Stephanie Rednour

Robert Misior
May 5, 2006
Revised: Ben De Winkle
June 15, 2013
A Brief History of TeX
• Pronounced “Tech” because it’s supposed to be the
Greek letters Tau, Epsilon, and Chi.
• TeX is a typesetting program used to produce
documents. It has the same goal as Microsoft
Word, but the method to achieve the end document
is different.
• Word is a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You
Get) system. This means that what you see on the
screen is approximately what prints out on paper
• TeX is a markup language, similar to HTML, where
the user enters the format for the document as
commands, as well as entering the text of the
document.
A Brief History of LaTeX

• Pronounced “Lay-Tech” or “Lah-Tech”

• A supplement to TeX designed by Leslie
Lamport (hence the “La” in LaTeX)
• In LaTeX itself, the word is written
• In ASCII we use LaTeX
WYSIWYG versus Markup
 WYSIWYG versus Markup
Below is a sample of a LaTeX .tex file, which shows the commands
in blue.

LaTeX Example.tex
 WYSIWYG versus Markup

•To the right is the PDF

output from running
LaTeX on the .tex file
from the previous slide.
•Note that the PDF does
not show the page
formatting details.
LaTeX Commands

• LaTeX commands are CASE SENSITIVE!

• They always start with a \ and are followed
by either a name with only letters, or by a
single non-letter (see Special Characters)
LaTeX File Structure

\documentclass[options]{class}
preamble { \usepackage[options]{class}

{
\begin{document}
body lines of text
\end{document}
\documentclass[options]{class}

• class – specifies the type of document to

be created
– Ex. article, proc, minimal, report, book, slides
• options – parameters which allow the
settings for the document class to be
changed
– Ex. 10 pt, 11 pt, 12 pt onecolumn, twocolumn
a4paper, letterpaper twoside, oneside
fleqn, leqno landscape
titlepage, notitlepage openright, openany
\documentclass[options]{class}
Code: PDF File:
Common Packages
• Any of the below can be used as the class argument of
\usepackage[options]{class}
• doc - documentation
• exscale – scaled versions of the math font
• fontenc – LaTeX font encoding
• ifthen – allows logical commands
• latexsym – symbol font
• makeidx – produces indexes
• syntonly – processes a document without generating the
output; saves time
• inputenc – allows specification of an input encoding (ASCII,
Apple, etc…)
• amsmath – special math commands
More Document Commands

• Setting the Page Style

– \pagestyle{style}
• style – sets the type of header or footer
– ex. plain, headings, empty…
– \thispagestyle{style} – applies the style to only
the current page.
 Page Style Examples
Code: PDF File:
More Document Commands
• Including Files
– \include{filename}
• filename – name of another document that you want to
include somewhere in this document.
– NOTE: a new page is started where the document is inserted
– \includeonly{filename1, filename2, …}
• \include commands in the body will only work for filenames
given as arguments to this command.
• This command goes in the preamble, the other commands
listed here go in the body.
– \input{filename}
• works the same as the \include command, but LaTeX
reorganizes the page breaks after including the new
document.
Include Example Code
Include Example PDF File
Comments

• Use % comment text to add a single line of

comments
• To add multiple lines of comments, use:
\begin{comment}
comment text
\end{comment}
*need to use package verbatim
Whitespace
• Whitespace is any empty space on the page
• A single “” space and multiple spaces “” are
all handled as a single space by LaTeX
– The symbol “” denotes a single space.
• A single line break is also handled as a single
space by LaTeX
• A double line break signals the end of a
paragraph
• A period “.” after a lowercase letter is taken by
LaTeX to be the end of a sentence and therefore
it automatically inserts a double space
• A period after an uppercase letter is taken as an
abbreviation so no extra space is added
Whitespace, cont…
• To indicate that a period after a lowercase letter is
part of an abbreviation, use .~
• Use \@. to indicate a period after an uppercase
letter is the end of a sentence and not an
abbreviation
• To remove the extra space after all periods, use the
command \frenchspacing
• \/ is called the “Italic Correction.” It inserts a small
space after an italic letter to compensate for the
slant. (\/ is \ and / not the letter V)
• Any whitespace after a command is ignored; put {}
to get a space after a command
 Whitespace, cont…
• To insert horizontal • Similarly, you can insert vertical
blank space within a space by using \vspace{n} or
paragraph, use: \vspace*{n}
pt point 1 in = 72.27 pt
\hspace{n} or
pc pica 1 pc = 12 pt
\hspace*{n}
in inch 1 in = 2.54 cm
the * tells LaTeX that even if
there is a line break, don’t bp big pt 1 in = 72 bp
ignore the horizontal cm centimeter 1 cm = 10 mm
space mm millimeter
n is the length of the blank dd didot 1157 dd = 1238 pt
space given in the units
cc cicero 1 cc = 12 dd
shown to the right.
sp scaled pt 65536 sp = 1 pt
Whitespace Example Code
Whitespace Example PDF File
Special Characters
Display Code
• The characters to the
# \#
right are reserved in
$ \$
LaTeX for special
purposes, so to show % \%
them you must use a ^ \^
code. & \&
• NOTE: In \~{n}, the n _ \_
represents the letter over { \{
which the ~ goes. } \}
~ \~{n}
\ $\backslash$
Special Strings

