Pipeline Transient Study
Pipeline Transient Study
Pipeline Transient Study
SURFACE FACILITIES
DOCUMENT NO : PS-00000-1163-0105-E
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................... 5
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 6
1.1 Study Objectives..................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Study Scope ........................................................................................................... 6
2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 14
2.1 Project Overview .................................................................................................. 14
2.2 Study Objective .................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Purpose of the Document ..................................................................................... 15
2.4 Order of Precedence ............................................................................................ 16
3 BASIS FOR DESIGN ........................................................................................... 17
3.1 Process Description .............................................................................................. 17
3.2 Boundary Conditions ............................................................................................ 18
3.3 Environmental Data .............................................................................................. 19
3.4 Pipeline Data ........................................................................................................ 21
3.5 Fluid Composition ................................................................................................. 21
3.6 Slug Catcher Data ................................................................................................ 25
3.7 Flare Header and KOD Design Data..................................................................... 26
3.8 Software used ...................................................................................................... 26
4 APPROACH TO WORK ....................................................................................... 27
4.1 Scope of Work ...................................................................................................... 28
4.2 Operating Conditions for Materials Assessment ................................................... 28
4.3 Maximum Arrival Temperature .............................................................................. 29
4.4 Operating Conditions for Hydrate Assessment ..................................................... 30
4.5 Transient Operating Scenarios Modeled ............................................................... 31
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS........................................................................... 38
5.1 Flow lines and Trunk lines .................................................................................... 38
5.2 Export Gas Pipeline .............................................................................................. 40
5.3 Slugging Potential during Normal Operations ....................................................... 41
5.4 Pigging Operations ............................................................................................... 44
5.5 Ramp-up / Rate Change Operations (Trunk lines Only) ........................................ 48
5.6 Depressurization Operations ................................................................................ 54
5.7 Shutdown Operations ........................................................................................... 56
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6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 57
7 APPENDIX A – FURTHER FLOWLINE AND TRUNKLINE SIZING RESULTS ... 58
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GLOSSARY
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Study Objectives
The objectives of this transient analysis study are to carry out transient
simulation modelling on a gas gathering system to transport gas from the four
fields (Azrafil, Reggane, Kahlouche and Kahlouche South) to Gas Treatment
Plant (GTP). A gas export pipeline transports the conditioned gas from the
field to the Sonatrach gas transport system with the Reggane Nord Project in
order to develop a high level operating strategy for intermittent operations on
each system such as shutdown, pigging, depressurisation, production restart
and ramp-up.
Reggane Trunk line (RG2 to RG1 & RG1 to GTP – Two Trunk lines)
Shutdown
Pigging
Depressurisation
Slugging Potential
Ramp-up
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Further details explaining the study scope and the methodology for carrying
out each transient scenario can be found within section 4.0 of this report.
The Reggane Nord Project requires the transport gas from the four fields
(Azrafil, Reggane, Kahlouche and Kahlouche South) to the Central
Processing Facility and a gas export pipeline to transport the processed gas
from the field to the Sonatrach gas transport system.
OLGA models have been constructed for the Azrafil field (AZSE), the
Reggane field (RG2 and RG1) and the Kahlouche and Kahlouche South fields
(KL1, KL2 and KLS), every trunk line and flow line has been included as
shown in Figure1.1
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Steady state turndown cases have been simulated for summer and winter
conditions, at high (70 bara) and low (31 bara) pressure operation. The cases
with the highest stabilised liquid content in the trunk lines and where slugs
have been predicted by OLGA were then re-run with the OLGA slug tracking
module activated to investigate hydrodynamic slugs.
These cases have then been shut in for 12h and ramped up linearly over 12h
to determine the worst case surge volume. Where the slug catcher volumes
were exceeded, preliminary stepped ramp up has been carried out iteratively
to bring the accumulated volumes within the slug catcher design liquid
handling capacity. The recommended Ramp up flow rate and corresponding
ramp up time for trunk lines are shown in Table 1.1,
Table 1-1 The recommended Ramp up flow rate and corresponding ramp
up time for Trunk lines
20% to 0 to 20%
<0.5 <0.5
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The required pigging frequencies for liquid inventory control have been
calculated for all fields by previous steady state PIPESIM study, an OLGA
simulation has been run for Azrafil to verify these results. Typical pigging
velocities are 0.5 to 5 m/s. Gas velocities have been extracted from the
steady state OLGA simulations to establish the flow rates at which the pig can
be launched for each field. The recommended pigging flow rate and
corresponding pig velocity and pigging frequency are shown in Table 1.2a,
Table 1.2b and Table 1.2c
The required pigging frequencies for operation at 20% flow are summarised
for all fields, assuming saturation and formation water, in Table 1 2b. These
are considered too frequent to be feasible for liquid inventory control.
