Nurs Ass

INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE
SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING
Tittle: cryptosporidiosis and isosporidiosis
NO. NAME ID.

1. FITSUM ASNAKE……………………………..1204028
2. GARI MITIKU…………………………………..1201305
3. GALATA MULUGETA……………………….1205061
4. RAKEB DESALEGN………………………….1205761
5. MOHAMMED KEDIR…………………………1200780
6. YESERASH AMLAk…………………………….1200626
7. SIFAN TINSHU DABA…………………………1205146
SUB.TO DEREJE T [MSC]
SUB. DATE FEBRUARY 24 2023

What is cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidiosis is an infection that causes diarrhea.
It is sometimes called Crypto. It is caused
by a parasite found in stool. You can get this infection after eating food or
drinking water that is contaminated with stool. This includes swallowing water
while swimming. You can also get infected if you touch things or surfaces
contaminated with stool. You can also get the infection from another person.
The parasite has an outer shell. Because of this, using chlorine to clean water may
not kill the parasite. Crypto is one of the most common causes of waterborne
disease in the U.S.
What causes cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium. Once inside your

body, the parasite passes through your digestive tract and infects your stool.
Anything contaminated with the infected stool can pass the infection on to other
people.
Who is at risk for cryptosporidiosis?
The parasite is found throughout the world. But you are more likely to get the
infection if you travel to rural areas in developing countries. Or if you often eat or
drink in areas where sanitation is poor. Outbreaks have also occurred in the U.S.
when water supplies or swimming pools become infected.
The disease is spread by accidentally swallowing anything that has come into
contact with the stool of a person or animal with the infection. This includes:
 Swallowing water contaminated with the parasite. The parasite can be found
in swimming pools, hot tubs, jacuzzis, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, or
streams contaminated with sewage or stool.
 Eating uncooked foods tainted with the parasite.
 Swallowing the parasite picked up from surfaces contaminated with the stool
of an infected person. This includes bathroom fixtures, changing tables, and
diaper pails.
Cryptosporidiosis is normally not a serious disease in healthy people. But it can

lead to a life-threatening illness for people with a weak immune system. Those at
risk are:
 People with HIV/AIDS

 Cancer and transplant patients who are taking certain medicines that
suppress the immune system
 People with inherited diseases that affect the immune system
What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?
Each person may have slightly different symptoms. These are the most common
symptoms:
 Diarrhea
 Loose or watery stools
 Vomiting
 Weight loss
 Stomach cramps
 Fever
You may not have any symptoms. If symptoms do develop, they often last about 2
weeks and sometimes longer. But even if you have no symptoms, the parasite is
passed in your stool for up to 2 months. During this time you are at risk of
spreading the infection to others.
How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will look at a stool sample. Sometimes multiple stool
samples (usually 3) will be needed since this parasite is found only intermittently
in the stool. You will need special testing because tests for this disease are not
routinely done in labs.
How is cryptosporidiosis treated?
Most people with a healthy immune system do not need to be treated as

cryptosporidiosis will resolve on its own. In those who have weak immune
systems, the focus of treatment is often on getting the immunity back. Otherwise, a
medicine called nitazoxanide can be used to treat this parasite.
Your healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment for you based on:
 How old you are

 Your overall health and past health
 How sick you are
 How well you can handle specific medicines, procedures, or therapies
 How long the condition is expected to last
 Your opinion or preference
No treatment works fully against the infection. If you have a healthy immune
system, you will likely recover on your own. People who are in poor health or have
a weak immune system may get a more serious infection. In some cases, you may
need to take medicine for diarrhea. It’s important to drink plenty of fluids to stay
hydrated.
Can cryptosporidiosis be prevented?
There is no vaccine to prevent cryptosporidiosis. The best way to protect yourself