• Strings
– \TeX, \LaTeX, \LaTeX2e display the formatted
text. For example \LaTeX shows
– \today displays the current date
Special Symbols
Symbols Code
\cdots
\ldots
\copyright
`` (two grave accents)
‘‘ (two single quotes)
-
--
---
$-$
\~n
$\sim$
$\,^{\circ}$
Common Body Typesetting Commands
• Line Breaks
– \\ or \newline – starts a new line but not a new
paragraph.
– \\* starts a new line but prohibits a page break at
that location.
– With \linebreak[n] and \nolinebreak[n] LaTeX tries
to position a line break (or not position one) that
looks good based on the value of n
• n can be an integer from 0-4; the higher the number
the stronger the recommendation to LaTeX to
perform the line break.
– In general, LaTeX tries to position new lines so that
the text is evenly spaced.
Common Body Typesetting Commands

• Page Breaks
– \newpage – starts a new page
– Similar to \linebreak[n], with \pagebreak[n] and
\nopagebreak[n] LaTeX tries to even out the
right border of the page based on the value of
n (0-4)
• \sloppy loosens LaTeX’s even positioning; \fussy
restores LaTeX back to it’s normal positioning
Hyphenation
• LaTeX automatically hyphenates words as
necessary to even out the right border.
• \hyphenation{wordlist} – this command goes in
the preamble; it allows the default hyphenating of
LaTeX to be overridden; the words given in
wordlist are hyphenated as specified by the \- in
the words; a lack of \- in a word tells LaTeX not to
hyphenate that word at all.
• In the body of the text, \- can also be used to
suggest where a hyphen should go.
Hyphenation cont…

• Words with special characters are not

automatically hyphenated. The
hyphenation must be specified.
• To prevent hyphenation of words, use
\mbox{text} or \fbox{text}
– Any words in text are kept together under all
circumstances. To show just the text, use
\mbox, to draw a box around the text, use
\fbox.
Hyphenation Example Code
Hyphenation Example PDF File
Font Types
Examples:
• \rm – roman
• \sl – slanted roman
• \it – italic
• \tt – typewriter
• \bf – boldface
• \em – emphasis
• \emph{text} – same as above, but this doesn’t
change the font and will work to emphasize any
font
• \underline{text} – also doesn’t change the font,
just underlines it
Running LaTeX from Command Line
• LaTeX input files must end in .tex and be stored
as a plain ASCII text file, not RTF or any other
format
• To run LaTeX on a file, enter
latex blah.tex
If no errors are found, this will generate a .dvi file
• If there is an error, LaTeX will give some
indication and stop processing the file; Ctrl-D will
return you to the command line (exits LaTeX)
• To convert to PS, you can use
dvips –Pcmz blah.dvi –o blah.ps
Mathematical Expressions
• To insert a mathematical expression directly into a
line of text, surround the expression with
$expression$.
• To insert an expression in its own line, surround it
by \[expression\].
Code:

PDF File:
Mathematical Expressions, cont…
• To insert numbered or multiline expressions, use
the following:
\begin{equation} numbered
expressions
\end{equation}
\begin{align}† numbered, multiline, can
expressions align equations using “&”
\end{align} symbol
\begin{align*}† unnumbered, multiline, can
expressions align equations using “&”
\end{align*} symbol
$\begin{array} an array or matrix
expressions
\end{array}$

