IPS1-Pcal&Technique Student
IPS1-Pcal&Technique Student
IPS1-Pcal&Technique Student
PREPARED BY:
REYSAN S. COSAS, RPH
Your Lecturer
Hi, class!
My name is Reysan S. Cosas, you call me Sir
Reysan.
I am a registered pharmacist. I started teaching in
CEU School of Pharmacy last 2015 handling
courses like Pharmacology, Therapeutics,
Pharmacotherapy, Biopharmaceutics, and
Pharmacokinetics. I also handle General
Pharmacology in the School of Optometry.
Currently, I am the Assistant to the Dean of the
School of Pharmacy and Adviser of Pharmacy
Student Council. I hope you will learn a lot in our
course. See you virtually!
Contact me:
via CEU Leaps inbox or email [email protected]
Step 1. Take the time necessary to carefully read and thoughtfully
consider the problem prior to engaging in computations.
Step 2. Estimate the dimension of the answer in both quantity and
units of measure (e.g., milligrams) to satisfy the requirements of the
problem.
Step 3. Perform the necessary calculations using the appropriate
method both for efficiency and understanding.
Step 4. Before assuming that an answer is correct, the problem should
be read again and all calculations checked.
Step 5. Consider the reasonableness of the answer in terms of the
numerical value, including the proper position of a decimal point, and
the units of measure.
• It is the area of study that applies the basic
principles of mathematics to the preparation and safe
and effective use of pharmaceuticals.
• The relative magnitude of two quantities is called their
ratio.
B. Specific gravity
C. Specific volume
D. Specific mass
It is a ratio, expressed decimally, of the weight of a
substance to the weight of an equal volume of a
substance chosen as a standard, both substances at
the same temperature or the temperature of each
being known:
A. Density
B. Specific gravity
C. Specific volume
D. Specific mass
It is used as the standard for the determination of
specific gravities of liquids and solids:
A. 80% Ethyl alcohol
B. Water
C. Hexane
D. Octanol
It is considered most useful standard for the
determination of specific gravities of gases:
A. Hydrogen
B. Helium
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen
What is the representative specific gravity of water
at 25 degree Celsius?
A. 1.00
B. 0.96
C. 0.92
D. 0.91
In the United States Pharmacopeia, the standard
temperature for specific gravities is 25 degree Celsius,
except for that of alcohol, which is _ degree Celsius:
A. 15.65
B. 16.65
C. 16.56
D. 15.56
It is a special glass bottle used to determine specific
gravity of different substances:
A. Burette
B. Densiometer
C. Pycnometer
D. Plummet method
If 10 mL of sulfuric acid weighs 18 g, its density is?
If 54.96 mL of an oil weighs 52.78 g, what is the specific gravity of
the oil?
If a pint of a certain liquid weighs 601 g, what is the specific gravity
of the liquid?
Calculate the specific volume of a syrup, 91.0 mL of which weighs
107.16 g.
If 250 mL of alcohol weighs 203 g, what is its density?
A piece of copper metal weighs 53.6 g, and has a volume of 6
mL. Calculate its density.
If 150 mL of a sorbitol solution weigh 170 g, what is its specific
gravity?
• Percent weight-in-volume (w/v) expresses the number of
grams of a constituent in 100 mL of solution or liquid
preparation and is used regardless of whether water or
another liquid is the solvent or vehicle.
• Percent volume-in-volume (v/v) expresses the number of
milliliters of a constituent in 100 mL of solution or liquid
preparation.
• Percent weight-in-weight (w/w) expresses the number of
grams of a constituent in 100 g of solution or preparation.
• The concentrations of weak solutions are frequently expressed in
terms of ratio strength.
• The term milligrams percent (mg%) expresses the number of
milligrams of substance in 100 mL of liquid. It is used frequently
to denote the concentration of a drug or natural substance in a
biologic fluid, as in the blood.
• The strengths of very dilute solutions are commonly expressed in
terms of parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb).
How many grams of dextrose are required to prepare 4000 mL of a
5% solution?
What is the percentage strength (w/v) of a solution of urea, if 80 mL
contains 12 g?
