Natural Resources

By: Dr. Lakshmi Hooda

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Introduction
 The nature provide various types of goods and services to sustain the
life on the earth.
 It include the natural resources like air, water, soil, minerals, with the
climate, solar energy and other form of abiotic component. The biotic
component consist of plant and animal including microbes.
• Those resources which is directly available for use from
nature is called natural resources.
Eg.: fresh air, freshwater in lakes and rivers, soil, land, forest,
grassland, fisheries, minerals, salts, fossil fuels etc.
 From ancient time, the human started conversion of natural ecosystem
to agricultural land to grow food and use for domestic purposes.
 The agricultural practices were extensively depend on rain, Rivers and
streams for water.
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Problem started…
 With rapid population growth, industrial
growth and urbanization:
 Leads to great demand of natural
resources.
 Irrigation more depend on underground
resources, impound water, from dam
(Pressure on land resources).
 Fertilizers and pesticides started using for
more production in agriculture field
(Pressure on water resources).
 Generation of enormous solid waste from
industrial product (Consumerist society).
 Land use change and rapid disappearance
of valuable natural ecosystem.
 The development of various large cities
and mega cities leads to huge pressure on
natural resources.
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Where it come from???
 Human depend on these resources which came from various sphere of
our natural system.

• All these sphere are

interlinked and interdepended Atmosphere
(air)
to each other.
• Disturbance of any of four
sphere will affect others.

Biosphere
(thin layer
on Earth in
which life
can exist)

Hydrosphere Lithosphere
(water) (land)

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The Atmosphere

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The Hydrosphere
 Out of total water on the
globe, 97.5% of water is salt
water.
 2.5% of water is fresh water
which in the polar ice,
glaciers, surface and
subsurface water.
 0.77% of total water is
accessible in the form of
surface and groundwater.

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The Lithosphere

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The Biosphere
 The layer of planet earth where the life
exist known as biosphere.
 This layers rages from height up to 10 km
above the sea level and up to depth of
ocean such as Puerto Rico trench, at more
than 8 km deep.
 Biosphere is unique in term of existence
of life which is not found elsewhere in the
universe.
 Life on the earth depends on:
 Energy provide by the sun
 This energy captured by plants, bacteria,
algae by Photosynthesis.
 Convert the radiant energy into chemical
energy.

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 This energy flow into our ecosystem by
various food chain/web and nutrient cycle.
 Natural resources

Renewable resources
The natural resources that can be renewed, Non-renewable resources
reproduced and increased in amount through The resources which are available in a limited
natural process. amount and that can not renewed at human
Eg.: freshwater, fresh air, fertile soil, trees in a time scale.
forest, fruits and fibers etc. Eg.: Minerals, fossil fuels
Solar, wind and tidal energy are inexhaustible It took millions of year to produce from plant
resources on human time scale. activity. Once these resources consumed, they
However, if it overexploited, it can be depleted are practically gone forever.
and converted to non-renewable resources.

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Resource degradation
 The unequal consumption of natural resources
 The consumption of resources by developed
country is 50 times greater than developing
countries.
 The production of animal food for human take more
land and other resources than that required growing
crops.
 Planning land use
 Proper land use planning must be evolve for
different purposes.
 Scientist believe that 10% land and water bodies of
each ecosystem must be kept as wild for the
conservation purposes.
 ‘Land hunger’ increasing to grow more food for
exploding human population.
 The long term gain of forest is much more valuable
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than short term gain like conversion of forest lands
to other purposes.
Cont…

 The need for sustainable life style

 The quality of human life and quality of ecosystem on earth
is the indicator of sustainable use of resources. There are
some indicator of sustainable life style in human life:
 Increased longevity
 An increase in knowledge
 An enhancement of income
All these three together known as ‘Human Development Index’

 Indicator of quality of Ecosystem

 A stabilized population or the percentage of species loss
 Species diversity in ecosystems
 The state of ‘naturalness’ of ecosystems.

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 We are using many natural resources in our daily life.
 With our daily uses, these resources are getting degraded and it
is important to manage is sustainable use of the resources.
1. Forest resources
2. Water resources
3. Mineral resources
4. Food recourses
5. Land resources
6. Energy resources

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1. Forest resources

 The biotic community

dominated by trees, shrubs or
any other woody vegetation in
a closed canopy.
 The tribal people and the
people who live nearby forest,
their live and livelihood directly
depend on these resources.
 The over utilization of forest
started with British time and
after India gain independent.