is with good personal hygiene. Also:
 Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet or
changing diapers.
 Wash your hands thoroughly before eating or making food.
 Wash and peel all raw fruits and vegetables before eating.
 Don't drink water from lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, or streams, unless they
have been filtered and chemically treated.
 Don't drink any water or eat any food that may be tainted.
 When traveling to countries where the water supply may be unsafe, do not
drink unboiled tap water. Also do not eat any raw foods washed with tap
water. Choose steaming hot drinks, such as coffee and tea, and pasteurized
fruit drinks. Make sure bottled water is safe to drink.
 Many home water filters can remove Cryptosporidium. Read the label for
details.
ISOSPORIASIS,
Also known as cystoisosporiasis, is a human intestinal disease caused by the

parasite Cystoisospora belli (previously known as Isospora belli). It is found
worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Infection often occurs
in immuno-compromised individuals, notably AIDS patients, and outbreaks have
been reported in institutionalized groups in the United States. The first documented
case was in 1915. It is usually spread indirectly, normally through contaminated
food or water (CDC.gov).
SIGN AND SYMPOTEM
Infection causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, which

can last for weeks and result in malabsorption and weight loss. In
immunodepressed patients, and in infants and children, the diarrhea can be
severe. Eosinophilia may be present (differently from other protozoan infections).
TRANSMISSION
People become infected by swallowing the mature parasite; this normally occurs
through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. The infected host then
produces an immature form of the parasite in their feces, and when the parasite
matures, it is capable of infecting its next host, via food or water containing the
parasite.
LIFE CYCLE
At time of excretion, the immature oocyst contains usually one sporoblast (more

rarely two). In further maturation after excretion, the sporoblast divides in two, so
the oocyst now contains two sporoblasts. The sporoblasts secrete a cyst wall, thus
becoming sporocysts; and the sporocysts divide twice to produce four sporozoites
each. Infection occurs by ingestion of sporocyst-containing oocysts: the sporocysts
excyst in the small intestine and release their sporozoites, which invade the
epithelial cells and initiate schizogony. Upon rupture of the schizonts,
the merozoites are released, invade new epithelial cells, and continue the cycle of
asexual multiplication. Trophozoites develop into schizonts which contain multiple
merozoites. After a minimum of one week, the sexual stage begins with the
development of male and female gametocytes. Fertilization results in the
development of oocysts that are excreted in the stool. Cystoisospora belli infects
both humans and animals.
DIAGNOSIS
Microscopic demonstration of the large typically shaped oocysts is the basis for
diagnosis. Because the oocysts may be passed in small amounts and intermittently,
repeated stool examinations and concentration procedures are recommended. If
stool examinations are negative, examination of duodenal specimens by biopsy or
string test (Enterotest) may be needed. The oocysts can be visualized on wet
mounts by microscopy with bright-field, differential interference contrast (DIC),
and epifluorescence. They can also be stained by modified acid-fast stain.
Typical laboratory analyses include:
 Microscopy
 Morphologic comparison with other intestinal parasites
 Bench aids for Cystoisospora
PREVENTION
Avoiding food or water that may be contaminated with stool can help prevent the
infection of Cystoisospora (Isosporiasis). Good hand-washing, and personal-
hygiene practices should be used as well. One should wash their hands with soap
and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food
(CDC.gov). It is also important to teach children the importance of washing their
hands, and how to properly wash their hands.
TREATEMENT
The treatment of choice is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim).

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INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY

Tittle: cryptosporidiosis and isosporidiosis

NO. NAME ID.

7. SIFAN TINSHU DABA…………………………1205146

SUB.TO DEREJE T [MSC]

SUB. DATE FEBRUARY 24 2023

Cryptosporidiosis is an infection that causes diarrhea.

It is sometimes called Crypto. It is caused

What causes cryptosporidiosis?

Cryptosporidiosis is caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium. Once inside your

Who is at risk for cryptosporidiosis?

Cryptosporidiosis is normally not a serious disease in healthy people. But it can

 People with HIV/AIDS

What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?

How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed?

Most people with a healthy immune system do not need to be treated as

 How old you are

Can cryptosporidiosis be prevented?

There is no vaccine to prevent cryptosporidiosis. The best way to protect yourself

Also known as cystoisosporiasis, is a human intestinal disease caused by the

SIGN AND SYMPOTEM

Infection causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, which

At time of excretion, the immature oocyst contains usually one sporoblast (more

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