Manav School of Polytechnic vyala, Akola

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Academic Year - 2021-22

Semester V

Switchgear and Protection Project

Submitted to M.S.B.T.E. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Diploma in

Electrical Engineering

Project on – “Basics of protection ’’

Submitted By
Mr. Yogesh S. Khandare
Mr.Himanshu.V Khobragade
Mr. Piyush K.Yeraballi

Project Guide-
Prof. P.G. Bhende

Subject teacher head of the department

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

Roll No , of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering of Institute Manav School Of Polytechnic ,vyala
,Akola (Code: 1668) has completed the Micro-Project satisfactorily
in Subject Switchgear and protection (22524) for the academic year
2021 to 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: - Enrollment No:-

Date: - Exam Seat No:-

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

Roll No , of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering of Institute Manav School Of Polytechnic ,vyala
,Akola (Code: 1668) has completed the Micro-Project satisfactorily
in Subject Switchgear and protection (22524) for the academic year
2021 to 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: - Enrollment No:-

Date: - Exam Seat No:-

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

Roll No , of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Electrical
Engineering of Institute Manav School Of Polytechnic ,vyala
,Akola (Code: 1668) has completed the Micro-Project satisfactorily
in Subject Switchgear and protection (22524) for the academic year
2021 to 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: - Enrollment No:-

Date: - Exam Seat No:-

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 Acknowledgement

I feel proud to present my investigatory project in SAP on the topic

“Prepare a detailed Report on Basics of protection”
This project wouldn’t have been feasible without the proper and
rigorous guidance of my SAP teacher Prof. P.G. Bhende who guided us
throughout this project in every possible way. An investigatory project
involves various difficult laboratory experiments which have to be
carried out by the student to obtain the observation and conclude the
report on a meaningful note. These experiments are very critical and in
the case of failure may result in disastrous consequence there by. I
would like to thank Prof. P.G. Bhende for both guiding us on a step by
step basis and ensuring that I completed all my experiment with ease.
Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to ensure that it proves
to be the best I hope the best I hope that this project will prove to be a
breeding ground for the next generation of student and will guide them
in every possible way.
 Contents
Sr. no Topic Page.
no

1 Abstract 7
2 Introduction to protection 8
scheme

3 Necessity of protection 9
scheme

4 Requirements of protection 10
5 Types of faults 11
6 Some other causes of 12
electrical faults

7 Effect of electrical faults 14

8 Fault limiting devices 15
9 Circuit breaker 16
10 Relay 17
11 Primary protection 18
12 Backup protection 19
13 Summery 21
14 Conclusion 21
15 References 22
 Abstract
The word “protection” is used here to describe the whole concept of
protecting a power system. The term ‘protective gear (or ‘protective
equipment’) is widelyused in that sense: but here that term will be used in the
narrower sense of the actual components used in achieving the desired
protection.
 Basic of protection

 Introduction

The word “protection” is used here to describe the whole concept of

protecting a power system. The term ‘protective gear (or ‘protective
equipment’) is widelyused in that sense: but here that term will be used in the
narrower sense of the actual components used in achieving the desired
protection.
The function of protective equipment is not the preventive one its name
would imply, in that it takes action only after a fault has occurred: it is the
ambulance at the foot of the cliff rather than the fence at the top. (Only few
exceptions, Buchholz relay).
Protection is the branch of electric power engineering concerned with the
principles of design and operation of equipment (called ‘relays’ or ‘protective
relays’) that detects abnormal power system conditions, and initiates corrective
action as quickly as possible in order to return the power system to its normal
state.
The quickness of response is an essential element of protective relaying systems
Response times of the order of a few milliseconds are often required.
Consequently, human intervention in the protection system operation is not
possible. The response must be automatic, quick and should cause a minimum
amount of disruption to the power system. The entire subject is governed by
these general requirements: correct diagnosis of trouble, quickness of response
and minimum disturbance to the power system. To accomplish these goals, we
must examine all possible types of fault or abnormal conditions which may
occur in the power system.
We must further examine the possibility that protective relaying equipment
itself may fail to operate correctly, and provide for a backup protective
function. It should be clear that extensive and sophisticated equipment is
needed to accomplish these tasks.
 Necessity of Protective System