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Cont…
 The total forest cover of
India is 21.54%.
Whereas, scientists
estimate that India must
have 33% of its land
under forests.
 If Canopy cover:
 70% or above=Very
dense forest Source: FSI, 2017
 40-70%=Moderately
dense Source: FSI, 2017
 10-40%=Open forest
 <10%=Shurb

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 Functions
• More than 80% of biodiversity and 50% or organic carbon in
terrestrial vegetation are stored in forest of the world.
• Various environmental services which originate from the following key
function of the forest
Local use
Food, fodder, fuelwood, timber, fiber,
silk (sericulture), honey (apiculture),
medicinal plant

Market use
Soil conservation Timber
Holding soil, extraction, fruit,
maintaining soil gum, fiber, fuel
nutrient wood
Functions

Temperature
regulation Water and watershed conservation
Evapotranspiration, Maintain hydrological cycle (prevent
maintain CO2 level, drought), reduce surface runoff, prevent
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Maintain local climate flash flood and soil erosion,
condition
Deforestation and degradation
 The deforestation phenomenon involve the loss in the
area covered by forest.
 The loss of forest not only involve the loss of trees but
also loss of various functions, services and ecosystem.
 Most important reason of forest degradation are:
 Expansion of agricultural land
 Rapid industrialization
 Urbanization
 Illegal logging and mining
 For forest, we can say that long term ecological gains
can not be sacrificed for short term economic gain

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Forest conservation and Management

 MoEF gave National Forest Policy of 1988

to give added importance to Joint Forest
Management (JFM) by local village
community and forest department.
 In 1990, Village Forest Committee (VFC)
 Sustainable utilization of forest resources
 Conservation forestry: Forest area
designed as National parks and
Sanctuaries protected from human
disturbance.
 Forest plantations (Jadav ‘Molai’ Payeng
Forest man of India)

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Social forestry and Agroforestry
 Vertical gardening
Jadav ‘Molai’ Payeng
2. Water Resources

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Cont…
 All aquatic ecosystem are used by large
no. of people for their daily needs such
as drinking water, cooking, watering
animals, irrigation fields.
 As previously discussed, 2.5% of water
on earth is fresh water. But only 0.77%
of all water of the earth is readily
available for human consumption.
 At present 54% of world population is
depend on freshwater of rivers, lakes,
and aquifers.
 All over the world
 More than billion people lack access to
clean drinking water

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 Three billion people lack sanitation
services.
Cont…
 A person need 20-40 litres of
water daily for drinking and
sanitation.
 India is expected to face critical
level of water stress by 2025.
 Due to water crisis, multiple
countries are facing problem of
water conflicts.
 Example: India and Bangladesh for
the use of Ganga River.
 China-India-Bangladesh
(Brahmaputra river)
 India-Nepal (Kosi river)
 This dispute also arises due to the
runoff water. The diverted runoff
water use for irrigation, industries,
©CAV fisheries, electricity generation

etc.
 Mismanagement and pollution
of water resources
 The runoff is highly uneven all over
the globe.
 60% of world population share 36% of
global runoff
 5% of world population share 25% of
runoff (South America)
 Inequitable distribution of water:
someone have more than they need
and others do not have access to clean
water at all.
 25% of world population utilize
groundwater for drinking and
irrigation purposes.
Drip irrigation system
 Farmer can manage the water using
drip irrigation system.
©CAVPoor management leads to salinization
of about 20% of world irrigated lands
in arid and semiarid regions.
Various impact on water resources
 With increasing population, the demand of
water is increasing and overexploitation of
water resources leads to wastage and pollution.
 Pollution due to pesticides and fertilizer in
agriculture.
 Industrial waste water is a major cause of
river, stream, sea and groundwater pollution.
 The global climate change leads to the erratic
rainfall, greater evaporation from plants, soil
and water bodies, melting of glacier and sea
level rise which ultimately affect on
hydrological cycle.
 Flood is a serious environmental hazard which
cause due to deforestation, disturbance in
wetland area, flood plain of river etc.
 Drought is the major problem in most of the
arid region of the world. It effect enormously
on agricultural product which lead to food
shortage, mal nutrition and industries also.