If a veterinary liniment contains 30% v/v of dimethyl sulfoxide,
how many milliliters of the liniment can be prepared from 1 lb of
dimethyl sulfoxide (sp gr 1.10)?
How many grams of a drug substance are required to make 120 mL
of a 20% (w/w) solution having a specific gravity of 1.15?
If 5 g of boric acid is added to 100 mL of water, what is the
percentage strength (w/w) of the solution?
Express 0.02% as a ratio strength.
Express 1:4000 as a percentage strength.
Express 5 ppm of iron in water in percentage strength and ratio
strength.
• The dose of a drug is the quantitative amount administered or
taken by a patient for the intended medicinal effect.
• single dose
• total dose
• divided doses
• The schedule of dosing (e.g., four times per day for 10 days) is
referred to as the dosage regimen.
It is the amount that ordinarily produces the
medicinal effect intended in the adult patient:
A. Pediatric dose
B. Adult dose
C. Geriatric dose
D. Usual dose
It indicates the quantitative range or amounts of the
drug that may be prescribed within the guidelines of
usual medical practice:
A. Pediatric dose
B. Adult dose
C. Geriatric dose
D. Dosage range
It is the amount that produces the desired intensity
of effect in 50% of the individuals tested:
A. Median effective dose
B. Median toxic dose
C. ED50
D. A and C
It is the amount that produces toxic effects in 50%
of the individuals tested.
A. Median effective dose
B. Median toxic dose
C. TD50
D. B and C
It is the minimum concentration determined that
can be expected to produce the drug’s desired effects
in a patient:
A. Minimum safe concentration
B. Minimum effective concentration
C. Minimum toxic concentration
D. Therapeutic index
It is the base level of blood serum concentration that
produces dose-related toxic effects:
A. Minimum safe concentration
B. Minimum effective concentration
A. Priming dose
B. Loading dose
C. Maintenance dose
D. A and B
Similar in amount to usual doses are administered
according to the dosage regimen to sustain the
desired drug blood levels or drug effects is known
as:
A. Priming dose
B. Loading dose
C. Maintenance dose
D. A and B
Certain dose of biologic or immunologic products,
such as vaccines, may be administered to protect
the patient from contracting a specific disease is
called:
A. Loading dose
B. Maintenance dose
C. Prophylactic dose
D. Therapeutic dose
Other products, such as antitoxins, may be
administered to counter a disease after exposure or
contraction:
A. Loading dose
B. Maintenance dose
C. Prophylactic dose
D. Therapeutic dose
The fabrication of a pharmaceutical product from
individual ingredients, carefully weighed, measured,
and mixed is called:
A. Filling
B. Manufacturing
C. Compounding
D. Dispensing
The following approximate equivalent of household
measures are correct, except:
A. A teaspoon measures 5 mL
B. A desert spoon measure 10 mL
D. Usual dose
It is the branch of medicine that deals with disease in
children from birth through adolescence:
A. Pediatrics
B. Geriatrics
C. Adulthood
D. Puberty
The following statements about pediatric patients
are correct, except:
A. Neonate is from birth to 1 month
B. Infant is 1 month to 1 year
C. 38
D. 40
It is the field that encompasses the management of
illness in the elderly:
A. Pediatrics
B. Geriatrics
C. Adulthood
D. Puberty
It is the use of pharmacologically active substances
in the treatment of disease and illness:
A. Pharmacotherapy
B. Pharmacokinetics
C. Pharmacology
D. Pharmacodynamics
It involves the study of the rate and extent of drug
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
elimination:
A. Pharmacotherapy
B. Pharmacology
C. Pharmacodynamics
D. Pharmacokinetics
It is the method of calculating drug doses that is
widely used for two types of patient groups: cancer
patients receiving chemotherapy and pediatric
patients:
A. Based on age
B. Based on weight
C. Body surface area
D. Body mass index
The average adult is considered to have a Body
surface are (BSA) of:
A. 1.73 m2
B. 1.72 m2
C. 1.73 m3
D. 1.72 m3
Calculations of dose based on age
!"# $ !%&'( %)*#
Young’s rule = !"#+,-
C. TCID50
D. Lf Unit
The potency of many pharmaceutical products
derived from biological sources is based on:
A. Microgram
B. Units of activity
C. TCID50
D. Lf Unit
The strength of a viral vaccine is expressed most
commonly in terms of:
A. Microgram
B. Units of activity
C. TCID50
D. Lf Unit
The strength of a toxoid is generally expressed in
terms of:
A. Microgram
B. Units of activity
C. TCID50
D. Lf Unit
The potency of insulin preparation is generally
expressed in terms of:
A. Microgram
B. Units
C. TCID50
D. Lf Unit
How many milliliters of U-100 insulin should be used to obtain 40
units of insulin?
