Ir Ahmad Hazari Ismail

Faculty of Civil Engineering

and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
 Introduction

• Foundation – Part of structure which

transmits load from the structure to the
underlying soil or rock
• All soils compress noticeably when loaded
causing structure to settle
 Introduction

• Requirements in the design of foundations:

(i) Total settlement of the structure to be

limited to a tolerably small amount
(ii) Differential settlement of various parts
of structure shall be eliminated
• To limit settlement, it is necessary to transmit the
structure load to a soil stratum of sufficient
strength
• Spread the structure load over a sufficiently large
area of stratum to minimize bearing pressure

• Satisfactory soil: Use footings

• Adequate soil: Use deep foundations i.e. piles
• Pressure distribution under a footing

Uniform Cohesive soil Cohesionless soil

distributed
Pad Footings

• Transmit load from piers and

columns
• Simplest and cheapest type
• Use when soil is relatively strong or
when column loads are relatively
light
• Normally square or rectangular
shape in plan
• Has uniform thickness
Combine Footings

• Use when two columns are closed

together
• Combine the footing to form a
continuous base
• Base to be arranged so that its
centreline coincides with the centre
of gravity of the load – provide
uniform pressure on the soil
Strap Footings

• Use where the base for an exterior

column must not project beyond
the property line
• Strap beam is constructed between
exterior footing & adjacent interior
footing
• Purpose of strap – to restrain
overturning forces due to load
eccentricity on the exterior footing
Strap Footings (continued)

• Base area of the footings are

proportioned to the bearing
pressure
• Resultant of the loads on the two
footings should pass through the
centroid of the area of the two
bases
• Strap beam between the two
footings should NOT bear against
the soil
Strip Footings

• Use for foundations to load-bearing

wall
• Also use when pad footings for
number of columns are closely
spaced
• Also use on weak ground to
increase foundation bearing area
Raft Foundations

• Combine footing which covers the

whole building
• Support all walls & columns
• Useful where column loads are
heavy or bearing capacity is low –
need large base
• Also used where soil mass contains
compressible layers or soil is
variable – differential settlement
difficult to control
Pile Foundations

• More economic to be used when

solid bearing stratum i.e. rock is
deeper than about 3 m
• Pile loads can either be transmitted
to a stiff bearing layer (some
distance below surface) or by
friction along the length of pile
• Pile types – precast (driven into the
soil) or cast in-situ (bored)
• Soil survey is important to provide
guide on the length of pile and safe
load capacity of the pile
 Pile Foundations

Load from
Structure

Pile Cap
Lower Density

P P P P
Medium Density I I I I
L L L L
E E E E

High Density
Thickness and Size of Footing

Area of pad:
𝑮𝒌 + 𝑸𝒌 + 𝑾
𝑨=
𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚

Minimum effective depth of pad:

𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝒅=
𝒗𝒓𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∙ 𝒖𝒐

NEd = Ultimate vertical load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

𝑓 𝑓 𝑐𝑘
vrd,max = 0.5vfcd = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑐𝑘
250 1.5
uo = Column perimeter
Design for Flexure

• Critical section for bending – At the face of the column

• Moment is taken on a section passing completely across the
footing and due to ultimate load on one side of the section
• Moment & shear is assessed using STR (Structure) combination

x
STR Combination 1:
y

y 𝑵 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝑮𝒌 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝑸𝒌
x
Check for Shear

• May fail in shear as vertical shear or punching shear

Vertical shear Punching shear
sections perimeters

2d

Bends may be
d required

h d
 Design of Pad Footing

Check for Shear

(i) Vertical Shear

• Critical section at distance d from the face of column

• Vertical shear force =  Load acting outside the section
• If VEd  VRd,c = No shear reinforcement is required
Check for Shear
(ii) Punching Shear

Axial Force Only

• Critical section at a perimeter 2d from the face of the column

• Punching shear force =  Load outside the critical perimeter
𝑽
• Shear stress, 𝒗 𝑬𝒅 = 𝑬𝒅 where u = Critical perimeter
𝒖∙𝒅
• If vEd  vRd,c = No shear reinforcement is required
• Also ensure that VEd  VRd,max
Check for Shear
(ii) Punching Shear (continued)

Axial Force & Bending Moment

• Punching shear resistance can be significantly reduced of a co-

existing bending, MEd
• However, adverse effect of the moment will give rise to a non-
uniform shear distribution around the control perimeter
• Refer to Cl. 6.4.3(3) of EC2
Check for Shear
(ii) Punching Shear (continued)
𝖰𝑽
Shear stress, 𝒗 𝑬𝒅 = 𝑬𝒅
𝒖𝟏∙𝒅
where;
 = factor used to include effect of eccentric load & bending moment =
𝑀 𝐸𝑑 𝑢1
1+𝑘
𝑉 𝐸𝑑 𝑊1
k = coefficient depending on the ratio between column dimension c1 & c2
c1/c2  0.5 1.0 2.0  3.0
k 0.45 0.60 0.70 0.80

u1 = length of basic control perimeter

W1 = function of basic control perimeter corresponds to the distribution of
shear = 0.5𝑐12 + 𝑐1𝑐2 + 4𝑐2𝑑 + 16𝑑2 + 2𝜋𝑑𝑐1
 Design of Pad Footing