©CAV The overexploitation of aquifers deforestation
also play major role for drought condition.
 Cont…
 About 60% of world’s biggest rivers have
Tehri dam
diverted and fragmented because of
construction of Dam which negatively
impact on fresh water system.
 Dam building has significant benefits to
humans which provide flood protection,
proper water supply and hydroelectric
power generation.
 19% of world’s total electric power
supply fulfill by hydropower used in over
150 countries.
 India and China build around 57% of
world’s largest dam.
 Dam seriously affect on riverine
ecosystem, displacement of people,
salinization, emission of green house
gases (GHGs) from rotten vegetation, Bhakra Nangal dam
downstream impact etc.
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 Sardar Sarovar Project

Cont…

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Fig: Dam structure and its mechanism
Possible solution
 By awareness program to save water
 Building small reservoir
 Protecting wetland by small catchment dams
 Installation of more sewage treatment plant, discharge
into river, stream or lakes only after treatment
 Treating and recycling municipal waste water for
agriculture.
 Preventing loss in municipal pipes
 Effective implementation of rainwater harvesting in
urban environments.
 Water conservation measure in irrigation
 More and more plantation
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Mineral resources
• Minerals are naturally occurring,
inorganic, crystalline solids
having a definite chemical
composition and characteristic
physical properties.
• Minerals are formed over millions
of year in the earth crust. Hence
it is exhaustible and non-renewable
• Minerals are over used by
industries.
• Disposal of minerals have
negative effects on environment.
• Extraction of minerals from their
ores, known as mining.
• Metallic minerals – e.g., iron,
copper, silver, gold etc.
• Non-metallic minerals – e.g.,
©CAV sand, stone, salt, phosphates
Iron mineral Copper mineral
Mining operation
• Mining operation generally progress through four stages:

Prospecting
Searching of minerals

Exploration
Assessing the size, shape, location and economic value of the deposits

Development
The work of preparing access to the deposits so that the mineral can be
extracted from it.

Exploitation
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Extracting the minerals from the mines
Cont…

 Two types of mines

 Open cast mines (stripe)
 Deep mines (shaft)
 The open mines are more safer than deep
mines.
 Metal mining is less hazardous than coal
mining.
 Mining poses several long term occupational
hazards to the miners.
 ‘black lung’ or pneumoconiosis by dust
 Fumes of dynamite explosion
©CAV  Methane gas from coal mines
 Radiation from uranium mines
Some major minerals of India

 Energy generating minerals

 Coal and lignite: West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, MP,
Arunachal Pradesh
 Uranium (Pitchblende or Uranium ore): Jharkhand, Andhra
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan
 Other commercially used minerals
 Aluminium (Bauxite ore): Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Maharashtra, MP, Tamilnadu
 Iron (Haematite and Magnetite ore): Jharkhand, Orissa,
MP, Arunachal Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra
and Goa
 Copper (Copper Pyrites): Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Karnataka, MP, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and
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Uttaranchal
Environmental problems
 One of the major cause of environmental degradation.
 Due to mining, land, air and water all are getting affected.

Ecological

Socio-economic

Physical
Land
Pollution subsidence,
underground
fires, soil
erosion Positive
Negative
Consequences Employment,
of Mining Resettlement,
infrastructure facilities
rehabilitation,
increase, economic gain
encroachment
and evacuation

Occupational
Socio- Health hazard,
economic accidental such
as oil spills
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• Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan

Food resources

 Mostly, our food come from agriculture, animal

husbandry and fishing.
 About 4 billion people in the developing counties have
wheat and rice as their main food.
 More than 80% population of developing counties like
North America, Europe and Japan are mainly consume
meat and milk product.
 The food production in 64 out of 105 developing
nation is lagging behind their population growth levels.
 The problem of food arises due to:
 Loss of fertility of land due to overexploitation
 Conversion of forest, grassland and wetlands into
Agricultural land
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 Fish resources showing the evidence of exhaustion
 Lack of nutritious food in tribal community
 Cont…

 With increasing population and the shortages of

cultivable productive land, people use to
convert the forest land into cultivated land by
slash and burn practices.
 Food security: every year more than 18 million
people die due to starvation and malnutrition.
With limited carrying capacity of earth to
produce food for growing population, anarchy
and conflict will start.
 Promote and encourage former
 Don’t waste food
 In 2014, India stood at 99 and in 2017 our rank is
100 in global hunger index.
 Fisheries: important source of protein for many
people.
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 In 1995, FAO reported that 44% of world’s fisheries
are fully or heavily exploited.
Cont…
• Modernization of fishing technology, lead
to overexploitation which is note
sustainable.
• The traditional fisherman found
themselves helpless who can not afford
this technology.
• Loss of genetic diversity: out of 50000
known edible plants, only 15 varieties
produce 90% of the world’s food.
Modern agricultural practices have
resulted in a serious loss of genetic
variability of crops.
• If it not get stop, 60000 plant species
will be lost by year 2025.
• Alternate food sources: non-wood
forest product such as fruits,
mushrooms, sap, gums, marine seafood
(algae) and others
• Spirulina is the world's first superfood,
and one of the most nutrient-rich foods
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on Earth (55-70% protein).