The power system should not be allowed to operate under faulty

condition. If it is allowed to do so, it affects the rest of the healthy system and
this result into major damage to the system. Hence faulty part is to be
detected and isolated as quickly as possible. The function of fault detection
and isolation of faulty part is done by protective system. The protective
system is needed at every stage of power system Le. At generation,
transmission and distribution to
Maintain reliability of supply and safety.
The main objective of using power system protection is to detach the
faulty section from the system to make the rest of the portion work without
any disturbance. In addition to this, it is used for the protection of power
systemand prevents the flow of fault current.09-Apr-2019
Requirements of protection

Selectivity: - Selectivity is the ability of the protective system to select correctly the
faulty part of the system and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing rest of the
system. And in order to provide selectivity to the system entire

Discrimination: - Discrimination means identifying the difference between.

This property of protective relaying enables it to Distinguish between the
normal condition and abnormal condition.

Speed: - The protective relays must operate at the required speed. There must
be a correct coordination provided in various power system protection relays in
such a way that for fault at one portion of the system should not disturb other
healthy portion. Fault current may flow through a part of healthy portion since
they are electrically connected but relays associated with that healthy portion
should not be operated faster than the relays of faulty portion otherwise
undesired interruption of healthy system may occur. Again if relay associated
with faulty portion is not operated in proper time due to any defect in it or other
reason, then only the next relay associated with the healthy portion of the system
must be operated to isolate the fault. Hence it should neither be too slow which
may result in damage to the equipment nor should it be too fast which may
result in undesired operation.

Reliability: - It is the ability of the relay system to operate under predetermined

conditions.

Simplicity:-The relay system should be simple so that it can be easily maintained.

Adequateness: - The relay should provide sufficient protection to the system

under abnormal conditions.

Economy: - The most important factor in the choice of particular protection

scheme is the economic aspect. The protective gear should not cost more than
5% of the total cost of equipment to be protected.
 Types of fault and causes
 Some other causes of electrical faults

 Weather conditions: It includes lighting strikes, heavy rains, heavy winds, salt
deposition on overhead lines and conductors, snow and ice accumulation on
transmission lines, etc. These environmental conditions interrupt the power supply
and also damage electrical installations.
 Equipment failures: Various electrical equipments like generators, motors,
transformers, reactors, switching devices, etc causes short circuit faults due to
malfunctioning, ageing, insulation failure of cables and winding. These failures
result in high current to flow through the devices or equipment which further
damages it.
 Human errors: Electrical faults are also caused due to human errors such as
selecting improper rating of equipment or devices, forgetting metallic or electrical
conducting parts after servicing or maintenance, switching the circuit while it is
under servicing, etc.
 Smoke of fires: Ionization of air, due to smoke particles, surrounding the overhead
lines results in spark between the lines or between conductors to insulator. This
flashover causes insulators to lose their insulting capacity due to high voltages.