Check for Shear

(ii) Punching Shear (continued)
Cracking & Detailing Requirements
• All reinforcements should extend the full length of the footing
• If 𝐿𝑥 > 1.5 𝑐𝑥 + 3𝑑 , at least two-thirds of the reinforcement parallel
to Ly should be concentrated in a band width 𝑐𝑥 + 3𝑑 centred at
column where Lx & Ly and cx & cy are the footing and column dimension
in x and y directions
• Reinforcements should be anchored each side of all critical sections for
bending. Usually possible to achieve using straight bar
• Spacing between centre of reinforcements  20 mm for fyk = 500
N/mm2
• Reinforcements normally not provided in the side face nor in the top
face (except for balanced & combined foundation)
• Starter bar should terminate in a 90 bend tied to the bottom
reinforcement, or in the case of unreinforced footing spaced 75 mm
off the building
 PAD FOOTING
(AXIAL LOAD ONLY)
Axial Force, N:
Gk = 600 kN
Qk = 400 kN

Column size:
• fck = 25 N/mm2
300  300 mm
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 150 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
h • Design life = 50 years
• Exposure Class = XC2
• Assumed bar = 12 mm

H
Durability & Bond Requirements

Min cover regards to bond, cmin,b = 12 mm cmin = 25 mm

Min cover regards to durability, cmin,dur = 25 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, cdev = 10 mm

Nominal cover, cnom = cmin + cdev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm

 cnom = 35 mm
Size

Service load, N = 1000 kN

Assumed selfweight 10% of service load , W = 100 kN

𝑁+𝑊 1000+100
Area of footing required = = = 7.33 𝑚2
𝛾 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 150

 Try footing size, B  H  h = 3 m  3 m  0.45 m

Area, A = 9 m2
Selfweight, W = 9 0.45  25 = 101 kN

𝑵+𝑾 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟏
Check Service Soil Bearing Capacity = =
𝑨 𝟗
= 122 kN/m2  150 kN/m2 ➔ OK
Analysis

Ultimate axial force, NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= 1.35 (600) + 1.5 (400) = 1410 kN
𝑁 𝐸𝑑 1410
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = = = 157 kN/m2
𝐴 9
Soil pressure per m length, w = 157  3 m = 470 kN/m

0.3 m
1.35 m 1.35 m

w = 470 kN/m
Analysis

Ultimate axial force, NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= 1.35 (600) + 1.5 (400) = 1410 kN
𝑁 𝐸𝑑 1410
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = = = 157 kN/m2
𝐴 9
Soil pressure per m length, w = 157  3 m = 470 kN/m

MEd

0.3 m
1.35 m 1.35 m 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓
𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓
𝟐
×
= 428 kNm
w = 470 kN/m
Main Reinforcement

Effective depth, d = h – c – 1.5bar = 450 – 35 – (1.5  12) = 397 mm

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 428×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.036  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
25×3000×397
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.97𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 428×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟏 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×3
97
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.56
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013  3000  397 = 1589 mm2

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  3000  397 = 54000 mm2

Provide 24H12 (As,prov = 2715 mm2)

(i) Vertical Shear 3m

VEd

d = 397 mm
1.35 m 953 mm
3m

w = 470 kN/m

0.953 m

Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column:

 Design shear force, VEd = 470  0.953 = 448 kN

(i) Vertical Shear

200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.71  2.0
𝑑 397

Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 953 – 35 = 918 mm
 𝑙 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 40∅ + 𝑑 = 40 × 12 + 397 = 877 mm  Asl = 2715 mm2

𝐴𝑠 2715
𝜌 = = = 0.0023 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑 3000 ×
397
(i) Vertical Shear

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.71 100 × 0.0023 × 25 1/3 3000 × 397 = 436463 N = 436
kN
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
= 0.035 × 1.713/2 25 3000 × 397 = 465970 𝑁 = 466 kN

VEd (448 kN)  Vmin (466 kN) ➔ OK

(ii) Punching Shear
Critical shear at 2.0d from face of column: 1350

Average d = 450 – 35 – 12 = 403 mm

 2d = 806 mm 2d = 806 300 2d = 806

Control perimeter, u = (4  300) + (2  806) = 300

6265 mm

Area within perimeter, A = (0.30  0.30) + (4 

0.30  0.806) + (  0.8062) = 3.10 m2
544
 𝑙 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 40∅ + 𝑑 = 40 × 12 + 397 = 877
mm
 Reinforcement NOT contributed to punching
resistance
 Aall = 9 m2
(ii) Punching Shear
Punching shear force:
VEd = 157 (32 – 3.10) = 925 kN Aperim eter = 3.1 0 m2

Punching shear resistance:

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2 𝑢𝑑
= 0.035 1.71 3/2 25 1/2 6265 ×
= 983199 N = 983 kN  VEd (925 kN)
403 ➔ OK

Soil pressure = 157 kN/m2

(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter
Aall = 9 m2

Maximum punching shear force:

VEd,max = 157 (32 – 0.09) = 1400 kN
Acolumn = 0.09 m2

Maximum shear resistance:

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
25 25
= 0.5 4 × 300 × 403 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
= 2176 kN  VEd,max ➔ OK
Soil pressure = 157 kN/m2
Cracking

h = 450 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing
𝐺 𝑘 +0.3𝑄 𝑘 𝐴 𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑓 𝑦𝑘
Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 =
1.35𝐺 𝑘 +1.5𝑄 𝑘 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15
600+0.3×40 2611 500
= 0 = 213 N/mm2
1.35×600+1.5×400 2715 1.15

For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
3000−2 35 −12
Actual bar spacing = = 127 mm  200 mm
23