A physician prescribed 100 units of insulin to be added to 500 mL of
D5W in treating a patient with severe diabetic acidosis. How many
milliliters of insulin injection concentrate, U-500, should be used?
If neomycin sulfate has a potency of 600 mcg of neomycin per
milligram, how many milligrams of neomycin sulfate would be
equivalent in potency to 1 mg of neomycin?
A biologic contains 50 Lf Units of diphtheria toxoid in each 2.5 mL
of product. If a pediatric patient is to receive 10 Lf Units, how many
milliliters of product should be administered?
Measles Virus Vaccine Live is prepared to contain 1000 TCID50 per
0.5-mL dose. What is the TCID50 content of a 50-mL multiple dose
vial of the vaccine?
Creatinine clearance
• Creatinine is eliminated from the body essentially through
renal filtration, reduced kidney performance results in a
reduced creatinine clearance rate.
For males:
98 – 0.8 𝑥 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 – 20
𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 =
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑔/𝑑𝐿
For females:
98 – 0.8 𝑥 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 – 20
𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 0.9
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑔/𝑑𝐿
Creatinine clearance
• By the Cockcroft-Gault equation:
For males:
140 – 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 =
72 𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑔/𝑑𝐿
For females:
140 – 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑟𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 0.85
72 𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑔/𝑑𝐿
Determine the creatinine clearance rate for an 80-year-
old male patient weighing 70 kg and having a serum
creatinine of 2 mg/dL. Use both the Jelliffe and
Cockcroft-Gault equations.
When a solvent passes through a semipermeable
membrane from a dilute solution into a more
concentrated one, the concentrations become
equalized and the phenomenon is known as:
A. Diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Active transport
D. Filtration
Colligative properties of solutions depend on the
number of particles in solution. It may include the
following, except:
A. Osmotic pressure
B. Vapor pressure
C. Melting point
D. Freezing point
The following statements about osmotic pressure are correct, except:
I. Two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure are termed isosmotic.
II. A solution having the same osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid is termed
isotonic.
III. Solutions of lower osmotic pressure than that of a body fluid are termed
hypotonic.
D. -0.55
It is a system, usually an aqueous solution, that
possesses the property of resisting changes in pH
with the addition of small amounts of a strong acid
or base:
A. Buffers
B. Buffer action
C. Buffer capacity
D. Buffer solution
Buffer equation was derived from:
A. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
B. Noyes-Whitney equation
C. Fick’s law equation
C. Milliosmole
D. Molar concentrations
International system of units expresses most clinical
laboratory values, including those of electrolytes in
terms of:
A. Milliequivalent
B. Microgram
C. Milliosmole
D. Molar concentrations
Osmotic pressure is proportional to the total
number of particles in solution. The unit used to
measure osmotic concentration is:
A. Milliequivalent
B. Microgram
C. Milliosmole
D. Molar concentrations
It is defined as the milliosmoles of solute per liter of
solution:
A. Normality
B. Molarity
C. Osmolarity
D. Osmolality
It is defined as the milliosmoles of solute per
kilogram of solvent:
A. Normality
B. Molarity
C. Osmolarity
D. Osmolality
Milliequivalence
D. Vaginal
The rapid injection of intravenous medications, as in
emergency or critical care situations, is termed,
except:
A. IV push
B. IV infusion
C. IV stat
D. IV bolus
A medication order calls for 1000 mL of D5W to be administered
over an 8-hour period. Using an IV administration set that delivers
10 drops/mL, how many drops per minute should be delivered to the
patient?
A physician orders enalaprilat (VASOTEC IV) 2 mg IVP for a
hypertensive patient. A pharmacist delivers several 1-mL
injections, each containing 1.25 mg of enalaprilat. How many
milliliters of the injection should be administered?