† requires amsmath package

 Mathematical Expressions Examples
\begin{equation}
u=abcba{\diamond}
\end{equation}
\begin{align}
w &= bcaa{\diamond}abb \\
x &= abc
\end{align}
\begin{align*}
y &= 101{\diamond}010 \\
t &= 00100100{\diamond}
\end{align*}
\begin{center}
$\begin{array}{cccccc}
&a&\diamond&b&b&b\\
&a&\diamond&b&b&b\\
&a&a&\diamond&b\\
b&\diamond&\diamond&b&b\\
b&b&b&b&b
\end{array}$
\end{center}
Mathematical Font Types

• \mathnormal - default
• \mathit – math italic
• \boldmath…\unboldmath – math bold
• \mathbf – boldface
• \mathrm – roman
• \mathsl – slanted roman
• \mathtt – typewriter
• \mathcal – calligraphic (symbols)
• \mathbb – blackboard bold
Mathematical Font Examples
Code: PDF File:
Whitespace in Mathematical
Expressions
• \quad – inserts a blank space the size of the letter
“M”
• \qquad – inserts a blank space twice the size of
\quad
• \, - inserts a thin blank space
• \! – removes a thin blank space
Code: PDF File:
Mathematical Expression Syntax
• Prime:
– $n’$ –
• Superscripts and Subscripts:
– $a^b$ –
– $a_b$ –
– $a^{bc}$ –
– $a_{bc}$ –
– They can be nested as well, like $a_{b_c}$ –
• Fractions:
– $\frac{numerator}{denominator}$ – numerator and
denominator can be mathematical expressions
Mathematical Expression Syntax, cont…

• Square Roots:
– \sqrt[n]{expression}, where n is the degree of the root
• Large Delimiters:
– \left( expression \right), where ( and ) are the delimiters
(these could also be [ ], \{ \}, or | | also)
– \overline{expression} and \underline{expression} create
a line over or under an expression
• Text in an Expression:
– to insert text so its not in math italic, use \mbox{text}
 Mathematical Expression Syntax Examples
Code:

PDF File:
Mathematical Expression Symbols:
Lowercase Greek

Display Code Display Code Display Code

\alpha \iota \sigma
\beta \kappa \varsigma
\gamma \lambda \tau
\delta \mu \upsilon
\epsilon \nu \phi
\varepsilon \xi \varphi
\zeta \pi \chi
\eta \varpi \psi
\theta \rho \omega
\vartheta \varrho
Mathematical Expression Symbols:
Uppercase Greek

Display Code Display Code

\Gamma \Sigma
\Delta \Upsilon
\Theta \Phi
\Lambda \Psi
\Xi \Omega
\Pi
Mathematical Expression Symbols:
Miscellaneous

Display Code Display Code Display Code

\aleph \prime \forall
\hbar \emptyset \exists
\imath \nabla \neg
\jmath \surd \flat
\ell \top \natural
\wp \bot \sharp
\Re \| \clubsuit
\Im \angle \diamondsuit
\partial \triangle \heartsuit
\infty \backslash \spadesuit
Mathematical Expression Operators:
Binary
Display Code Display Code Display Code
\pm \cap \vee
\mp \cup \wedge
\setminus \uplus \oplus
\cdot \sqcap \ominus
\times \sqcup \otimes
\ast \triangleleft \oslash
\star \triangleright \odot
\diamond \wr \dagger
\circ \bigcirc \ddagger
\bullet \bigtriangleup \amalg
\div \bigtriangledown
Mathematical Expression Operators:
Large
Display Code Display Code
\sum \bigsqcup

\prod \bigvee
\coprod \bigwedge
\int \bigodot

\oint \bigotimes

\bigcap \bigoplus
\bigcup \biguplus
Mathematical Expression Operators:
Relations
Display Code Display Code Display Code
\leq * \geq * \equiv *
\prec * \succ * \sim *
\preceq * \succeq * \simeq *
\ll \gg \asymp *
\subset * \supset * \approx *
\subseteq * \supseteq * \cong *
\sqsubseteq * \sqsupseteq * \bowtie
\in \ni \propto
\vdash \dashv \models
\smile \mid \doteq
\frown \parallel \perp
* Can be negated with a \not in front of the command; this
also works with \not<, \not>, and \not=
 Mathematical Expression Operators:
Arrows
Display Code Display Code Display Code
\leftarrow \longleftarrow \uparrow *
\Leftarrow \Longleftarrow \Uparrow
\rightarrow \longrightarrow \downarrow *
\Rightarrow \Longrightarrow \Downarrow
\leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \updownarrow
\Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \Updownarrow
\mapsto \longmapsto \nearrow
\hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \searrow
\leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup \swarrow
\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \nwarrow
\rightleftharpoons

* A command to negate this symbol can be created as

follows: \newcommand{\notdownarrow}{\not\,\downarrow}
\newcommand{\notuparrow}{\not\,\uparrow}
Mathematical Expression
Openings and Closings

Openings Closings
Display Code Display Code
[ \lbrack ] \rbrack
{ \lbrace } \rbrace
\lfloor \rfloor
\langle \rangle
\lciel \rciel
Functions in Mathematical Expressions

• Conventionally functions are not given in

italics, so LaTeX presents the following
standard functions automatically in
Roman; any functions not on this list
require a \mbox{} to convert the font.
– \arccos, \arcsin, \arctan, \arg, \cos, \cosh, \cot,
\coth, \csc, \deg, \det, \dim, \exp, \gcd, \hom,
\inf, \ker, \lg, \lim, \liminf, \limsup, \ln, \log, \max,
\min, \Pr, \sec, \sin, \sinh, \sup, \tan, \tanh
– Example Code: Example PDF File:
Mathematical Accents
Display Code
\underline{a}
\overline{a}
\hat{a}
\check{a}
\tilde{a}
\acute{a}
\grave{a}
\dot{a}
\ddot{a}
\breve{a}
\bar{a}
\vec{a}
Cross References

• To point the user to other locations in the

document in a dynamic way, such as
figures, sections, etc…
• \label{marker} – labels this location with
the label marker
• \ref{marker} – generates the number of the
section, subsection, figure, table, or
theorem where the label marker is
• \pageref{marker} – generates the page
number where the label marker is
 Cross References Example
Code: PDF File:
Citations/BibTeX

• The easiest way to handle creating citations and a

bibliography in LaTeX is through the companion
program BibTeX.
• BibTeX will automatically number references
which are given in a .bib file and create a
bibliography according to a .bst (bibliography
style) file.
• Each entry in the .bib file has a label which can be
called by the \cite{label} command to insert a
reference.
 Citations/BibTeX example
Code: bibliography.bib entry:
Citations/BibTeX notes

• The .bib file and .bst file must be in the

same folder as the .tex file.
• First compile the .tex file using LaTeX,
then BibTeX, then LaTeX two more times.
• MathSciNet is a searchable database of
publications provided by AMS which can
save citations in the proper format for a
.bib file.
– www.ams.org/mathscinet
Footnotes

• Automatically inserts the superscript

number and the footnote at the bottom of
the page
– \footnote{footnotetext}
 Footnotes Example
Code:

PDF File:
Environments

• Used to set various properties for several

lines of text
• In general the format is:
– \begin{environment} text \end{environment}
where environment is the name of the
environment
Environments, cont …

• List Environments:
– enumerate – creates enumerated lists
– itemize – creates simple bulleted lists
– description – format for terms and definitions
• Justification Environments:
– flushleft, center, flushright – justifies text like
the name implies
• abstract – special environment for adding
an abstract to a scientific publication
 Listing Environment Examples
Code: PDF File:
Quotation Environments

• quote – indents quotes up to one

paragraph in length
• quotation – indents multiparagraph quotes,
further indenting the first line of each
paragraph
• verse – for quoting poems because it
doubly indents wrapped lines so each line
of the poem is easy to identify
Quotation Example Code
Quotation Example PDF File
Verbatim Environment

• Generates text just as it is entered, without

any LaTeX commands being executed;
this is useful for showing LaTeX
commands in the text
• Using \begin{verbatim*} shows a  for
each space in the text
Verbatim Example
Code:

PDF File:
minimal – Document class

• The bare minimum (3 lines) that is needed

in the LaTeX class file.
• Sets only text width and height and defines
\normalsize
• Intended for debugging and testing.
• Base used for designing a new class that
is radically different from the structure
supplied by the article class.
proc – Proceedings class

A document class for conference

proceedings, based on article.

• Provides two column output.

• \copyrightspace makes the blank space for a
copyright notice (can be used after first \footnote
command).
• LaTeX automatically numbers the output pages.
• It is a good idea to identify the paper.
report – Document class

It is a less complicated version of the book

class, often used for theses and other
short multi-chapter documents.