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Table 1-2b Pigging frequency for each trunk line, assuming saturation
and formation water
Table 1-2c Pigging frequency for each trunk line, assuming no formation
water
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The trunk line and flow line diameters are listed in Table 1-4 along with a
summary of key operating parameters.
The maximum operating pressures at the inlet to the Azrafil, Reggane and
Kahlouche flow lines are 85.1, 78.9 and 108.0 bara respectively. These
maximum operating pressures can be used to set the design pressures for the
three gathering systems.
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Table 1-4 Summary of trunk line and flow line diameters with operating
conditions
Results
Outlet Inlet Minimum
Inlet Design
pressure pressure for Stable
Temp Flowrate Line Size
at GTP 3 selected line Flowrate
(°C) (MMsm /d) 3
(bara) size (bara) (MMsm /d[%])
AZSE 70 29.4 81.7 1.8 [90]
2.3 12"NB
Trunkline 31 23.9 46.9 1.2 [60]
AZSE 70 30.3 85.1 0.44 [80]
0.55 6"NB
Flowline 31 18.8 53.1 0.33 [60]
RG1 to 70 42.5 72.7 3.2 [70]
GTP 4.77 16"NB
Trunkline 31 33.2 36.3 2.3 [50]
Reggane 70 47.4 74.4 0.8 [80]
RG1 0.99 8"NB
Flowline 31 35.8 39.7 0.6 [60]
RG2 to 70 42.2 76.8 1.8 [70]
RG1 2.57 12"NB
Trunkline 31 34.8 44.0 1.2 [50]
Reggane 70 48.7 78.9 0.7 [70]
RG2 0.99 8"NB
Flowline 31 38.7 47.7 0.5 [50]
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The gas export pipeline should be 24”NB. This pipeline size meets the design
capacity of 8.6 MMSm³/d with an inlet pressure to the Sonatrach pipeline network of
71 bara without exceeding the maximum allowable inlet pressure of 81 bara.
The velocity of the gas at the design flow rate of 4.5 m/s is within acceptable limits
and the pipeline will operate in a single phase under all conditions. Export pipeline
requires 4 days for depressurization.
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2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Project Overview
The Reggane Nord Surface Facilities will be located in a desert region, but
near to an oasis area and some highly populated centres. Livelihood of local
inhabitants depends largely on agricultural activities and herding. The
protection of the resources on which these communities depend is of utmost
importance.
A flow assurance study has been carried out by Petrofac covering steady
state and transient analysis work on the four fields (Azrafil, Reggane,
Kahlouche and Kahlouche South) to the Central Processing Facility and a gas
export pipeline to transport the processed gas from the field to the Sonatrach
gas transport system associated with the Reggane Nord Project and as part
of the EPC phase.
The principal aim of this scope of work is to carry out pipeline transient
analysis for unsteady state intermittent operations on trunk lines within Azrafil,
Reggane, Kahlouche and Kahlouche South facilities.
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Shutdown operations,
Pigging operations,
Depressurisation operations,
Trunk line / Flow line total pressure drop (back pressure at the choke
valve)
Slugging potential
The purpose of this document is to present the results and conclusions from
the pipeline simulations for transient analysis for unsteady state intermittent
operations on trunk lines within Azrafil, Reggane, Kahlouche and Kahlouche
South facilities and steady state multiphase flow analysis of the flow lines
(between wells and manifolds), trunk lines (between manifolds and the GTP)
and the gas export pipeline.
This report documents the scope, methodology, results and conclusions from
the study work.
The reader is referred to the Flow Assurance Basis of Design (Ref.1) for a
detailed description of the overall basis of design for flow assurance.
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The well fluid entering the GTP will be conditioned to meet sales gas and
condensate specification. The processing facilities are shown in Figure 3-1.
At first gas, all trunk lines operate at high pressure (70 bara), the feed will
enter via the HP manifold and HP Slug catcher. Free and condensed water
are separated and sent to the Water Treatment Unit. Wet acid gas flows to the
amine unit and hydrocarbon liquids are routed to the condensate stabiliser
train.
During future low pressure trunk line operating conditions (31 bara), well fluids
will be routed to LP manifold and LP Slug catcher. Free and condensed water
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are separated and sent to the Water Treatment Unit. Wet acid gas flows to the
Inlet Booster Compressor and hydrocarbon liquids are routed to the
condensate stabiliser train. The gas will be compressed to a level suitable to
co-mingle into the process downstream of the HP Slug catcher gas outlet.