A physician orders midazolam hydrochloride (VERSED) 2 mg
IV Stat. A pharmacist delivers a vial containing midazolam
hydrochloride 5 mg/mL. How many milliliters should be
administered?
Calculate the daily infusion volume of D10W to be administered to a
neonate weighing 3 lb. 8 oz. on the basis of 60 mL/kg/day.
Using an administration set that delivers 60 drops/mL at 20 drops per
minute, calculate the total time for the above infusion.
Gentamicin sulfate, 2.5 mg/kg, is prescribed for a 1.5-kg
neonate. Calculate (a) the dose of the drug, and (b) when the
drug is placed in a 50-mL IV bag, the flow rate, in
mL/minute, if the infusion is to run for 30 minutes.
A medication order for a patient weighing 154 lb. calls for 0.25
mg of amphotericin B per kilogram of body weight to be added
to 500 mL of 5% dextrose injection. If the amphotericin B is to
be obtained from a constituted injection that contains 50
mg/10 mL, how many milliliters should be added to the
dextrose injection?
It is a method of providing nutritional support via
tubes inserted into the stomach or small intestine. It
finds application in patients who have an inability
or decreased ability to ingest nutrients by mouth:
A. Injections
C. Enteral nutrition
D. A and B
It is accepted as the clinical standard for judging
excessive weight and obesity. And, it is defined as
body weight in kilograms divided by the square of
height measured in meters:
A. Body mass index
For males:
BEE = 66.67 + [13.75 x weight (kg)] + [5 x height (cm)] – [6.76 x Age (yr)]
For females:
BEE = 655.1 + [9.56 x weight (kg)] + [1.86 x height (cm)] – [4.68 x Age (yr)]
Calculate the parenteral nutrition and fluid requirements for a 58-year-old woman who
is 5 ft. 3 in. tall and weighs 140 lb., assuming that she has no disease states that would
alter her nutritional requirements.
The nutritional requirements for a 76-year-old male who is 6 ft. 2 in. tall
and weighs 201 lb. have been determined to be as follows:
Protein: 73.09 g/day
Lipids: 81.23 g/day
Carbohydrates: 266.34 g/day
Water: 2088.82 to 2740.91 mL/day
Total calories: 2088.82 kcal/day
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart
container provides 37 g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and
1.06 kcal/mL.
How many grams each of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids would this
volume provide?
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart
container provides 37 g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and
1.06 kcal/mL.
If the product contains 85% free water, does it meet the patient’s daily
water requirement?
ENSURE liquid is chosen for enteral nutrition for this patient. A quart
container provides 37 g protein, 143 g carbohydrates, 37 g lipids, and
1.06 kcal/mL.
Calculate the BMI of a person 6 ft. 0 in. in height weighing 182 lb.
Describe its interpretation.
• A calorie (spelled with a small c) is the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1C.
• Caloric values:
• carbohydrates yield 4 kcal/g;
• protein, 4 kcal/g; and
• fat, 9 kcal/g.
These are concentrated solutions of active or
inactive substances and are used by pharmacists as
a convenience to prepare solutions of lesser
concentration:
A. Stock solution
B. True solution
C. Alligation
D. Trituration
The strength of an official undiluted (concentrated)
acid is expressed as:
A. Percent weight-in-volume (w/v)
B. Percent volume-in-volume (v/v)
B. True solution
C. Alligation
D. Trituration
It is an arithmetical method of solving problems
that involves the mixing of solutions or mixtures of
solids possessing different percentage strengths:
A. Stock solution
B. True solution
C. Alligation
D. Trituration
This method may be used to determine the strength
of a common ingredient in a mixture of two or more
preparations:
A. Alligation medial
B. Alligation alternate
C. Reducing enlarging formula
B. Alligation alternate
C. Reducing enlarging formula
D. Ratio and proportion
• The percentage or ratio strength (concentration) of a component in a
pharmaceutical preparation is based on its quantity relative to the
total quantity of the preparation. If the quantity of the component
remains constant, any change in the total quantity of the
preparation, through dilution or concentration, changes the
concentration of the component in the preparation inversely.