Cracking OK
Detailing

3000

24H12

3000
450

24H12
3000

24H12

Plan View Section View

 PAD FOOTING
(AXIAL LOAD & MOMENT)
Axial Force, N = 1500 kN
Moment = 50 kNm

Column size: • Design Life = 50 years (Table 2.1: EN

250  350 mm 1990)
• Exposure Class = XC3
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
h
• soil = 150 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Assumed bar = 12 mm

H
Durability & Bond Requirements

Min cover regards to bond, cmin,b = 12 mm cmin = 25 mm

Min cover regards to durability, cmin,dur = 25 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, cdev = 10 mm

Nominal cover, cnom = cmin + cdev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm

 cnom = 35 mm
Size

Service axial, N = 1500 kN / 1.40 = 1071 kN

Service moment, M = 50 kNm / 1.40 = 36.1 kNm
Assumed selfweight 10% of service load , W = 100 kN

𝑁+𝑊 1071+107.1
Area of footing required = = = 7.85 𝑚2
𝛾 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 150

 Try footing size, B  H  h = 2.80 m  3.50 m  0.65 m

Area, A = 9.80 m2
Selfweight, W = 9.80 0.65  25 = 159 kN
Size (Continued)
3 3
𝐵𝐻
𝐼𝑥 = = 2.8×3.5 = 10.0 m4
12 12
𝐻 3.5
𝑦= = = 1.75 m
2 2

𝑁+𝑊 𝑀𝑦 1071+159 50×1.7

Maximum soil pressure, 𝑃 = + = +5
𝐴 𝐼 9.80 10.0
= 132 kN/m2  150 kN/m2 ➔ OK
B
x

x
Analysis

Ultimate soil pressure, 𝑃 = 𝑁 ± 𝑀𝑦 = 1500 x

±
50×1.75
10.0
= 153 ± 8.7 𝐴 𝐼 9.80
1.275
kN/m2
y y
 Pmin = 144 kN/m2 and Pmax = 162 kN/m2

x
0.35 m
1.575 m 1.575 m

144
162 144
154
162
Analysis (Continued)

𝑀𝑥𝑥 x
1.5752
= 154
2 1.275
×
1.575 2 y y
+ 162 − 154 × 1.575 ×
2 3
= 197 kNm/m  2.80 m = 553 kNm
2
x
𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑 × 1.275 = 124 kNm/m  3.50 m = 0.35 m
2
435 kNm 1.575 m 1.575 m

144 + 162
=
2
144
154
162
Effective Depth

dx = h – c – 0.5bar = 650 – 35 – (0.5  12) = 609 mm

dy = h – c – 1.5bar = 650 – 35 – (1.5  12) = 597 mm

Main Reinforcement – Longitudinal Bar

𝑀 𝑥𝑥 553×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.018  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
30×2800×609
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝑥𝑥 553×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟕 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×6
09
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013  2800  609 = 2217 mm2

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2800  609 = 72800 mm2

Since As  As,min, Use As,min = 2217 mm2

Provide 21H12 (As = 2375 mm2)

Main Reinforcement – Transverse Bar

𝑀 𝑦𝑦 435×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.018  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
30×3500×597
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝑦𝑦 435×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×5
97
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013  3500  597 = 3147 mm2

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  3500  597 = 91000 mm2

Since As  As,min, Use As,min = 3147 mm2

Provide 28H12 (As = 3167 mm2)

(i) Vertical Shear 2.891

Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column:

2.8
Average pressure at critical section:
2.891
= 144 + × 18 = 159

d = 0.609
3.50
kN/m2
0.966
 Design shear force, VEd = 159  0.966 
2.80 = 431 kN

144
159 162

Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 966 – 35 = 931 mm
 𝑙 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 12 + 609 = 1041 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
(i) Vertical Shear

200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.57  2.0
𝑑 609
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌 = =0
𝑏𝑑

 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.57 100 × 0 × 30 1/3 2800 × 609 = 0 N = 0
kN𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 1.573/2 30 2800 × 609 = 644949 𝑁 = 645 kN

VEd (430 kN)  Vmin (645 kN) ➔ OK

(ii) Punching Shear
Critical shear at 2.0d from face of column:

609+597
Average 𝑑 = = 603 mm
2
 2d = 1206 mm 3500

Control perimeter;
u = 2(350 + 250) + (2  1206) = 8779 mm 2d = 1206 350 2d = 1206

2800
250
Area within perimeter;
A = (0.35  0.25) + (2  0.35  1.206)
+ (2  0.25  1.206) + (  1.2062) = 6.10 m2
69
369
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 12 + 609 = 1041 mm
 Reinforcement NOT contributed to punching resistance
(ii) Punching Shear
Average punching shear force at control perimeter:
VEd = 153 [(2.80  3.50) – 6.10] = 566 kN Aall = 2.8  3.5 m

Punching shear stress:

Aperimeter = 6.10 m2
𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 =
𝑢𝑑
𝑀 𝑢1
Where 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑘 𝐸𝑑
𝑉 𝐸𝑑 𝑊1
k = 0.65 ➔ 𝑐1 = 350 = 1.4
𝑐2 250
W1 = 0.5𝑐12 + 𝑐1𝑐2 + 4𝑐2𝑑 + 16𝑑2 + 2𝜋𝑑𝑐1
= 0.5(3502) + 350 × 250 + 4 × 250 × +
603 Soil pressure = 153 kN/m2
16 6032 + 2𝜋 × 603 × 350= 7.9  106 mm2
50×106 8779
 𝛽 = 1 + 0.65 = 1.06
566×103 7.9×106
𝟑
𝟏.𝟎𝟔×𝟓𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟎
Therefore, 𝒗 𝑬𝒅 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 N/mm2
𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟗×𝟔𝟎
(ii) Punching Shear
Punching shear resistance:
Aall = 2.8  3.5 m
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.57  2.0
𝑑 609
Aperimeter = 6.10 m2