Parts available in report:

\chapter{chapter title}
\section{section title}
\subsection{subsection title}
\paragraph{paragraph title}
\subparagraph{subparagraph title}
slides – Document class
Uses a bigger based font size, suitable for transparency
presentations, and provides an easy way to make overlays.
\documentclass{slides}
\begin{document}
\begin{slide}
\begine{itemize}
\item Item 1
\item My item 2
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}
\begin{slide}
….
\end{slide}
\end{documemt}
Sectioning a Document
• It depends on the class what types of sections are
available.
• Article:
– \section{…}, \subsection{...}, \subsubsection{…}
– \paragraph{…}, \subparagraph{…}
– \part{…}
• Report or Book:
– \chapter{…}
– \appendix
• To leave a section out of the Table of Contents,
use a * after the command, for example
\chapter*{…}
Sectioning a Document, cont…
• \tableofcontents – automatically generates the
TOC at the location this command is issued; the
document must be compiled 2-3 times to get the
TOC to be generated properly.
• To specify a short version of a section title for the
TOC, place it in [] after the section command:
– \chapter[shorttitle]{longtitle}
• \maketitle – generates the title of the document at
the location it is issued; the contents of the title
are set using the following:
– \title{title}, \author{author}, and \data{data}
– NOTE: for several authors, separate the names with an \and
Index Environment

• Create index entries using the theindex

environment
\begin{theindex}
indexentries
\end{theindex}
• This environment is 2-column with the
header INDEX
• Entries are made using \item, \subitem,
\subsubitem, and \indexspace (leaves a
blank line in the index)
MakeIndex
• MakeIndex is a program that can be run on a LaTeX file that
contains MakeIndex commands
• To use MakeIndex on a LaTeX file, include
\usepackage{makeidx} in the preamble
• To supply the words for the index, use
\index{keyword}
• Commands may be used as keywords
• To create subitems use
\index{main_keyword!sub_keyword}
\index{main_keyword!sub_keyword!sub_sub_keyword}
• When LaTeX runs with the \makeindex command, it creates
a .idx file
• This file contains \indexentry{keyword}{pagenumber} entries
for each keyword in the index
Running MakeIndex

• The input to MakeIndex is the .idx file

makeindex filename.idx
• The output is a .ind file that contains the
index
• To include the index in the document
include \printindex at the location you want
the index inserted
• After the .ind file has been created, run
LaTeX on the document again to insert the
index
MakeIndex Options

• The MakeIndex program has several options you

can set when it is run from the command line
-l Ignores blanks when sorting alphabetically
-c Multiple and leading blanks are removed like in LaTeX
-g German sorting order is used; symbols precede letters,
lowercase precedes uppercase, and letters precede
numbers
-s The name of an index formatting file can be included to
redefine the functioning of MakeIndex
Special Book Class Commands
• \frontmatter – goes immediately after the
\begin{document} command; page numbering in this
section is in Roman numerals and sections aren’t
enumerated, but they will be included in the TOC
• \mainmatter – contains the body of the text
(chapters), uses Arabic page numbering, and the
counter is reset (doesn’t continue from the
frontmatter)
• \appendix – comes after the main body of the text,
each chapter in the appendix is enumerated by
letters.
• \backmatter – contains the bibliography, index, etc…
Book Class Example Code
Book Example PDF File
Tables and Columns

The easiest way to align text in columns can

be accomplished by using tabbing
\begin{tabbing}
column 1 \= column 2 \= column 3 \\
txt in col1 \> txt in col2 \> txt in col 3\\
Txt in col1 \> \> txt in col3\\
……..
……..
\end{tabbing}
tabbing commands
Following commands can be used inside of tabbing
environment
• \= (set tab)
• \> (advance to next tab stop)
• \< (the left of the local margin )
• \+ (indent; move margin right)
• \- (unindent; move margin left)
• \’ (flush against the current column's tab stop)
• \` (flushed right against any tab stop)
• \\ (end of line; newline)
• \kill (ignore preceding text; use only for spacing)
• \hspace[*]{len} adds horizontal space

The accents inside tabbing are created by using \a=, \a', \a`
tabbing

• tabbing environment can be used only in

paragraph mode.
• tabbing starts new paragraph.
• tabbing can be split across multiple pages.
• The width of the columns is determined by
setting tab stops.
tabbing example
\begin{tabbing}
\bf Type\quad\= \bf Quality\quad\= \bf Color\quad\= \bf
Price\\[2ex]
paper \> med. \> white \> low\\
letter \>good\>brown\>high\\
\> \>red
\end{tabbing}
Making Tables with tabular

• Creates tables with optional horizontal and

vertical lines.
• tabular environment can be used in any
mode not only in paragraph.
• Table is treated as one letter that cannot
be split across pages.
• The width of the columns is determined
automatically by LaTeX.
tabular syntax

