporated into sustainable construction techniques, such as the use of green building
materials and the use of low-carbon construction methods, to reduce the use of new materials
and resources.
●Utilizing recycled M40 concrete: Utilizing recycled M40 concrete more effectively can assist
to maximize its advantages and reduce its drawbacks in a number of different applications,
including road building, landscaping, and backfilling.
●Recycled M40 concrete life cycle evaluation: To find areas for improvement and
optimisation, a life cycle assessment can be used to analyze the environmental effects of
recycled M40 concrete throughout its life cycle, including manufacture, transportation, usage,
and disposal.

30
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 8,No.6, pp. 677-690, 2007.
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