After gas processing to control the acid gas content and reduce water and
hydrocarbon dew points, the treated gas is compressed up to sales gas
delivery pressure for export. Delivery point is to the new Sonatrach pipeline
located approximately 75 km from the GTP.
For dynamic modelling, the boundary conditions used for each system are the
pipeline fluid inlet temperatures and trunk line /flow line outlet pressures. The
measurement location for each boundary is described in brackets
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Pipeline alignment sheets for relevant Pipelines /Trunk lines / Flow lines were
used to generate elevation profile data in OLGA from Pipeline Schedule
(Ref.10)
The original dry fluid compositions provided for the study [Ref. 1] have been
characterised in PVTSIM using the Peng Robinson Equation of State. The
fluids were entered in PVTSIM as ‘No-Plus fluids’.
Each composition for flow lines and trunk lines was saturated with water at
reservoir conditions. The resulting composition, which will be used for
simulations, is shown in Table 3.5.1 & Table3.5.2 for flow lines & trunk lines
with pseudo-component properties listed. The fluid composition for the Gas
Export Pipeline has been provided from the H&MB Scenario 10 (Summer -
HP - Max Liquid Composition - JT Mode) [Ref. 4] with highest molecular
weight (Table3.5.3).
Table shows the fluid composition prorated to adjust the total design water
rate of 375 m3/d. Water is allocated to each field in proportion to that field’s
share of the total gas production volumetric flow rate. This will be used as
basis for sizing the trunk lines.
For the flow lines, the water flow rate will also be split equally by pro-rating the
water rate between the flow lines at the same ratios as gas production rate
and a sensitivity study will also be performed to assess the impact of all the
water for a particular field being produced from a single well through a single
flowline.
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Table 3.5.1 Characterised Fluid compositions for flow lines & Trunk lines
Mole %
Note 1: The RG-6 Gedinian A well experienced H2S levels of up to 5 ppm (mol),
as per report OLG-476. This will be used as the basis.
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Table3.5.2 Fluid compositions for flow lines & Trunk lines with Formation
Water
Mole %
KL
Carb
Component Reggane KL Carb KL Devo KLS AZSE +Dev KL+KLS
H2O 6.650 6.860 6.550 6.700 6.450 6.400 6.393
N2 0.344 0.757 0.299 0.221 0.264 0.610 0.515
CO2 4.152 0.457 5.662 4.026 4.072 1.617 2.142
H2S 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
C1 92.343 90.899 90.739 93.053 91.873 85.699 86.367
C2 1.308 5.360 1.133 1.009 1.795 4.093 3.349
C3 0.164 1.223 0.250 0.098 0.233 0.932 0.733
iC4 0.013 0.139 0.020 0.010 0.006 0.104 0.082
nC4 0.014 0.259 0.020 0.010 0.015 0.189 0.147
2,2-dim-C3 0.001 0.010 - - - 0.007 0.005
iC5 0.003 0.080 0.005 - 0.008 0.058 0.044
nC5 0.002 0.070 - - 0.005 0.050 0.038
C6 0.002 0.089 - - 0.003 0.064 0.049
m-c-C5 - 0.010 - - - 0.007 0.005
c-C6 - 0.010 - - - 0.007 0.005
m-c-C6 - 0.020 - - - 0.014 0.011
Toluene - - - - 0.002 - -
C7 0.001 0.040 - - - 0.028 0.022
C8 0.002 0.040 - - - 0.028 0.022
C9 0.001 0.030 - - - 0.021 0.016
C10 - 0.030 - - - 0.021 0.016
C11 - 0.020 - - - 0.014 0.011
C12 - 0.020 - - - 0.014 0.011
C13 - 0.010 - - - 0.007 0.005
C14 - 0.010 - - - 0.007 0.005
C15 - 0.010 - - - 0.007 0.005
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Component Mol %
Nitrogen 0.76
CO2 0.46
H2S 0.00
Methane 91.51
Ethane 5.38
Propane 1.22
i-Butane 0.14
n-Butane 0.25
Mcyclopentan 0.01
Cyclohexane 0.01
Mcyclohexane 0.01
22-Mpropane 0.01
i-Pentane 0.07
n-Pentane 0.06
n-Hexane 0.07
Benzene 0.00
n-Heptane 0.02
Toluene 0.00
n-Octane 0.01
E-Benzene 0.00
m-Xylene 0.00
p-Xylene 0.00
o-Xylene 0.00
n-Nonane 0.00
n-Decane 0.00
n-C11 0.00
n-C12 0.00
n-C13 0.00
n-C14 0.00
n-C15 0.00
H2O 0.00
124-MBenzene 0.00
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The design inlet flow rate to the produced water facilities is 375 m³/d which
accounts for condensed water and free water production. A 20% design
margin has been added for equipment sizing [Ref.2] therefore a water drain
rate of 450 m³/d has been used for this analysis. The minimum capacity of the
condensate stabilisation unit, processing liquid hydrocarbons from Kahlouche
and Kahlouche South, is 79.6 m³/d [Ref.2].