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2

= 0.035 1.57 3/2 30 1/2
= 0.38 N/mm2  vEd (0.11 N/mm2) ➔ OK

Soil pressure = 153 kN/m2

(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter

Maximum punching shear force: Aall = 2.8  3.5 m = 9.8 m2

VEd,max = 1500 kN
Acolumn = 0.09 m2
Column perimeter, uo = 2(350 + 250) = 1200 mm

Punching shear stress:

𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 =
𝑢𝑜𝑑
𝑀 𝑢𝑜
Where 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑘 𝐸𝑑
𝑉 𝐸𝑑 𝑊1
Soil pressure = 153 kN/m2
𝑐1
k = 0.65 ➔ = 350 = 1.4
𝑐2 250
W1 = 0.5𝑐12 + 𝑐1𝑐2
= 0.5(3502) + 350 × 250 = 0.15  106 mm2
(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter

50×10 1200
 𝛽 = 1 + 0.65 6 = 1.17 Aall = 2.8  3.5 m = 9.8 m2
1500×103 0.15×106

𝟏.𝟏𝟕×𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎 Acolumn = 0.09 m2

Therefore, 𝒗𝑬𝒅 = 𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 N/mm2
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟔𝟎

Maximum shear resistance:

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑣 𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − Soil pressure = 153 kN/m2
250 1.5
= 5.28 N/mm2  vEd ➔ OK
Cracking

h = 650 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing

Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:

𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 2197
= 0.6 = 0.6 = 241 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2375

For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 150 mm
2800−2 35 −12
Actual bar spacing at x-x = = 136 mm  150 mm
20
3500−2 35 −12
ctual bar spacing at y-y = = 126 mm  150 mm
27

Cracking OK
Detailing

3500

28H12

2800
650

21H12
3500

21H12
28H12

Plan View Section View

DESIGN OF COMBINED
FOOTING
NA = 1610 kN NB = 1950 kN
(Ultimate) (Ultimate)

3.4 m

Column size: Column size: • fck = 35 N/mm2

300  300 mm 400  400 mm • fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 200 N/mm2
h • Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Cover = 40 mm
• Assumed bar = 12 mm
B

H
Size

Service axial: NA = 1610 kN / 1.40 = 1150 kN

NB = 1950 kN / 1.40 = 1393 kN
Total service axial, Ntotal = 1150 + 1393 = 2543 kN

Assumed selfweight 10% of service load , W = 254.3 kN

𝑁+𝑊 2543+254.3
Area of footing required = = = 14.0 𝑚2
𝛾 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 200

 Try footing size, B  H  h = 2.70 m  6.00 m  0.65 m

Area, A = 16.2 m2
Selfweight, W = 16.2 0.65  25 = 252.7 kN
Size (Continued)

𝑁+𝑊 2543+252.7
Check Service Soil Bearing Capacity = =
𝐴 16.2
= 173 kN/m2  200 kN/m2 ➔ OK

Arrange position of footing so that the distribution of soil pressure is uniform:

Ntotal = 2543 kN
MA = 0
NA = 1150 kN NB = 1393 kN
1393(3.4 ) + 2543x = 0
x x = 1.86 m

3.4 m
Analysis
𝑁 𝐸𝑑 (1610+1950)
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = = = 219.8 kN/m2
𝐴 16.2
Soil pressure per m width, w = 219.8  2.7 m = 593.5 kN/m
Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram
3m 3m
1610 kN 1950 kN

0.99 0.3 1.71 1.34 0.4 1.26

x = 1.86

0.65
593.5 kN/m
964 1082

587 676
1.43 1.62
SFD (kN)
868 749
934 846

353

BMD (kNm)
250
289 430 473
384
634
Main Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement: Bottom

Effective depth: dx = h – c – 0.5bar = 650 – 40 – (0.5  12) = 604 mm

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 473×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.014  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
35×2700×604
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 473×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒 mm2  A s,min = 2722 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×6
04
Main Reinforcement

Longitudinal Reinforcement: Top

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 353×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.010  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
35×2700×604
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 353×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑 mm2  A s,min = 2722 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×6
04
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 3.2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0017𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0017bd = 0.0017  2700  604 = 2722 mm2

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2700  650 = 70200 mm2

Provide 25H12 at both top and bottom (As,prov = 2828 mm2)

Main Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement: Bottom

Consider b = 1000 mm:

 Soil pressure per 1 m width, w = 219.8  1.0 m = 219.8 kN/m
MEd

0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟐
1.2 m 1.2 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏. 𝟐
𝟐
×
= 158 kNm/m
w = 219.8 kN/m
Main Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement: Bottom

Effective depth: dy = h – c – 1.5bar = 650 – 40 – (1.5  12) = 592 mm

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 158×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.013  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
35×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×592
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 158×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟔𝟒𝟕 mm2/m  A s,min = 988 mm2/m
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×5
92
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 3.2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0017𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0017bd = 0.0017  1000  592 = 988 mm2/m

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  1000  650 = 26000 mm2/m

Since As  As,min, then use As,min = 988 mm2/m

Provide H12-100 (As,prov = 1131 mm2/m)

For secondary bar reinforcement:

Provide H12-100 (As,prov = 1131 mm2/m)
(i) Vertical Shear
Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column: VEd
1082
964
1.02 676
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = × 964 = 𝟔𝟎𝟓 587
1.43
1.62
kN 1.02
d = 0.604 749
846 868
200 200 934 1.62
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.6  2.0
𝑑 604
𝐴𝑠𝑙 2828
𝜌 = = = 0.0017 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑 2700 ×
604
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑
= 0.12 × 1.6 100 × 0.0017 × 35 1/3 2700 × 604 = 562369 N = 562.4
kN𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 1.63/2 35 2700 × 604 = 6667734 𝑁 = 667 kN

VEd (605 kN)  Vmin (667 kN) ➔ OK

(ii) Punching Shear
Critical shear at 2.0d from face of column:

604+592
Average 𝑑 = = 598 mm
2
 2d = 1196 mm 2d = 1196 400 2d = 1196

2700
400
Control perimeter;
u = 2(400 + 400) + (2  1196) = 9116 mm

Area within perimeter;

A = (0.40  0.40) + (2  0.40  1.196) 104
+ (2  0.40  1.196) + (  1.1962) = 6.57 m2
(ii) Punching Shear
Average punching shear force at control perimeter:
VEd = 1950 – (219.8  6.57) = 506 kN

Punching shear stress:

Aperimeter = 6.57 m2
𝑉𝐸𝑑 506×103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = = = 0.09 N/mm2
𝑢𝑑
9116×59
8 shear resistance:
Punching
200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.57  2.0
𝑑 609

Soil pressure = 219.8 kN/m2

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑣 = 0.035𝑘3/2𝑓𝑐 1/2
3/2 35 1/2
= 0.035 1.6
𝑚𝑖
= 0.41 N/mm2  vEd (0.09 N/mm2) ➔ OK
(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter

Maximum punching shear force:

VEd,max = 1950 kN
Acolumn = 0.16 m2
Column perimeter, uo = 4  400 = 1600 mm

Maximum shear resistance:

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
3535
= 0.5 × 1600 × 598 0.6
1− Soil pressure = 219.8 kN/m2
250 1.5
= 2880 kN  VEd,max ➔ OK
Cracking

h = 650 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing

Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:

𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 1894
= 0.6 = 0.6 = 175 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2828

For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 250 mm
2700−2 40 −12
Actual bar spacing 1 = 24
= 109 mm  250 mm
2700−2 40 −12
Actual bar spacing 2 = = 109 mm  250 mm
24
Actual bar spacing 3 = 100 mm  250 mm

Cracking OK
DESIGN OF STRAP FOOTING
 NB • fck = 30 N/mm2
NA
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
Gk = 800 kN, Qk = 275 kN Gk = 1000 kN, Qk = 525 kN
• soil = 200 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25
6000 kN/m3
• Cover = 40 mm
• Assumed bar = 12 mm
Column size: Beam size: Column size:
300  300 mm 300  900 mm 300  300 mm

700

RA RB

H S

2000 S
Loading

Column Size (mm × mm) Load (kN)

Gk Qk Total (1.0Gk + 1.0Qk)
Column A 300 × 300 800 275 1075
Column B 300 × 300 1000 525 1525
Size

Assumed self weight of footing is 10% of service load:

 WA = 108 kN and WB = 153 kN

Beam self weight, WR = 25 (0.3  0.9  5.7) = 38 kN

 ∑ 𝑀@𝐵 = 0

Size 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑊𝐴 6.15 − 1.0 − 𝑁𝐴 6.0 − 𝑊𝑅 3.0 = 0

𝑅𝐴 − 108 6.15 − 1.0 − 1075 6.0 − 38 3.0
NA = 1075 kN NB = 1525 kN =0
𝑅𝐴 − 108 = 1275  RA = 1382 kN
6m
𝑅𝐴
= 200
2.0𝐻
1382
= 200  H = 3.46 mm
2.0𝐻

0.3 m WR 0.3 m Footing A size: 2.00 × 3.50

m
WA WB 0.7 m

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 + 𝑊𝐴 + 𝑊𝐵 + 𝑊𝑅
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 1075 + 1525 + 108 + 153 + 38
RA RB 𝑅𝐵 = 2898 − 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐵 = 2898 − 1382  RA = 1516 kN

𝑅𝐵
= 200
H S 𝑆2
1516
𝑆 2
= 200  S = 2.75 mm

Footing B size: 2.75 × 2.75

2m S m
Footing Size Checks

Total service load = 1075 + 1525 + 123 + 132 + 38 = 2893 kN

Area of footing = (2.0  3.5) + (2.75  2.75) = 14.56 m2

2893
Soil pressure = = 199 kN/m2  200 kN/m2  OK
14.56
 NA = 1075 kN NB = 1525 kN
6m
Footing Self Weight R = 2893 kN

X’

0.3 m
0.3 m

WA = 123 kN WB = 132 kN
WR = 38 kN

WA = 25 (2.0  3.5  0.7) = 123 kN 2m 2.75 m

WB = 25 (2.75  2.75  0.7) = 132 kN

Distance from resultant force R to centroid of column B:

1075 × 6.0 + 123 × 5.15 + 38 × 3.0 = 2893𝑋′
X’ = 2.48 m

Distance from centroid of footings to centroid of column B:

2.0 × 3.50 5.15 = 2.0 × 3.5 + 2.75 × 2.75 𝑋′
X’ = 2.48 m
Analysis

Design Load:

NA = (1.35  800) + (1.50  275) = 1493 kN

NB = (1.35  1000) + (1.50  525) = 2138 kN
WA = 1.35  123 = 165 kN
WB = 1.35  132 = 179 kN
WR = 1.35  38 = 52 kN