\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
Or
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}

The * makes the width argument mandatory

(specifies the width of the tabular
environment)
tabular pos

pos Specifies the vertical position of the

whole tabular environment (recall that it is
a box). The default is to align the box on
the center of the environment.
t - align on top row
b - align on bottom row
tabular cols
cols Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence
of the following specifies, at least one for each of the
columns.
• l - A column of left-aligned items.
• r - A column of right-aligned items.
• c - A column of centered items.
• p{wd} - Produces a column which can be multiple lines.
• | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the
environment.
• @{text} - This inserts text in every row.
• *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num
is any positive integer and cols is any list of column-
specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.
tabular example

\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|r|} \hline
Type & Quality & Color & Price \\ \hline \hline
paper & med. & white &low\\
letter &good & brown & high\\
& & red & \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
tabular example1
\begin{figure}
\centering
\caption{$G_{(4,7)}(u)$}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c }
& & & $a$ &$a$ \\
& & & $a$ &$a$ \\
& & $b$ & $\diamond$ & \\
& $b$ &$b$ & $b$ & \\
$a$& $\diamond$ & $b$ & & \\
& $\diamond$ & & & \\
\end{tabular}
\end{figure}
tabular example2
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\caption{Ordering of $w$}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|l|c|c|} \hline
$k_{0}$ & $p_{0,k_{0}} $ & $v_{0,k_{0}} $ & $v'_{0,k_{0}} $ &
$p_{0,l_{0}}$ & $l_{0}$ \\ \hline
$5$ & & ${\diamond}cbba$ & ${\diamond}cbba$ & & $5$ \\
$4$ & & $a$ & $cbba$ & & $4$ \\
$3$ & & $a{\diamond}cbba$ & $bba$ & & $3$ \\
$2$ & & $ba$ & $ba$ & & $2$ \\
$1$ & & $bba$ & $a$ & & $1$ \\
$0$ & $1$ & $cbba$ & $a{\diamond}cbba$ & & $0$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{figure}
tabular example3
Advanced options of tabular:
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\caption{Ordering of $w$}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|l|c|@{\hspace{0.2in}}c|} \hline
$k_{0}$ & $p_{0,k_{0}} $ & $v_{0,k_{0}} $ & $v'_{0,k_{0}} $ & $p_{0,l_{0}}$ &
$l_{0}$ \\ \hline
$5$ & & ${\diamond}cbba$ & ${\diamond}cbba$ & & $5$ \\
$4$ & & $a$ & $cbba$ & & $4$ \\
$3$ & & $a{\diamond}cbba$ & $bba$ & & $3$ \\
$2$ & & $ba$ & $ba$ & & $2$ \\
$1$ & & $bba$ & $a$ & & $1$ \\
$0$ & $1$ & $cbba$ & $a{\diamond}cbba$ & & $0$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{figure}
The @ parameter can be used to insert text or commands in every field of specified
column.
array example
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\caption{Ordering of $w$}
$
\begin{array}{|c|c|l|l|c|c|} \hline
k_{0} & p_{0,k_{0}} & v_{0,k_{0}} & v'_{0,k_{0}} & p_{0,l_{0}} & l_{0} \\ \hline
5 & & \diamond cbba & \diamond cbba & & 5 \\
4 & & a & cbba & & 4 \\
3 & & a{\diamond}cbba & bba & & 3 \\
2 & & ba & ba & & 2 \\
1 & & bba & a & & 1 \\
0 & 1 &cbba &a{\diamond}cbba & & 0 \\ \hline
\end{array}
$
\end{figure}

Array syntax resembles tabular.

Floating Bodies

The idea behind floating bodies is to solve a

problem of figures or tables that are too
big to fit on a current page while also filling
current page with body text.

Latex offers two environments for floating

bodies one for tables and one for figures.
figure

\begin{figure}[placement]
body of the figure
\caption{figure title}
\end{figure}
table

\begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}

(optional form of table exists table*, puts

table in a single column when in two
column mode)
table figure [placement]
Optional parameter for table and figure determines
where LaTeX will try to place your floating body
• h Here - at the position in the text where the table
environment appears.
• t Top - at the top of a text page.
• b Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
• p Page of floats - on a separate float page, which
is a page containing no text, only floats.
• ! without considering most of the internal
parameters which could stop this float from being
placed.
minipage - environment
the minipage environment can be used to put one or more
paragraphs inside of a picture environment or as a table
item

\begin{minipage}[pos]{width}
text
\end{minipage}

• width - Mandatory specifies the width of the minipage.

