Kanzul Cell & Molecular Biology
Kanzul Cell & Molecular Biology
Kanzul Cell & Molecular Biology
BIOLOGY
TOPICS
Synthesis of Protein
By:
Semester: 1st
The synthesis of
proteins starts with
transcribing the
instructions in
DNA into mRNA.
The synthesis of
proteins starts with
transcribing the
instructions in
DNA into mRNA.
The synthesis of
proteins starts with
transcribing the
instructions
in DNA into
mRNA.
The synthesis of proteins starts with transcribing the
instructions in DNA into mRNA.
Eukaryotes:
In eukaryotes, mRNA is synthesized in the
The decoding of mRNA is carried out by the ribosome, which binds the
mRNA and translate it with transfer RNA. The ribosome move along the mRNA
reading the message, recruiting the proper tRNA at each step, and synthesizing a
new polypeptide chain.
The correspondence between genes and mRNA dictates the way in which
protein are made. An early rule of molecular biology was beadle and Tatum’s
dictum “one gene one enzyme” The rule was late broaded to include other
proteins in addition to enzyme. Proteins are therefore often referred to as “gene
product” However, it must be remembered that some RNA molecules (such as
tRNA, rRNA and small nuclear RNA) are never translated into protein and are
therefore also gene product.
Furthermore, instance are now known where one gene may encode
multiple protein. Two relatively widespread cases of this are known alternative
splicing and polyprotein. In eukaryotic cell the coding sequences of gene are
often interrupted by noncoding region the introns. The intron are removed by
splicing at the level of mRNA. Alternative splicing schemes may generate
multiple mRNA molecule and same gene. This is especially frequent in higher
eukaryotes, in particular vertebrates. A set of protein generated in this manner
shares much of their sequence and structure.
In eukaryotic cells, most mRNA only carry information from single gene
and therefore can only be translated into a single protein. This causes problem
for certain viruses that infect eukaryotic cells and that have RNA genome. To
circumvent the problem, these viruses make a huge “Polyprotein” from an
extremely long coding sequence in their RNA. This polyprotein is then cut up it
into several smaller protein.
Finally there are occasional oddities such as the generation of two protein
from the same gene due to frameshifting. Despite these exception it is still
generally true that most gene give rise to a single protein.
TRANSCRIPITION
The process of transcription the DNA double helix opens, and the enzyme
RNA polymerase synthesizes a molecule of mRNA according to the base
sequence of the DNA template.
The nucleotide of the DNA strand are read in group of three, each group is
a codon thus a codon may be CGA or TTA , or GCT or any other combination of
the four bases depending on the codon complementary sequence in the DNA
strand, Each codon will later serve as a “code word” for an amino acid. First,
however the codon are transcribed to the mRNA molecule. Thus the mRNA
molecule consist of nothing more than a series of codon received from the
genetic message in the DNA.
TRANSLATION
The genetic code is transferred to an amino acid sequence in a protein
through the translation process which begin with the arrival of the mRNA
molecule at the ribosome while the mRNA was being synthesize tRNA molecule
were uniting with their specific amino acid according to the activity of specific
enzyme. The tRNA molecule then began transporting their amino acid to the
ribosome to meet the mRNA molecule.
After it arrive at the ribosome, the mRNA molecule exposes its bases in
sets of there, the codon Each codon of the complementary codon called an anti
code on a tRNA molecule when the codon of the mRNA molecule complement
the anticodon an the tRNA molecule the latter place the particular amino acid in
that position.
One by one amino acid are added to the growing chain until the ribosome
has moved down to the end of the mRNA molecule. Because of the specificity of
tRNA molecule for their individual amino acid and because of the base pairing
between codons and anticodon the sequence of codon and anticodon on the
mRNA molecule determine the sequence of amino acid in the protein being
constricted.
After the protein has been synthesized completely, it is removed from the
ribosome for further processing and the perform its function.
For example: the protein may be stored in the Golgi apparatus before
being released by the cell or it may be stored in the lysosome as a digestive
enzyme. Also, a protein may be used in the call as a structural component, or it
may be released as a hormone such as insulin after synthesis, the mRNA
molecule breaks up and the nucleotides return to the nucleus. The tRNA
molecule return to the cytoplasm to unite with other molecule and ribosome
awaits the arrival of a new mRNA molecule.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OCCUR IN
MITOCHONDRIA , CHLOROPLASTS
circular DNA that encode some of their own gene and they divide by binary
fission they contain their own ribosome and make their own protein.
IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS