UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Examination: Semester II

Year: 2021-2022

COURSE NUMBER: MAT122 DURATION: 2 HRS. DATE: MAY 2022

TITLE OF PAPER: INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICS II

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS TITLE OF EXAMINATION: BSc I

SOLUTION (MARKING KEY)

INSTRUCTIONS:

• Answer all questions in Section A.

• Answer any TWO (2) questions out of THREE (3) in Section B.
• Show your working, omission of essential working will result in loss of marks.
• Always simplify and write your answer to the simplest or lowest form.

NO. OF PAGES
10

DO NOT OPEN THIS PAPER UNTIL YOU HAVE

BEEN TOLD TO DO SO BY THE SUPERVISOR.
 SECTION A
Answer all SIX QUESTIONS in this section.
Question A1
(a) Solve the equation 2x = 64. [2]
6 x
Solution. Because 64 = 2 and the exponential function f (x) = 2 is one-to-one,
we have 2x = 26 implies x = 6.
Or
Because logarithmic and exponential functions with the same base are inverses of
one another, we take logarithm to base 2 on both sides of the equation to get
2x = 64
log2 2x = log2 64 = log2 26
x log2 2 = 6 log2 2 Rule of Logarithm
x=6 because log2 2 = 1

(b) Convert the angle θ = 11π3 radians into degree measure and determine the
quadrant in which it lies. [3]
Solution.
11π 11π 180◦
θ= rad = rad = 660◦.
3 3 πrad
The angle 3 − 2π = 3 is co-terminal angle to θ. Since 5π
11π 5π
3 is in QUADRANT
IV, terminal side of θ lies in QUADRANT IV.
7π
(c) Without using a calculator, find the exact value of cos . [5]
12
Solution. We note that
7π π π
= + ,
12 4 3
π π
where 4 and 3 are special angles whose sine and cosine values are known. By
using trigonometric identity
cos(θ + φ) = cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ,
we obtain
7π π π
cos = cos ( + )
12 4 3
π π π π
= cos cos − sin sin
√ 4 √3 √ 4 3
21 2 3
= −
√2 2 √ 2 2
2− 6
=
4

1
Question A2
x−9
(a) Find the limit lim √ . [5]
x→9 x−3
Solution. By rationalizing the denominator we get
√ √
x−9 x−9 x + 3 (x − 9)( x + 3) √
√ =√ √ = = x + 3, x 6= 9.
x−3 x−3 x+3 x−9
√ √
Or, by factorizing x − 9 as ( x − 3)( x + 3) for x > 0, we obtain
√ √
x−9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) √
√ = √ = x + 3, x 6= 9.
x−3 x−3
Therefore,
x−9 √ √
lim √ = lim( x + 3) = 9 + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6.
x→9 x − 3 x→9

ax



+ 2, x < 1,

(b) Consider the function f (x) =  5, x = 1, Determine the constants a and

x2

− b, x > 1.


b so that the function f is continuous. [5]

Solution. The function f is continuous on the interval (−∞, 1), because
f (x) = ax + 2 is a polynomial. Similarly the function f is continuous on the
interval (1, ∞), because f (x) = x2 − b is a polynomial. To determine the
continuity of f, it is only necessary to check continuity of f at c = 1. f is
continuous at c = 1 if and only if
lim f (x) = f (1) and lim f (x) = f (1);
x→1− x→1+
lim− (ax + 2) = 5 and lim+ (x2 − b) = 5;
x→1 x→1
a + 2 = 5 and 1 − b = 5;
a = 3 and b = −4 .

Question A3
Use appropriate Rules of Differentiation to find the derivative of the following
functions:
(a) y = ex tan x [3]
Solution. Here we apply Product Rule of Differentiation:
dy d x d
= [e ] tan x + ex [tan x] = ex tan x + ex sec2 x = ex [tan x + sec2 x]
dx dx dx

2
 sin x
(b) y = [3]
1+x
Solution. Here we apply Quotient Rule of Differentiation:
d d
dy dx
[sin x] (1 + x) − sin x dx
[1 + x] (1 + x) cos x − sin x
= =
dx (1 + x)2 (1 + x)2
(c) y = (ln x2)3 [4]
Solution. Here we apply Chain Rule and Power Rules:
dy d
= 3(ln x2)3−1 [ln x2] Power and Chain Rules
dx dx
1 d 2
= 3(ln x2)2 2 [x ] Derivative of ln &Chain Rule
x dx
1
= 3(ln x2)2 2 2x Power Rule
x
6(ln x2)2
=
x
Question A4
(a) Let f be a differentiable function on an interval I. State the condition on f ′ that
ensures f is:
(i) increasing on the interval I. [1]
Answer: f ′(x) > 0 for all x ∈ I.
(ii) decreasing on the interval I. [1]
Answer: f ′(x) < 0 for all x ∈ I.
(iii) constant on the interval I. [1]
Answer: f ′(x) = 0 for all x ∈ I.
(b) Find the absolute extrema of the function f (x) = 3 sin x on the interval [0, 2π]. [7]
Solution. Differentiating the function we obtain
f ′ (x) = 3 cos x.
Then f ′ (x) = 0 implies x = π2 or x = 3π2 on the interval [0, 2π].
Because f ′ is defined for all x ∈ (0, 2π), the only critical numbers of f on the
interval are x = π2 and x = 3π 2 .
Evaluating f at these two critical numbers and at the endpoints of [0, 2π], we
have
π 3π
f (0) = 0, f ( ) = 3, f ( ) = −3, and f (2π) = 0.
2 2
π 3π
Therefore, f ( ) = 3 is the maximum of f on [0, 2π]; and f ( ) = −3 is the
2 2
minimum of f on [0, 2π].

3
Question A5
(a) Evaluate the integral Z 2
(x− 3 − sin x)dx.
[4]
Solution. Using the basic Integration Rules we have
Z Z Z
− 32 − 32
(x − sin x)dx = x dx + (− sin x)dx
2
x− 3 +1
= 2 + cos x + C
−3 + 1
1
= 3x 3 + cos x + C
Z
(b) Use integration by parts method to evaluate x3 ln x dx. [6]
Solution. Letting u = ln x and dv = x3 dx, we have
1 Z 1
du = dx, and v = x3dx = x4.
x 4
Applying Integration by parts method we have
Z Z Z
1 Z
1 41
x3 ln x dx = udv = uv − vdu = x4 ln x − x dx
4 4 x
1 4 1Z 3
= x ln x − x dx
4 4
1 1
= x4 ln x − x4 + C
4 16
1 4
= x [4 ln x − 1] + C
16

Question A6
Z
(a) Use integration by substitution method to evaluate sin3 x cos x dx. [6]
Solution. Because sin3 x = (sin x)3, letting u = sin x we obtain
du = cos x dx.
Substituting u and du on the original integral we get
Z
3
Z
3 u3+1 u4 1
sin x cos x dx = u du = +C = + C = sin4 x + C.
3+1 4 4
Z 0
(b) Evaluate the definite integral 3x2dx. [4]
−2
Solution. Because F (x) = x3 is an antiderivative of f (x) = 3x2, by the
definition of definite integral we get
Z 0
3x2dx = F (0) − F (−2) = 03 − (−2)3 = 0 − (−8) = 8.
−2

4
 SECTION B
Answer any TWO out of THREE Questions in this section.
Question B1 Given the function g(x) = 3x − x3.
(a) Find:
(i) the intercepts of g. [3]
Answer: Because g(0) = 0, the y-intercept of the graph of g is (0, 0).
3
On the√other hand
√ the solutions of the equation g(x) = 3x − x = 0 are
x =√− 3, 0, 3, so that√ the x−intercepts of the graph of g are the points
(− 3, 0), (0, 0) and ( 3, 0).
(ii) the critical points of g. [3]
Solution. Differentiating the function we get
g ′ (x) = 3 − 3x2 = 3(1 − x2) = 3(1 − x)(1 + x).
Because g is differentiable for all real x, all critical numbers of g are the
solutions of the equation
3(1 − x)(1 + x) = 0.
Thus the critical numbers are x = −1 and x = 1.
(iii) the interval where g is increasing or decreasing. [3]
′
Solution. The sign of g (x) on each of the three intervals determined by the
two critical numbers x = ±1 is shown in the table below.
Interval −∞ < x < −1 −1 < x < 1 1 < x < ∞
Test Value x = −2 x=0 x=2
′ ′ ′ ′
Sign of g (x) g (−2) < 0 g (0) > 0 g (2) < 0
Conclusion Decreasing Increasing Decreasing
(iv) the interval where the graph of g is concave up or down. [3]
Solution.The second derivative of g is given by
g ′′ (x) = −6x.
Because g ′′ (x) = 0 when x = 0, and g ′′ is defined on the entire real number
line, we should test in the intervals (−∞, 0), and (0, ∞).
Interval −∞ < x < 0 0<x<∞
Test Value x = −1 x=1
′′ ′′ ′′
Sign of g (x) g (−1) > 0 g (1) < 0
Conclusion Concave upward Concave Downward

5
 (v) the points of inflection, if any. [2]
′′
Solution. Since g changes sign from positive to negative at x = 0, the point
(0, 0) is the point of inflection of the graph of g.
(b) Classify the critical points. [2]
′′
Solution. The critical numbers of g are ±1, and g (x) = −6x. It follows from
the Second Derivative Test that
• g has a relative minimum at (−1, −2), because g ′′ (−1) = 6 > 0.
• g has a relative maximum at (1, 2), because g ′′ (−1) = −6 < 0.
(c) Sketch the graph of g. [4]
Graph of g(x) = 3x − x3
4
Relative
maximum
2

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
Relative
minimum
−4

Question B2
(a) Given the function f (x) = x2 − x.
(i) Use the definition of the derivative to find the derivative of f. [5]
Solution.
f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
[(x + h)2 − (x + h)] − [x2 − x]
= lim
h→0 h
[x2 + 2xh + h2 − x − h] − [x2 − x]
= lim
h→0 h
2
2xh + h − h
= lim
h→0 h
(2x + h − 1)h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim(2x + h − 1)
h→0
= 2x − 1

6
 (ii) Find the equation of the tangent line to the of graph of f at (2, 2). [5]
Solution. Because
f ′(x) = 2x − 1
for every x, the slope of the graph at the point (2, 2) is given by
m = f ′(2) = 2(2) − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3.
Because the tangent line passes through the point (2, 2), by the point-slope
form of equation of a line formula we get
y − 2 = 3(x − 2)

y = 3x − 4 .
Z
(b) Use integration by parts to evaluate x3 cos xdx. [10]
Solution. Letting u = x3 and dv = cos xdx we have
Z
du = 3x2dx and v= cos xdx = sin x.
Now, integration by parts produces
Z Z
x3 cos xdx = x3 sin x − 3x2 sin x dx
Z
3
= x sin x − 3 x2 sin x dx (I)
Z
To evaluate the integral x2 sin xdx in (I), we can apply integration by parts
again. For this purpose, letting u = x2 and dv = sin xdx we have
Z
du = 2xdx and v= sin x dx = − cos x.
Now, integration by parts produces
Z Z
2 2
x sin xdx = −x cos x − 2x(− cos x)dx
Z
= −x2 cos x + 2 x cos xdx (II)
Z
To evaluate the integral x cos xdx in (II), we can apply integration by parts
again. For this purpose, letting u = x and dv = cos xdx we have
Z
du = dx and v= cos xdx = sin x.
Now, integration by parts produces
Z Z
x sin xdx = x sin x − sin xdx
= x sin x + cos x + C (III)

7
 Therefore, it follows from Equations (I), (II), and (III) that
Z Z
3 3
x cos xdx = x sin x − 3 x2 sin xdx (I)
Z
= x3 sin x − 3[−x2 cos x + 2 x cos xdx] (II)
Z
= x3 sin x + 3x2 cos x − 6 x cos xdx
= x3 sin x + 3x2 cos x − 6[x sin x + cos x] + C (III)
= x3 sin x + 3x2 cos x − 6x sin x − 6 cos x + C
= (x3 − 6x) sin x + (3x2 − 6) cos x + C
= x(x2 − 6) sin x + 3(x2 − 2) cos x + C

Question B3
(a) Solve the equation 2x ln x − x = 0. [4]
Solution. The equation is defined for all x > 0. Thus, we factor out x to get
2 ln x = 1.
Because natural exponential function is the inverse of natural logarithmic
function, we obtain
e2 ln x = e1 = e
x2 = e
√
x = ± e ≈ ±1.6487
√
Since x > 0, the only solution of the equation is x = e ≈ 1.6487.
dy
(b) Find of xy 2 − x2y = 2 by implicit differentiation. [6]
dx
Solution. Assuming y as a function of x and using Power, Product, and Chain
Rules, we obtain
d d
[xy 2 − x2y] = [2] (Differentiating w.r.t. x)
dx dx
d d
[xy 2] − [x2y] = 0 (Difference Rule)
dx dx
d d d d
y 2 [x] + x [y 2] − y [x2] − x2 [y] = 0 (Product Rule)
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
y 2 + 2xy − 2xy − x2 =0 (Chain Rule)
dx dx
dy
(2xy − x2) = 2xy − y 2
dx
dy 2xy − y 2
=
dx 2xy − x2

8
 Z √10
(c) Evaluate the definite integral 12x(x2 − 9)5 dx. [10]
3
Solution. Letting u√= x2 − 9 we have du = 2xdx. Moreover, u = 0 when x = 3
and u = 1 when x = 10. Therefore,
Z √10 Z √10
12x(x2 − 9)5 dx = 6(x2 − 9)5 (2x)dx
3 3
Z 1
= 6u5 du
0
u6 1
= 6 |0
6
6 1
= u |0
= 1 − 0 = 1.