• pos - t -for top or b for bottom.
minipage example

\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\linewidth}
\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
\begin{picture}(50,40)
\put(30,30){\circle{30}}
\put(30,30){\circle*{5}}
\end{picture}\\
Drawing with LaTeX example circle.
\end{minipage}
 Side-by-Side Figures

Tabular can be combined with minipage to

place figures side by side. It can also be
used to create one figure out of two or
more figures.
Side-by-side Figures Example a)
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} \hline
\bf{Normal:} & \bf{Reverse:} \\ \hline
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\linewidth}
\centering
\caption{Ordering of $w$}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|l|c|c|} \hline
$k_{0}$ & $p_{0,k_{0}} $ & $v_{0,k_{0}} $ & $v'_{0,k_{0}} $ &
$p_{0,l_{0}}$ & $l_{0}$ \\ \hline
$5$ & $$ & ${\diamond}cbba$ & ${\diamond}cbba$ & $$ & $5$ \\
$4$ & $$ & $a$ & $cbba$ & $$ & $4$ \\
$3$ & $$ & $a{\diamond}cbba$ & $bba$ & $$ & $3$ \\
$2$ & $$ & $ba$ & $ba$ & $$ & $2$ \\
$1$ & $$ & $bba$ & $a$ & $$ & $1$ \\
$0$ & $1$ & $cbba$ & $a{\diamond}cbba$ & $$ & $0$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage} &
Side-by-side Figures Example b)
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\linewidth}
\centering
\caption{Reverse ordering of $w$}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|l|c|c|} \hline
$k_{1}$ & $p_{1,k_{1}} $ & $v_{1,k_{1}} $ & $v'_{1,k_{1}} $ & $p_{1,l_{1}}$
& $l_{1}$ \\ \hline
$5$ & $$ & ${\diamond}a$ & ${\diamond}a$ & $$ & $5$ \\
$4$ & $$ & $a$ & $c{\diamond}a$ & $$ & $4$ \\
$3$ & $$ & $abbc{\diamond}a$ & $bc{\diamond}a$ & $$ & $3$ \\
$2$ & $$ & $bbc{\diamond}a$ & $bbc{\diamond}a$ & $$ & $2$ \\
$1$ & $$ & $bc{\diamond}a$ & $a$ & $$ & $1$ \\
$0$ & $5$ & $c{\diamond}a$ & $abbc{\diamond}a$ & $$ & $0$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage} \\
& \\ \hline % extra space
\end{tabular}
\end{figure}
Side-by-side Figures Results
Graphics in LaTeX

The 3 steps required to import images:

1. Export picture in EPS format.
2. Load the graphicx package:
\usepackage[driver]{graphicx}
3. Include your graphics file:
\includegraphics[key=value,key=value,…]{file}

(driver usually dvips )

Possible keys; width, height, angle, scale, angle, more options ...
Floating Bodies and Graphics

Using floating bodies and Graphics together:

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=90,width=0.75\textwidth]{pic.eps}
\caption{A picture, included from pic.eps file.}
\end{figure}
Making graphics with LaTeX

The picture environment allows creating

graphics using latex commands.
(circles, eclipses, lines, vectors,…)

TikZ is a package for creating graphics

within LaTex as well, which defines the
tikzpicture environment.
picture environment

Some commands available in picture

environment:
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.5in}
\put(x,y){object}
\multiput(x,y)(Δx, Δy){n}{object}
Bezier curves :
\qbezier(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)
Examples of using picture
\begin{figure}
\centering
\setlength{\unitlength}{5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\line(0,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,2){.5}}
\end{picture}
\caption{Drawing with LaTeX}
\end{figure}
Example 2 of using picture and figure

\begin{figure}
\centering
\setlength{\unitlength}{5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\vector(1,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){1}}
\end{picture}
\begin{caption}
Drawing with LaTeX example $f(x) = y$
\end{caption}
\end{figure}
Drawing circles using picture
\begin{figure}
\centering
\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
\begin{picture}(50,40)
\put(30,30){\circle{30}}
\put(30,30){\circle*{5}}
\end{picture}
\caption{Drawing with LaTeX example 3 circle.}
\end{figure}
Adding new commands