Table 3.6 Water drain rates available to each field during ramp up
Water drain rate Produced
Condensate
available during water at Water drain rate drain rate
Field normal design available during
1 available
operation flowrate ramp up (m³/d)
(m³/d)
(m³/d) (m³/d)
Azrafil 81.8 87.2 162.2 N/A
Reggane 187.0 199.3 274.3 N/A
Kahlouche and
Kahlouche 181.2 193.2 268.2 79.6
South
1
Including 20% margin
The available surge volumes between critical level set points for the slug
catcher are:
Water level
NLL to HLL – 56.01 m3
NLL to HHLL – 62.22 m3
Hydrocarbon level
NLL to HLL – 30.69 m3
NLL to HHLL – 31.77 m3
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The design temperatures of the HP flare & LP flare systems and liquid drain
rates for the HP flare knock-out drums at the GTP and Trunk lines are listed
as below,
Design Temperature
HP Flare header : minus (-) 45°C / 210°C
LP Flare header : minus (-) 29°C / 210°C
Note 1: The sizing is based on a pump outlet flow rate required to empty the
HHLL to LLL of HP & LP Flare Drum liquid hold up in 30 minutes. Pump 1
starts at HLL & Pump 2 starts at HHLL.
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4 APPROACH TO WORK
The following section describes the scope of work for transient modelling,
identifying the pipelines considered and the scenarios modelled. The
methodology for representing each transient scenario is also provided
together with an explanation of the scenario objectives. The results obtained
from each scenario investigated are presented in section 5.0 and within
Appendix 7.0A.
The overall design basis for all flow assurance work including the chosen
software platform, fluid characterization and build methodology for each
pipeline system is reported within the following documents previously issued
as part of the flow assurance study scope ;
Steady state hydraulic analysis, in order to confirm line size selections has
also been carried out as part of the flow assurance work scope. The reader is
referred to the following document;
The slugging potential, frequency and quantity of liquid slugging from each
RDS transfer line during normal operations and during pigging operations are
reported within the following document:
For all of the flow lines and trunk lines, only the key results and discussion are
presented in the main body of the report and the remaining supporting
information has been included as Appendix A.
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Pipelines Modeled
The scope of work for this transient analysis report covers the following
pipeline and flowline sections which form part of the Reggane Nord Project
field gathering system. Each line is modelled individually as a single branch
system;
Reggane Trunkline (RG2 to RG1 & RG1 to GTP – Two Trunk lines)
The chosen boundary locations, conditions and all pipeline material and
topographic data for each of these pipelines are presented in the Flow
Assurance Design Basis (Ref. 1).
Flow lines
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Flow line outlet pressure equal to trunk line inlet pressure at design
flow rate
Trunk lines
The maximum possible arrival temperature to the GTP was simulated from
Reggane for operation at both 70 bara and 31 bara arrival pressure to the
GTP using the following assumptions:
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PVTSim version 20has been used to generate the hydrate curves. A design
margin of 3°C has been added (unless noted otherwise) to account for
uncertainties in fluid composition and modelling. Each fluid was saturated at
reservoir conditions and the total expected formation water was proportionally
distributed between fields.
The following cases have been simulated for operation at both 70 bara and 31
bara arrival pressure at the GTP:
Flow lines
Flow line outlet pressure equal to trunk line inlet pressure at design
flow rate
Trunk lines
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1. Shutdown Operations
2-hr period
12-hr period
2. Depressurization Operations
3. Pigging Operations
4. Ramp-up Operations
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Notes:
1. Shutdown and depressurization is not carried out for LP summer and winter cases
as HP due to its low pressure would be governing case for both depressurization
rate (Summer) and temperatures (Winter)
2. Pigging simulations are not carried out for summer cases as largest liquid
accumulation would be in winter.
3. Pigging simulations are not carried for Pig velocity more than 5 m/s.
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For the trunk lines, a pipeline ‘line pack’ case generating the maximum shut-in
pressure condition (93.9 & 118 barg, pipeline design pressure) shall also be
considered for depressurization and it has been assumed that this operation
shall be initiated immediately after reaching 93.9 &118 barg.
To assess low temperature risks along the aboveground pipeline and the flare
header piping during blow down, simulations have been performed at two
ambient air temperatures during winter i.e. average shade temperature of
30°C and extreme minimum ambient temperature of 12°C.