Total Design Load, Ptotal = 4026 kN

𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 4026
Ultimate soil pressure = = = 276 kN/m2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 14.56
Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram
1493 kN 2138 kN

1.7 2.775 1.225 1.225

0.3 0.3
52
= 9.1 kN/m
5.7

165 179
276.5 − = 253 × 3.5 = 885 276.5 − = 253 × 2.75 = 695
2.0×3. 2.75×2.7
5 kN/m 5 kN/m
1.40 1077
262
237
SFD (kN)
-852
-1227

-1044 -1004

. -313 BMD (kNm)

492 522
DESIGN OF FOOTING A
Main Reinforcement
Soil pressure, w = 253  2.0 m = 506 kN/m

MEd

0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟔
1.6 m 1.6 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟓𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏. 𝟔
𝟐
×
= 647 kNm
w = 506 kN/m

Effective depth: d = h – c – 0.5bar = 700 – 40 – (0.5  16) = 652 mm

 𝑀 𝐸𝑑 647×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.025  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
30×2000×652
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 647×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟐 mm2/m  A s,min
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧
0.87×500×0.95×6
52
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  2000  652 = 1964 mm2 or 982 mm2/m

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2000  700 = 56000 mm2

Main Reinforcement: Provide 14H16 (As,prov = 2815 mm2)

Secondary Reinforcement: H16-200 (As,prov = 1005 mm2/m)
(i) Vertical Shear 3.5
2.552

2.0

d = 0.652
Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column:
0.948

 Design shear force, VEd = 253  0.948  2.0 = 479.4 kN

Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 948 – 40 = 908 mm
 𝑙 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 652 = 1228 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
(i) Vertical Shear

200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.55  2.0
𝑑 652
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌 = =0
𝑏𝑑

 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.55 100 × 0 × 30 1/3 3500 × 652 = 0 N = 0
kN𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 1.553/2 30 3500 × 652 = 484194 𝑁 = 484.2
kN
➔ OK
VEd (479.4 kN)  Vmin (484.2 kN)
Cracking

h = 700 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing

Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:

𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 2402
= 0.59 = 0.59 = 219 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2815

For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
2000−2 40 −16
Actual bar spacing = = 146 mm  200 mm
13

Cracking OK
DESIGN OF FOOTING B
Main Reinforcement
Soil pressure, w = 253  2.75 m = 695.75 kN/m

MEd

0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓
1.225 m 1.225 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟔𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝟐
×
= 522 kNm
w = 695.75 kN/m

Effective depth: d = h – c – 1.5bar = 700 – 40 – (1.5  16) = 636 mm

 𝑀 𝐸𝑑 522×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.016  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
30×2750×636
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 522×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟓 mm2/m  A s,min = 2623 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧
0.87×500×0.95×6
36
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  2750  636 = 2623 mm2

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2750  700 = 77000 mm2

Main Reinforcement: Provide 15H16 (As,prov = 3016 mm2)

(i) Vertical Shear 2.75
2.161

2.75
d = 0.636
Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column: 0.589

 Design shear force, VEd = 253  0.589  2.75 = 409.5 kN

Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 589 – 40 = 549 mm
 𝑙 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 636 = 1212 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
(i) Vertical Shear

200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.56  2.0
𝑑 636
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌 = =0
𝑏𝑑

 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.56 100 × 0 × 30 1/3 2750 × 636 = 0 N = 0
kN𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 1.563/2 30 2750 × 636 = 653774 𝑁 = 653.8
kN
➔ OK
VEd (409.5 kN)  Vmin (653.8 kN)
Cracking

h = 700 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing

Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:

𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 2623
= 0.54 = 0.54 = 204 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 3016

For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
2750−2 40 −16
Actual bar spacing = = 189 mm  200 mm
14

Cracking OK
 Example 4: Design of Strap Footing

Design similar to beam design. Refer to RC1.

Moment Design
Shear Design for
for Flexural
Shear Links Cracking Checks
Reinforcement
H6-150
5H32
• To be used when the soil conditions are poor and
uneconomical, or not possible to provide adequate
spread foundations
• The piles must extend down to firm soil
• Load carried by either end bearing, friction or
combination of both
 Load from
Structure

Pile Cap
Lower Density

P P P P
Medium Density I I I I
L L L L
E E E E

High Density
Selection of Piles Type

• Depends on loading, type of structure, soil strata & site

conditions
• Main types:
a) Precast reinforced or pre-stressed concrete piles
b) Cast in-situ reinforced concrete piles
c) Timber piles
d) Steel piles
e) Bakau piles
Determination of Pile Capacity

• Safe load:
a) Determined from test loading of a pile or using a
pile formula
b) Ultimate load divided by safety factor between 2 &
3
c) Depends on size & depth, & whether the pile is of
the end bearing or friction type
• Pile formula – gives resistance from the energy of the
driving force & the final set or penetration of the pile
per blow
Determination of Piles Number & Spacing

• Pile load  Single pile capacity

• Piles are usually arranged symmetrically with respect to
the column axis
Determination of Piles Number & Spacing
Foundation Subjected to Axial Load Only

Load applied at centroid of the group of piles:

𝑵+𝑾
𝑭𝒂 =
𝒏

N = Axial load from column

W = Self weight of pile cap
n = Number of piles
Determination of Piles Number & Spacing
Foundation Subjected to Axial Load & Moment

• Pile cap assumed to rotate about the centroid of the pile group
• Piles load resisting moment vary uniformly from zero at the
centroidal axis to a maximum for the piles farthest away

𝑵+𝑾 𝑴𝒙𝒊
𝑭𝒂𝒊 = ±
𝒏 𝑰𝒚
Fai = Load per pile i
M = Moment
xi = Distance from pile i to centroid of pile cap
Iy = Moment of inertial of pile group = 𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 2
pile cap
Size & Thickness

• Depends of number of piles used, arrangement of

piles & shape of piles
• Thickness of the cap should be sufficient to provide
adequate bond length for bars projecting from the
piles as well for the dowel bars of the column
Main Reinforcement

• Using bending theory or truss theory

• Truss Theory: Force from the supported column is
assumed to be transmitted by a triangular truss action
– concrete providing the compressive members of the
truss & steel reinforcement providing tensile force
Truss Theory – Axial Force
Truss Theory – Axial Force
Pile Cap Size
Pile Cap Size
Design for Shear

• Critical section taken to be 20%  pile diameter (or

p/5) inside the face of the column
• Shear enhancement may be considered such that the
shear resistance of the concrete maybe increased to
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 × 𝟐𝒅 where av = distance from the face of column
𝒂𝒗
to the critical section
• For spacing of piles  3  pile diameter, this
enhancement may be applied across the whole critical
section
Design for Shear

• For spacing  3  pile diameter, then the pile cap

should be checked for punching shear on the
perimeter
• Check shear force at column face  0.5𝑣1𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑢𝑑 =
𝑓 𝑐𝑘
0.5𝑣1 𝑢𝑑 where u is the perimeter of the column
1.5
𝑓 𝑐𝑘
and strength reduction factor, 𝑣 1 = 0.6 1 −
250
Design for Shear
/5 Vertical shear @ 1.0d from
column face

/5

Punching shear @ 2.0d from

column face
Detailing of Reinforcement

• Main tension reinforcement should continue pass each

pile and bent-up vertically to provide full anchorage
length beyond the centre line of each pile
• Normal to provide fully lapped horizontal link of size 
12 mm @ spacing  250 mm
 Detailing of Reinforcement
Starter bars for columns

Links for starter bars

Bars projecting into cap
from piles Vertical links between bars
extending from piles

Horizontal links around up-

standing end of main bars (
12 mm @ 250 mm, say)

Main bars design to

resist tensile forces
DESIGN OF PILE CAP – TRUSS
THEORY
N • Axial Load, N:
o Gk = 3500 kN & Qk = 2500 kN
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 200 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Column size = 500 mm  500 mm
• Cover = 75 mm
• Assumed bar = 25 mm
• Pile:
o Pre-stressed spun pile: 500 mm dia.
o Working load = 1800 kN
Size of Pile Cap

Service load = 3500 + 2500 = 6000 kN

Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 1800 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (6000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 3.4  Use n = 4
𝐹𝑎 1800

Pile spacing, 𝑙 = 𝑘∅𝑝 = 3∅𝑝 = 3 × 500 = 1500 mm

Width, B = 𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 3 + 1 × 500 + 300 = 2300 mm
Length, H = 𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 3 + 1 × 500 + 300 = 2300 mm
Depth, h = 2∅𝑝 + 100 = 2 500 + 100 = 1100 mm
Size of Pile Cap (continued)

Try size: B  H  h = 2.3  2.3  1.1 m

Self weight = 25(2.3  2.3  1.1) = 145 kN  200 kN OK
av = 750 – 250 – 250 + 500/5 = 350

p/5 = 100

400
Critical shear
section

1500

h = 1100
d
400

400 1500 400

Main Reinforcement

Effective depth, d = h – c – 1.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 1.5(25) = 988 mm

Ultimate load, N = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 1.35(3500) + 1.5(2500) = 8475 kN

From truss analogy:

𝑁𝑙 8475×1.
Tension force, 𝑇 = = 58×0.98 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟗 kN
8𝑑
8
3
𝑇 1609×10
Area of reinforcement, 𝐴 𝑠 = = = 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟗 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘
For the whole width of pile cap, 𝐴𝑠 = 20.87×50
× 3699 = 𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟗
0
mm2
Main Reinforcement (continued)

Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  2300  988 = 3421 mm2

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2300  1100 = 101200 mm2

Provide 16H25 (As,prov = 7855 mm2)

Shear

(i) Vertical Shear

Critical shear at p/5 section inside pile:

8475
Load per pile = = 2119 kN
4
2 pile outside critical section  Shear force, VEd = 2  2119 = 4238 kN

Pile spacing  3p  Consider shear enhancement on the whole width of the
section

𝑎𝑣 350
 Reduced shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 4238 = 4238 × = 𝟕𝟓𝟏 kN
2𝑑
× 2×98
8
 Example 5: Design of Pile Cap –
Truss Theory
Shear

Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 475 + 988 – 75 = 1388 mm
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 25 + 988 = 1888 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
av = 750 – 250 – 250 + 500/5 = 350

100

400
Critical
section
1500

Critical
475 section

h = 1100
475
400

1388

400 1500 400

Shear

200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.45  2.0
𝑑 988

 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 30 2300 × 988 × 10−3 = 760
1.453/2 kN
VEd (751 kN)  Vmin (760 kN) ➔ OK
Shear

(ii) Punching Shear at Perimeter 2.0d from Column Face

Since pile spacing  3p

 No punching shear check in necessary

Shear

(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚 𝑎 = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑢𝑑
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − 4 × 500 × 988 = 10428 kN  Ed,max = 8475 kN
250 1.5
V
OK
Cracking

h = 1100 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing
Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:
𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 7399
= 0.50 = 0.50 = 205 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 7855