Existing LaTeX commands are sufficient for

most situations. But if there is something
that you think is missing you can always
add or modify using following commands:
\newcommand
\renewcommand
\providecommand
\DeclareMathOperator
newcommand command

\newcommand{name}[num][opt]{def}

name – the name of your new command.

num – is an optional parameter specifying number of

arguments the new command requires if not present the
default is 0.

opt – number of arguments that are required if num is used.

def – definition what your new command should do.

newcommand example

\documentclass{article}
\newcommand{\uncg}{University of North
Carolina at Greensboro}
\begin{document}
I’m a graduate student at the \uncg.
\end{document}
renewcommand & providecommand

The renewcommand and providecommand

have the same syntax as the
newcommand except:

renewcommand is used to override already

existing command.
providecommand is used if the command is
already defined latex will ignore your
command.
renewcommand example

\documentclass{article}

\renewcommand{\^} {{\diamond}}

\begin{document}
$u=abaab\^ ba$
\end{document}
Did that break ^ ? NO!

\documentclass{article}
\renewcommand{\^} {{\diamond}}
\begin{document}

$u=abaab\^ ba$ \\
$a^u$ and $u^\^$ \\
Still works !

\end{document}
DeclareMathOperator

• \DeclareMathOperator{\name1}{name2} will
create the new command \name1 which will
typeset the text “name2” like a mathematical
operator (like sin or lim)
• Requires amsmath package.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\DeclareMathOperator{\re}{Re}
\begin{document}
If $z = a + bi$, then $\re z = \re(a + bi) = a$.
\end{document}
Creating your own newenvironment

Just as allowing you to create a new

commands LaTeX also provides you ability
to create your own environment using
newenvironment and renewenvironment
commands.

(the syntax for newenvironment and

renewenvironment is the same the only
difference is that renewenvironment redefines
already existing environment)
newenvironment and renewenvironment

\newenvironment{name}[args][opt]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{name}[args][opt]{begdef}{enddef}
name – the name of your environment.
args – optional the number of arguments.
opt – optional the number of arguments required that are listed
in args.
begdef The text substituted for every occurrence of
\begin{name}; a parameter of the form #n in begdef is
replaced by the text of the nth argument when this
substitution takes place.
enddef The text substituted for every occurrence of
\end{name}. It may not contain any argument parameters.
Creating your own package

If you created a large number of

newcommands and newenvironments the
preamble of your document can become
quite large, to avoid this it is recommended
to place your new commands and
environments in a separate file and include
it using the \usepackage.
Creating your package file

To create your package file place all of your new

commands and environments in a separate file
and save it with file extension .sty at the top of the
file add \ProvidesPackage command.

\ProvidesPackage{name} command

name – specifies the name of your package it has to

match the name you use with \usepackage
command.
Useful websites

• Detexify: allows you to draw a symbol and it will

give you the LaTeX command for it:
– http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html
• Art of Problem Solving: good introduction to
LaTeX and quick reference for symbols and basic
formatting:
– http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki/index
.php/LaTeX
• MathSciNet:
– www.ams.org/mathscinet
Bibliography
• Wilkins, D. R. “Summary of Commonly-Used Features of LaTeX.” 19 Nov. 1993: 1-15 p. Online.
Internet. 22 Jan. 2006. Available http://www.ce.chalmers.se/~thomasl/dochelp/lashort.pdf
• Kern, Uwe. Chroma: A Reference Book of LaTeX Colors. 4 April 2004 : n. pag. Online. Internet.
13 Jan. 2006. Available http://www.ctan.org/tex-
archive/documentation/colour/chroma/chroma.pdf
• Smart, Julian. “Commands by Category.” Manual for Tex2RTF 2.0: A LaTeX to RTF and HTML
Converter. Nov. 1999. http://www.iriset.ac.in/man/wxwinm/tex2rtf/t2rtf28.htm#topic36 (21 Jan.
2006).
• ---. “LaTeX Commands.” Manual for Tex2RTF 2.0: A LaTeX to RTF and HTML Converter. Nov.
1999. http://www.iriset.ac.in/man/wxwinm/tex2rtf/t2rtf25.htm (21 Jan. 2006).
• Oetiker, Tobias, et al. The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX 2e. 27 Sep. 2005: 1-66 p. Online.
Internet. 11 Jan. 2006. Available http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf
• LaTeX 3 Project Team. “LaTeX 2e for Authors.” 31 Jul. 2001: 11-23 p. Online. Internet. 20 Jan.
2006. Available http://www.latex-project.org/guides/usrguide.pdf