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Typical recommended pigging velocities are 0.5 to 5 m/s. The minimum and
maximum gas velocities have been extracted from the steady state OLGA
simulations to establish the flow rates at which the pig can be launched for
each field. Below 0.5 m/s there is a risk of the pig getting stuck, and above
5 m/s there is a risk of the pig being damaged.
The ramp-up operations for trunk lines shall be modelled under transient by
simulating turndown following a period of stable continuous flow followed by
subsequent ramp-up to re-establish full production rate conditions. The most
onerous case for ramp-up is to be modelled by considering the largest
possible step change in flow rate for each trunk line. Maximum production at
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Steady state hydraulic flow performance curves shall be used to establish the
minimum flow rate threshold (for hydraulic flow stability) for each trunk line
covering a range of flow rates, water cuts and GLRs representative of early,
mid and late field life.
The liquid content of the Reggane trunk lines is all water, therefore the results
in this section have been evaluated using a slug catcher design capacity of 50
m³, with an available drain rate of 187 m³/d. Slugs arriving at the outlet are
identified by the liquid flow rate exceeding the average liquid flow rate by a
significant amount.
The liquid content of the Kahlouche and Kahlouche South trunk lines is water
and condensate, therefore the results have been evaluated using a slug
catcher design capacity of 50 m³ water and 25 m³ condensate, with an
available water drain rate of 181.2 m³/d and condensate drain rate of 79.6
m³/d.
The gas export system has been designed to transport 8.6 MMSm3/d of dry
gas into the Sonatrach gas pipeline network at 71 bara. The maximum
allowable inlet pressure to the pipeline is 81 bara. The inlet pressure to the
gas export pipeline is shown in Appendix 7-A.
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The design capacity can be met by a 24"NB gas export pipeline. At the design
capacity the gas velocity is 4.5 m/s and the maximum EVR is 0.3 which are
both acceptable. Export pipeline requires 4 days for depressurization.
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The flow lines and trunk lines for the Reggane development have been
selected to balance the desire to minimise the back-pressure at the wellheads
while providing a reasonable ability to turndown production without large
volumes of liquid accumulating in the pipelines. The significant tie-back
lengths, particularly to the Kahlouche field, make this a particular challenge.
The trunk line and flow line diameters are listed in Table 5-1 along with a
summary of key operating parameters.
The maximum operating pressures at the inlet to the Azrafil, Reggane and
Kahlouche flow lines are 85.1, 78.9 and 108.0 bara respectively. These
maximum operating pressures can be used to set the design pressures for the
three gathering systems.
The minimum stable flow rate determined from steady-state analysis of the
pressure drop through the flow lines and trunk lines and the liquid hold-up at
flow rates does not give much ability to turndown production, particularly when
operating at the higher arrival pressure. It is recommended that the minimum
stable flow rate is investigated in more detail during the transient flow
assurance analysis; in systems with low liquid loading it has been found that
the liquid hold-up can increase quite substantially before slugging becomes a
problem. If this is the case, the only operational difficulty with the higher liquid
hold-up is the surges that will occur when changing production from a low to a
high flow rate.
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Table 5-1 Summary of trunk line and flow line diameters with operating
conditions
Results
Minimum
Outlet Inlet
Design Stable
pressure Inlet pressure for Recommended
Flowrate Flowrate
at GTP Temp(°C) selected line 3 Line Size
(MMsm3/d) (MMsm /d
(bara) size (bara)
[%])
AZSE 70 29.4 81.7 1.8 [90]
2 12"NB
Trunkline 31 23.9 46.9 1.2 [60]
AZSE 70 30.34 85.1 0.44 [80]
0.55 6"NB
Flowline 31 18.8 53.1 0.33 [60]
RG1 to 70 42.5 72.7 3.2 [70]
GTP 4.57 16"NB
Trunkline 31 33.2 36.3 2.3 [50]
Reggane 70 47.35 74.4 0.8 [80]
RG1 0.99 8"NB
Flowline 31 35.8 39.7 0.6
RG2 to 70 42.2 76.8 1.8 [70]
RG1 2.29 12"NB
Trunkline 31 34.8 44.0 1.2 [50]
Reggane 70 48.67 78.9 0.7 [70]
RG2 0.99 8"NB
Flowline 31 38.7 47.7 0.5 [50]
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
The steady state analysis evaluated the pressure drop, liquid hold-up,
erosional velocity, arrival temperature achievable with various pipeline sizes
and from this a suitable recommended pipe size was verified. Each pipeline
was analysed at varying flow rates including peak and turndown rates.
The simulation models were run using an iterative process to calculate the
pressure backwards through the system from the GTP and temperature
feeding forwards from the wells.