For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
2300−2 75 −25
Actual bar spacing = = 142 mm  200 mm
15

Cracking OK
 Example 5: Design of Pile Cap –
Truss Theory
Detailing

5H16
16H25 @ 140 mm
Binders

400

h = 1100
1500
16H25 @ 140 mm

400

400 1500 400 500 mm spun

pile
DESIGN OF PILE CAP – BEAM
THEORY
 • Axial Load, Nultimate = 4200 kN
N • Moment, Multimate = 75 kNm
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
M • soil = 200 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Column size = 400 mm  400 mm
• Cover = 75 mm
• Assumed bar = 16 mm
• Pile:
o Precast RC pile: 300 mm  300 mm
o Working load = 600 kN
• Safety factor = 1.40
Size of Pile Cap

4200
Service load = = 3000 kN
1.40
Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 600 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 5.3  Use n = 6
𝐹𝑎 600
Size of Pile Cap

4200
Service load = = 3000 kN
1.40
Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 600 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 5.3  Use n = 6
𝐹𝑎 600
Size of Pile Cap

4200
Service load = = 3000 kN
1.40
Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 600 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 5.3  Use n = 6
𝐹𝑎 600

Pile spacing, 𝑙 = 𝑘∅𝑝 = 3∅𝑝 = 3 × 300 = 900

mm
Width, B = 𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 3 + 1 × 300 + 300 = 1500 mm
Length, H = 2𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 2 3 + 1 300 + 300 = 2400 mm
Depth, h = 2∅𝑝 + 500 = 2 300 + 500 = 1100 mm
Size of Pile Cap (continued)

Try size: B  H  h = 1.5  2.4  1.1 m

Self weight = 25(1.5  2.4  1.1) = 99 kN  200 kN OK
av = 1200 – 200 – 450 + 300/5 = 610

p/5 = 60
x

300
Critical shear
section

y y

900
300

300 900
x
900 300
I = 4(0.9)2 = 3.24 m2
Analysis

75
Service moment, Mservice = 1.40 = 53.6 kNm
𝑁+𝑊 𝑀𝑥
Maximum service load per pile, 𝐹 = +
𝑛 𝐼
3000+99
= + 53.6×0.90 = 531 kN  600 OK
6 3.24
kN
Ultimate load per pile:
𝑁 𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑀 𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑥 4200 75×0.90
𝐹𝑥 = + = + = 𝟕𝟐𝟏 kN
𝑛 𝐼 6 3.24
𝑁 𝑢𝑙𝑡 4200
𝐹𝑦 = = = 𝟕𝟎𝟎 kN
𝑛 6

Maximum moment at column face:

𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 2 721 0.90 − 0.20 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟗 kNm
× 0.45 − 0.20 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓 kNm
𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 3 700
Main Reinforcement

Effective depth:
dx = h – c – 0.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 0.5(16) = 1017 mm
dy = h – c – 1.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 1.5(16) = 1001 mm

Longitudinal Bar

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 1009×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.022  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
30×1500×1017
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 1009×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟏 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×10
17
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 𝑖 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  1500  1017 = 2298 mm2

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  1500  1100 = 66000 mm2

Provide 12H16 (As,prov = 2413 mm2)

Transverse Bar

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 525×10
𝐾= = 6 = 0.007  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
 Compression
2
30×2400×1001
reinforcement is NOT required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.9𝑑  0.95d
1.134

𝑀 𝐸𝑑 525×10
𝐴𝑠,𝑟 𝑒 = = 6 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟗 mm2
0.87𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×10
01
   A & Maximum
Minimum = 0.0015bdArea
s,min
of Reinforcement
= 0.0015  2400  1001 = 3618 mm2

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
• 𝑖As,max
𝐴𝑠,𝑚 = 0.26
= 0.04Ac =𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.04  2400
= 0.26
0.04bh
500
 1100
0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
= 105600 mm2

• Since As,req = 1269 mm2  As, min = 3618 mm2

Provide 18H16 (As,prov = 3620 mm2)
Shear

(i) Vertical Shear

Critical shear at p/5 section inside pile:

2 pile outside critical section  Shear force, VEd = 2  721 = 1442 kN

Pile spacing  3p  Consider shear enhancement on the whole width of the
section

𝑎𝑣 610
 Reduced shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 1442 = 1442 × = 𝟒𝟑𝟐 kN
2𝑑
× 2×101
7
Shear

Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 315 + 1001 = 1316 mm
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 1001 = 1577 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
av = 610

60

300
Critical
section

Critical
900

315 section

h = 1100
315
300

1316

300 900 900 300

Shear

200 200
𝑘 =1+ = 1+ = 1.45  2.0
𝑑 1001

 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 30 1500 × 1001 × 10−3 = 501
1.453/2 kN
VEd (432 kN)  Vmin (501 kN) ➔ OK
Shear

(ii) Punching Shear at Perimeter 2.0d from Column Face

Since pile spacing  3p

 No punching shear check in necessary

Shear

(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚 𝑎 = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑢𝑑
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − 4 × 400 × 1017 = 8456 kN  Ed,max = 4200 kN
250 1.5
V
OK
Cracking

h = 1100 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing
Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:
𝑓 𝑦𝑘 𝐴 𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 2401
= 0.55 = 0.55 = 238 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2413

For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
2300−2 75 −16
Actual bar spacing 1 = 17
= 131 mm  200 mm
1500−2 75 −16
Actual bar spacing 2 = = 121 mm  200 mm
11

Cracking OK
 Detailing 12H16

300
18H16

900
4H12

300
Binders

300 900 900 300

h = 1100