• An equation useful in these calculations is:
(1st quantity) x (1st concentration) = (2nd quantity) x (2nd concentration)
Q1 x C1 = Q2 x C2
If 500 mL of a 15% v/v solution are diluted to 1500 mL,
what will be the percentage strength (v/v)?
If 50 mL of a 1:20 w/v solution are diluted to 1000 mL,
what is the ratio strength (w/v)?
If a syrup containing 65% w/v of sucrose is evaporated to
85% of its volume, what percentage (w/v) of sucrose will it
contain?
How many grams of 10% w/w ammonia solution can be made
from 1800 g of 28% w/w strong ammonia solution?
How many milliliters of a 1:400 w/v stock solution should be
used to make 4 liters of a 1:2000 w/v solution?
How much water should be mixed with 5000 mL of 85% v/v
alcohol to make 50% v/v alcohol?
1) How many grams of a 1:10 trituration are required to
obtain 25 mg of drug?
1) What is the percentage strength (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of 3000
mL of 40% v/v alcohol, 1000 mL of 60% v/v alcohol, and 1000 mL of
70% v/v alcohol? Assume no contraction of volume after mixing.
What is the percentage of zinc oxide in an ointment prepared by mixing
200 g of 10% ointment, 50 g of 20% ointment, and 100 g of 5% ointment?
What is the percentage strength of alcohol in a mixture of 500 mL of a
solution containing 40% v/v alcohol, 400 mL of a second solution
containing 21% v/v alcohol, and a sufficient quantity of a nonalcoholic
third solution to make a total of 1000 mL?
In what proportion should alcohols of 95% and 50% strengths
be mixed to make 70% alcohol?
In what proportion should 20% benzocaine ointment be mixed
with an ointment base to produce a 2.5% benzocaine ointment?
A hospital pharmacist wants to use three lots of zinc oxide
ointment containing, respectively, 50%, 20%, and 5% of zinc
oxide. In what proportion should they be mixed to prepare a
10% zinc oxide ointment?
In what proportions may a manufacturing pharmacist mix
20%, 15%, 5%, and 3% zinc oxide ointments to produce a 10%
ointment?
Reducing and Enlarging Formula
• Formula may be reduced or enlarged through the use of a
factor generated by the following equation and applied
consistently to each ingredient:
Calamine 80 gram
Zinc oxide 80 gram
Glycerin 20 gram
Bentonite magma 250 milliliter
Calcium hydroxide Topical solution, qs. 1000 milliliter
Calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make
1000 g of the ointment.
B. Pharmaceutical calculations
C. Pharmaceutical analysis
D. Pharmacokinetics
• FOR PREPARED DRUG
• List Price x %Discount = Discount
• List Price – Discount = Net Cost
• List Price x %Mark Up = Mark Up
• List Price + Mark Up = Selling Price
• FOR COMPOUNDED DRUG
• List Price + Mark Up + Professional Fee = Selling
Price
Freezer – between –25ºC and –10ºC
Cold – not exceeding 8ºC
Biorefrigerator – between 2ºC and 8ºC
Cool – between 8ºC and 15ºC
Controlled Room Temperature – between 20ºC and 25ºC
Warm – between 30ºC and 40ºC
Excessive heat – above 40ºC
°Fahrenheit = 1.80 °C + 32
°"#$%
°Celsius = &.()
Kelvin = °C + 273
1) Convert 26°C to corresponding degrees Fahrenheit
2) Convert 98.6°F to corresponding degrees centigrade
3) Convert 99°F to corresponding Kelvin
4) Convert 89°C to corresponding degrees Fahrenheit
5) Convert 100°F to corresponding degrees Centigrade
It is an aqueous solution containing 50% v/v of
absolute alcohol (100% v/v ethyl alcohol):
A. Proof spirit
B. Proof strength
C. Proof gallon
D. Phenol coefficient
It is twice the percentage strength of alcohol and
thus 50% v/v alcohol is 100 proof:
A. Proof spirit
B. Proof strength
C. Proof gallon
D. Phenol coefficient
• Proof Strength = 2 x (%V/v)
"
3"*) $&##.* ' (% )
• Proof Gallon = #
78%