The pressure, liquid hold-up, EVR and temperature are reported for the runs
for arrival pressures at the GTP of 70 bara (HP operation) and 31 bara (LP
operation).
Flow lines and trunk lines were verified using the following criteria:
The simulations of the gas export pipeline are somewhat simpler than the
trunk lines and flow lines because the gas export pipeline is a single pipeline
transporting dry gas. A single pipeline model was used to calculate the
pressure drop at the design flow rate to verify 24”NB diameter of pipeline as
per FEED and found to be adequate.
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
This pipeline size meets the design capacity of 8.6 MMSm³/d with an inlet
pressure to the Sonatrach pipeline network of 71 bara without exceeding the
maximum allowable inlet pressure of 81 bara.
The velocity of the gas at the design flow rate of 4.5 m/s is within acceptable
limits and the pipeline will operate in a single phase under all conditions.
Export pipeline requires 4 days for depressurization.
AZSE
Slugs arriving at the outlet are identified when the liquid flow rate exceeds the
average steady state liquid flow rate by a significant amount. The liquid flow
rate at outlet for the high pressure 40% flow case is shown in Table 5.2, with
identified slugs indicated.
During low pressure operation slugs are more frequent but smaller, as shown
in Table 5.3, the maximum slug size recorded was 2.9 m³, which occurred
during 20% flow, this is well within the liquid handling capacity of the slug
catcher.
Page 41 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
Table 5-3 Slug statistics during steady state flow- LP operation (31
bara arrival pressure)
Reggane
The liquid content of the Reggane trunk lines is all water, therefore the results
in this section have been evaluated using a slug catcher design capacity of
50 m³, with an available drain rate of 187 m³/d. Slugs arriving at the outlet are
identified by the liquid flow rate exceeding the average liquid flow rate by a
significant amount.
During low pressure operation, the slugs are more frequent and smaller at
20% flow, with a maximum accumulated liquid of 3.6 m³. The 40% case is
more stable with, on average a 2.3 m³ slug occurring every 2h as shown in
Table 5.5, the maximum recorded and predicted sizes are well within the slug
catcher design capacities.
Page 42 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
Table 5-5 Slug statistics during steady state flow- LP operation (31
bara arrival pressure)
The liquid content of the Kahlouche and Kahlouche South trunk lines is water
and condensate, therefore the results have been evaluated using a slug
catcher design capacity of 50 m³ water and 25 m³ condensate, with an
available water drain rate of 181.2 m³/d and condensate drain rate of
79.6 m³/d.
Slugs arriving at the outlet are identified by the liquid flow rate exceeding the
average liquid flow rate by a significant amount. A summary of the slugging
statistics during high pressure operation is shown in Table 5.6.
During low pressure operation, the slugs are larger and less frequent. The
maximum accumulated liquid volume recorded in the slug catcher is 6.0 m³,
which occurred during 20% flow and is well within the liquid handling capacity
of the slug catcher. A summary of the slugging statistics during low pressure
operation is shown in Table 5.7
Page 43 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
Table 5-7 Slug statistics during steady state flow- LP operation (31
bara arrival pressure)
The slug catcher has sufficient liquid handling capacity to handle the slug and
maximum slug volume recorded from AZSE and Reggane, throughout field
life for all flow rates considered.
The slugs recorded as reaching the outlet from the Kahlouche and Kahlouche
South fields are within the liquid handling capacity of the slug catcher, for both
high and low pressure operation. The slug volume is well within the liquid
handling capacity of the slug catcher, throughout field life for all flow rates
considered apart from the 40% flow high pressure operation case.
In this case, it is possible that the slug catcher design capacity will be
exceeded. However, this may be managed by the drain rate depending on the
inlet liquid velocity of the arriving slug.
Slugging is not expected to be a problem, the slug catcher size and drain
rates are adequate, throughout field life, for the slugging characteristics
anticipated from AZSE, Reggane, Kahlouche and Kahlouche South.
AZSE
The liquid content of the Azrafil trunk lines is all water; therefore the results
have been calculated using a slug catcher design capacity of 50 m³. This is
conservative calculation of the required pigging frequency, as it does not
account for the drain rate.
Page 44 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
The maximum and minimum gas velocities recorded in the Azrafil trunk line
are shown in Table 5.8. The liquid velocities are within the recommended
limits during high pressure operation for all flow rates considered, however
during low pressure operation the velocities are too high above 40% flow.
It is likely that in late field life wells producing a lot of water will be shut-in
during low pressure operation.
Reggane
The liquid content of the Reggane trunk lines is all water; therefore results
have been calculated using a slug catcher design capacity of 50 m³. This is a
conservative calculation of the required pigging frequency, as it does not
account for drain rate.