 Symmetrical fault
These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These
are also called as balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to line
to ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line to line (L-L-L). Only 2-5 percent of system
faults are symmetrical faults. If these faults occur, system remains balanced but
results in severe damage to the electrical power system equipments. Above
figure shows two types of three phase symmetrical faults. Analysis of these faults
is easy and usually carried by per phase basis. Three phase fault analysis or
information is required for selecting set-phase relays, rupturing capacity of the
circuit breakers and rating of the protective switchgear.
Unsymmetrical faults
These are very common and less severe than symmetrical faults. There are
mainly three types namely line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L) and double
line to ground (LL-G) faults Line to ground fault (L-G) is most common fault
and 65-70 percent of faults are of this type.
It causes the conductor to make contact with earth or ground. 15 to 20 percent of
faults are double line to ground and causes the two conductors to make contact
with ground. Line to line faults occur when two conductors make contact with
each other mainly while swinging of lines due to winds and 5- 10 percent of the
faults are of this type.
These are also called unbalanced faults since their occurrence causes unbalance
in the system. Unbalance of the system means that that impedance values are
different in each phase causing unbalance current to flow in the phases. These
are more difficult to analyze and are carried by per phase basis similar to three
phase balanced faults.
 Effect of electrical faults
Over current flow: When fault occurs it creates a very low impedance path for
the current flow. This results in a very high current being drawn from the supply,
causing tripping ofrelays, damaging insulation and components of the equipments.
Danger to operating personnel: Fault occurrence can also cause shocks to
individuals. Severity of the shock depends on the current and voltage at fault
location and even may lead to death.
Loss of equipment: Heavy current due to short circuit faults result in the
components being burnt completely which leads to improper working of equipment
or device. Sometimes heavy fire causes complete burnout of the equipments.
Disturbs interconnected active circuits: Faults not only affect the location at
which they occur but also disturbs the active interconnected circuits to the faulted
line.
• Electricalfires: Short circuit causes flashovers and sparks due to the ionization of air
between two conducting paths which further leads to fire as we often observe in news
such as building and shopping complex fires.

 Fault statistics
  Fault limiting devices

It is possible to minimize causes like human errors, but not environmental changes.
Fault clearing is a crucial task in power system network. If we manage todisrupt or break
the circuit when fault arises, it reduces the considerable damage to the equipments and
also property.
Some of these fault limiting devices include fuses, circuit breakers, relays, etc. and
are discussed below.

 Fuse:
It is the primary protecting device. It is a thin wire enclosed in a casing or glasswhich
connects two metal parts. This wire melts when excessive current flows in circuit. Type
of fuse depends on the voltage at which it is to operate. Manual replacement of wire
is necessary once it blowout.
Types of fuse:
 DC Fuses.

 AC Fuses.
 Cartridge Fuses.
D – Type Cartridge Fuse.
 HRC (High Rupturing Capacity) Fuse oil Link type Cartridge Fuse.
 High Voltage Fuses.
 Automotive, Blade type & Bolted type Fuses.
 SMD Fuses (Surface Mount Fuse), Chip, Radial, and Lead Fuses.
 Circuit breaker:
It makes the circuit at normal as well as breaks at abnormal conditions. It causes
automatic tripping of the circuit when fault occurs. It can be electromechanical
circuit breaker like vacuum / oil circuit breakers etc, or ultrafast electronic circuit
breaker.
Types of circuit breaker:
 Relay:
It is condition based operating switch. It consists of magnetic coil and normally
opens and closed contacts. Fault occurrence raises the current which energizes
relay coil, resulting in the contacts to operate so the circuit is interrupted from
flowing of current. Protective relays are of different types like impedance relays,
mho relays, etc.
Types of relays:

Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Definite time relays

2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
3. Instantaneous relays.
4. IDMT with inst.
5. Stepped characteristic.
6. Programmed switches.
7. Voltage restraint over current relay.

Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as-

1. Differential.
2. Unbalance.
3. Neutral displacement.
4. Directional.
5. Restricted earth fault.
6. Over fluxing.
7. Distance schemes.
8. Bus bar protection.
9. Reverse power relays.
10. Loss of excitation.
11. Negative phase sequence relays etc.

Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as-

1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc
5. Buchholz relay
 Lighting power protection devices:
These include lighting arrestors and grounding devices to protect the system against
lighting and surge voltages
Types of lightning protection devices:
Lightning arrestor

 Primary protection
The primary protection scheme ensures fast and selective clearing of any
circuit fault within the boundaries of the circuit element, that the zone is required
to protect. Primary Protection as a rule is provided for each section of an
electrical installation. It is a first line of defense for our system, very sensitive,
the fault clearing time and the current setting value is lesser as compared with
back up protection. It is responsible for all system protection. Always the
primary protection is having the relay co-coordination of tripping before the
backup protection. Example: Restricted Earth Fault, Differential protection etc.
Reasons for primary protection failure:

1. Current or voltage supply to the relay.

2. D.C. tripping voltage supply-absence of DC tripping voltage. DC Voltage trip

are commonly used for monitoring battery voltage conditions, but can be used in
any application where dc voltage level is critical. Whenever the Battery voltage
reaches abnormal condition the DC tripping relay works in order to protect the
other protective equipment’s relay coil. DC tripping voltage system is mainly
used in sensitive equipment like alternator control circuit and protective circuit,
high voltage Power transformer protective circuit, turbine control panel etc.
3. Protective relays- Relays’ malfunctioning.

4. Failure in the Tripping circuit.

5. Failure in the Circuit Breaker.

6. Loose contact or insufficient contact to reach the trip circuit.

 Backup protection

Back-up protection is the name given to a protection which backs the

primary protection whenever the primary protection failed to operate during
fault condition. The back-up protection by definition is slower than the primary
protection system. The design of the back- up protection needs to be
coordinated with the design of the primary protection and essentially it is the
second line of defense after the primary protection system. Here the backup
protection and primary protection do not have anything common. Generally,
the backup protection is located in different location. From the cost effect and
economy point of view the backup protection will be implemented to protect
the system against short circuit.

Refer above scheme; here the relays C, D, G and H are primary relays
while A, B, I and J are the backup relays. Normally backup relays trips the
circuit breaker, if primary relay fails. So if the primary relay E fails to trip, then
backup relays A and B get tripped. The backup relays and associated backup
relaying equipments are physically apart from the faulty equipment.
The backup relays A and B provide backup protection for fault at station K.
Also the backup relays at A and F provide the backup protection for the faults
in line DB. The backup relaying often provides primary protection when the
primary relays are out of service for repairs. It is obvious that when the backup
relay operates, the larger part of the system is disconnected the important
requirement of backup relaying is that it must operate with sufficient time
delay so that the primary relaying is given a chance to operate. Also the backup
relays should be coordinated with the primary relays. When fault occurs,
both the type of relays starts Relaying operation but primary is expected to
trip first and backup will then reset without having had time to complete its
relaying operation. When the given set of relays provides the backup
protection for several adjacent system elements then the slowest primary
relaying of any of those will determine the necessary time delay of the given
backup relays.
Types of backup protection:

Relays backup protection: Single circuit breaker is used to for both primary
and backup relays.

Breaker Backup protection: Separate circuit breakers are used for both
protections in the same station.

Remote backup protection: one breaker for primary protection in one station
and then another breaker for backup protection in another station.
 Summery

In this project we have discussed about what are protection scheme

and how it protect us from fault and what are their requirements why
we need protection The primary protection scheme ensures fast and
selective clearing of any circuit fault within the boundaries of the
circuit element, that the zone is required to protect.

 Conclusion

From this project we got to know about necessity of protection

system why protection systems are important, how faults occurs,
their effects and how faults are cleared without interrupting the power
supply. We got to know about various protective devices such as
relays, circuit breakers, fuses, etc and how they work. And get
knowledge about various protection schemes
 References

1. Principles of Power System Mehta V.K; Rohit Mehta . S.Chand and Co.,
New Delhi. 2016 ISBN: 978-81-2192-496-2.
2. Switchgear and Protection Rao.Sunil S. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi,
2015 ISBN: 978-81-7409-232-3.
3. Switchgear and Power System Protection Singh, R. P. PPII Learning,
New Delhi,2015 ISBN: 978-81-203-3660-5.
4. Switchgear and Protection Gupta. J. B. S. K. Kataria and Sons, New
Delhi, 2015ISBN: 978-93-5014-372-8.
5. Switchgear and Protection Veerapan, N., Krishnamurty, S. R. S .Chand
and Co., New Delhi. 2014 ISBN: 978-81-2193-212-7.
6. Power System Protection and Switchgear Ram, Badri Vishwakarma D. N.
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 2015 ISBN : 978-07-107774-X