The maximum and minimum gas velocities are shown in Table 5.9. The liquid
velocities are prohibitive during low pressure operation, and turndown below
20% flow may be required to launch the pig. During high pressure operation, it
is possible to launch the pig without turning down the flow rate below 60%
flow.
Page 45 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
The liquid content of the Kahlouche South trunk lines is water and
condensate; therefore results have been calculated using a slug catcher
design capacity of 50 m³ for water and 25 m³ for condensate. This is a
conservative calculation of the required pigging frequency, as it does not
account for drain rate.
The maximum and minimum gas velocities are shown in Table 6.0. The liquid
velocities are too high during low pressure operation, and turndown below
20% flow is required to launch the pig. During high pressure operation, it is
possible to launch the pig without turning down the flow rate below 60% flow.
Page 46 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
The results for pigging the trunk line from the Kahlouche and Kahlouche
South junction assume an equal distribution of produced water, they have
been assessed by reviewing the oil and water pigging volumes separately,
and taking the most frequent require pigging frequency.
During low pressure operation, when there is no formation water, the water is
entrained in the oil phase and thus there is a negligible rate of free water flow
or build up. Results have been based on the oil pigging volume curves shown
in Appendix 7.0 A.
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
AZSE
The liquid content of the AZSE trunk lines is all water, therefore the results
have been calculated using a slug catcher design capacity of 50 m³, assuming
a drain rate of 162.2 m³/d is available for the AZSE field production. This is
conservative as it assumes other fields are producing significant formation
water volumes.
A summary of the ramp up times required to remain within the slug catcher
design capacity, during high pressure operation, are shown in Table 6.3.
Page 48 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
A summary of the ramp up times required to remain within the slug catcher
design capacity, during low pressure operation, is shown in Table 6.4. It is
possible to ramp up instantaneously to the flow rate at which the trunk line
was operating before shut in without exceeding the design limits of the slug
catcher
Reggane
The liquid content of the Reggane trunk lines is all water; therefore the results
have been calculated using a slug catcher design capacity of 50 m³. A drain
rate of 274.3 m³/d is available for the Reggane field production. This is
conservative as it assumes other fields are producing significant formation
water volumes.
A summary of the ramp up times required to remain within the slug catcher
design capacity is shown in Table 6.5. It is possible to ramp up
instantaneously to 40% flow after a shut in at 40% steady state conditions,
with a maximum accumulated liquid of 4.7 m³.
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
A summary of the ramp up times required to remain within the slug catcher
design capacity, during low pressure operation is shown in Table 6.6. It is
possible to ramp up instantaneously to the flow rate at which the trunk line
was operating before shut-in, without exceeding the design limits of the slug
catcher.
The liquid content of the Kahlouche and Kahlouche South trunk lines is water
and condensate; therefore the results have been calculated using a slug
catcher design capacity of 50 m³ water and 25 m³ condensate. A drain rate of
268.2 m³/d for water and 79.6 m³/d for condensate is available for the
Kahlouche and Kahlouche South field production.
During high and low pressure operation it is possible to ramp up
instantaneously to 40% flow from shut-in at 40% steady state conditions.
Graphs to show this are shown in Appendix
It is not possible to ramp up directly from shut-in at 20% steady state
conditions without flooding the slug catcher. The hold up and topography is
Page 50 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
1. Initial production through the 2” ESD valve, to minimise the ‘blow out’ of
liquid as the pipeline depressurises from the shut-in settle out pressure.
2. In the case of high oil surge volumes, the condensate drain rate could
be increased from the specified minimum 79.6 m³/d. The drain rate is
level controlled and the drain valve is not yet specified.
3. Overflow of water through the condensate drain route to the off spec
storage tank, which would provide an extra 85 m³ storage capacity.
This could then be recycled through the condensate separation unit
when the inlet flow rate had stabilised at a lower flow rate. In this
scenario the complete 75 m³ slug catcher volume capacity can be used
indiscriminately for oil and/or water
Page 51 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
A summary of the ramp up times required to remain within the slug catcher
design capacity is shown in Table 6.7 for high pressure operation and Table
6.8 for low pressure operation. Throughout field life it is necessary to use
mitigation measures to ramp up from 20% flow steady state shut in conditions,
and mitigation measures could be used throughout ramp up to reduce the
required overall time. Where indicated the results were based on a linear
extrapolation of conservative results.
Note 1
Mitigation measures are required for the initial surge.
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Groupement Reggane
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Azrafil Reggane
KL + KLS time
Ramp up time time (days)
(days) (days)
40% to 0 to 40% <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Note 1
20% to 0 to 20% <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Note 1
Note 1
Mitigation measures are required for the initial surge.
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Groupement Reggane
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With a fixed orifice size, flow line peak gas and liquid blow down flow rates are
now within design handling limits of the Burn pit system with respect to burn
pit header back-pressure.
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Groupement Reggane
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With relatively low initial shut-in pressures in this instance, the amount of
liquids removed is also limited with the majority of liquids being left within the
pipeline and therefore final settle-out pressures will be different for each trunk
line. Line pigging would be required following depressurisation in order to
hydrocarbon free prior to any pipeline intervention requirements. The shut-in
pressures in the trunk lines are typically between 93.9 barg and 118 barg.
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
The peak gas and liquid blow down flow rates based on orifice size are now
within design handling limits of the HP flare system with respect to flare
header back-pressure.
The gas export system has been designed to transport 8.6 MMSm 3/d of dry
gas into the Sonatrach gas pipeline network at 71 bara. The maximum
allowable inlet pressure to the pipeline is 81 bara. The inlet pressure to the
gas export pipeline is shown in Appendix 7-A.Export pipeline requires 4 days
for depressurization.
The Reggane trunk lines and flow lines are outside the hydrate region during
normal operation and shutdown at 31 bara operation, and normal operation at
70 bara. However, conditions enter the hydrate region during shutdown at 70
bara operation. To prevent hydrate formation 14 wt% MEG would be needed.
All of the Kahlouche and Kahlouche South trunk lines are inside the hydrate
region during normal operation and shutdown at both operating pressures.
The Kahlouche Carb flow lines are inside the hydrate region for all cases
considered, the Kahlouche Dev flow lines are inside the hydrate region for all
cases considered apart from low pressure shutdown and the Kahlouche south
flow lines are outside the hydrate region for all cases considered apart from
the high pressure shutdown. To prevent hydrate formation 32 wt% MEG
would be needed.
Page 56 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
6 REFERENCES
1. Flow Assurance Simulation Basis, Doc.No # PS-0000-1156-305-E
Doc.No # PS-0000-1156-304-E
Doc.No # PS-0000-1156-303-E
Doc No # PH-14111-1163-0001-E
Doc No # PH-14171-1163-0003-E
Doc No # PH-14171-1163-0004-E
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Groupement Reggane
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Groupement Reggane
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7-3 AZSE Trunk line Pigging – Pig Velocity @ HP winter 20% flow
Page 61 of 98
Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
Figure 7.4 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Mass flow @ HP Summer 100%
flow
Figure 7.5 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Liquid Content @ HP Summer
100% flow
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
Figure 7.6 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total mass flow @ HP Summer 40%
flow
Figure 7.7 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Liquid Content @ HP Summer
40% flow
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
Figure 7.8 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total mass flow @ HP Summer
20% flow
Figure 7.9 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Liquid Content @ HP Summer
20% flow
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Groupement Reggane
PS-00000-1163-0105-E A
Figure7.10 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Mass flow @ HP Winter 100%
flow
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.12 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total mass flow @ HP Winter 40% flow
Figure 7.13 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Liquid Content @ HP Winter 40%
flow
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure7.14 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total mass flow @ HP Winter 20% flow
Figure7.15 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Liquid Content @ HP Winter 20%
flow
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure7.16 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total mass flow @ LP Summer 100%
flow
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.18 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total mass flow @ LP Winter 100%
flow
Figure 7.19 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total Liquid Content @ LP Winter
100% flow
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Figure 7.20 AZSE Trunk line Slugging – Total mass flow @ LP Winter 40% flow
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Figure 7.50 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Winter)
Figure 7.51 RG1 Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Winter)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.52 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Winter)
Figure 7.53 RG1 Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Winter)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.54 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Summer)
Figure 7.55 RG1 Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Summer)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.56 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Summer)
Figure 7.57 RG1 Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Summer)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.58 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Winter)
Figure 7.59 RG1 Total Mass Flow – shutdown from 40% flow ramping up to
40% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Winter)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.60 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Winter)
Figure 7.61 RG1 Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Winter)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.62 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Summer)
Figure 7.63 RG1 Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Summer)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.64 RG1 Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Summer)
Figure 7.65 RG1 Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Summer)
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Groupement Reggane
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Figure 7.66 KL/KLS Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Summer)
Figure 7.67 KL/KLS Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (70 bara arrival pressure @ HP Summer)
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Figure 7.68 KL/KLS Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Winter)
Figure 7.69 KL/KLS Total Mass / Liquid Mass Flow – shutdown from 40% flow
ramping up to 40% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Winter)
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Figure 7.70 KL/KLS Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Winter)
Figure 7.71 KL/KLS Surge volume in slugcatcher – shutdown from 20% flow
ramping up to 20% over 12h (31 bara arrival pressure @ LP Summer)
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