Spirulina (Blue green algae)

5. Land resources
 All types of landforms on which human
being depend for their livelihood. Example:
Hills, valley, plain, river basin etc.
 With careful utilization, land can be
considered as renewable resources.
 Its is limited as other resources and getting
depleted by depletion of forest,
overgrazing which led to wasteland Land degradation
generation.
 Can live comfortably on land rather than
snow or sea or in the space.
 Need proper land use planning.
 Land also important for our ecosystem and
valuable biodiversity. Example: Protected
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area.
Land degradation

 5-7 mha land worldwide is added every year to existing

degraded farmland.
 Causes:
 More intensive farming, soil eroded by wind and rain.
 Overirrigation
 More chemical fertilizers.
 Urbanization

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Soil erosion
 Diversity in soil types leads to diversity
of crops hence soil erosion is the problem
for agriculture.
 Soil erosion increase due to increase
rate of deforestation.
 More problem of soil erosion can be seen
on steep hills slopes as in the Himalayas
and Western Ghats. These areas are
called ecologically sensitive areas
(ESAs).
 The soil itself is act as a factor for
nutrient recycling in the atmosphere.
Therefore, the loss of soil include
various forms of life such as soil
microorganism, bacteria, fungi, worms
and insects.
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 Need more and more plantation to stop
soil erosion.
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Conservation of soil

• Soil conservation means checking soil erosion and

improving soil fertility by adopting various methods.
Let us know some of these methods
• Maintenance of soil fertility: The fertility can be
maintained by adding manure and fertilizers regularly as
well as by rotation of crop.
• Make compost from your kitchen waste and use it for your
kitchen garden.
• Reforestation: Planting of trees and vegetation reduces
soil erosion by both water and wind.
• Do not irrigate the plants using a strong flow of water as
it would wash off the soil.
• Better use sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation.

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6. Energy Resources
 Capacity to do work, transfer heat or to set things in motion is
call energy.
 All living organism need energy in the form of food.
Radiant energy
Chemical energy Chemical energy (algae)

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Biological energy Biological energy

Cont…

 Sun is the primary source of energy and we used in

various forms in our lives.
 But the human requires huge amount of energy to sustain
their civilization:
 To run their cars and industries
 To process materials
 To keep their houses warm or cool
 …. And many more

 To fulfill the energy requirement, human develop a mode

of transportation and this is ‘Electricity’.
 Electricity use has shown 100-fold increase during last 2-3
decades in many countries.
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 Due to continuous electricity requirement, the fossil fuel
based electricity generation has increased from 20-30%.
Cont…

 Away from burning fossil fuels, the electricity can be

generated by: burning wood, garbage, trash as well as
from flowing water, wind, the earth’s heat, sunlight and
the nuclear fission.

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Cont…

 At present almost 2 billion people

worldwide have no access to
electricity. And those who have access
to it, their individual demand increases
day by day.
 There are large amount of energy loss
during transmission of electricity. And
it ultimately add more amount of green
house gases into the environment.
 Any type of wastage of electricity is
directly linked to the environmental
degradation.
Source: Per capita electricity consumption annually for 2013,
India and the world; The Times of India, April 1, 2017
 The economic growth and development
require more amount of energy. And
hence the consumption of energy is an
indication of index of economic
development.
 In spite of having only 5% of world
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population, USA consume one fourth of
global energy resources.
Types of energy resources
Energy
Resources

Non-renewable Renewable
Which have accumulated Can be generated
in nature over a long continuously in nature
span of time and can not and are inexhaustible.
be quickly replenished E.g. wood, solar energy,
when exhausted. wind energy, tidal
energy, hydropower,
E.g. coal, petroleum,
natural gas and nuclear
biomass energy, bio-
fuels like uranium and fuels, geo-thermal
thorium energy and hydrogen.
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 Non-renewable energy
resources

 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural gas
 Nuclear energy

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Coal
 Coal was formed 255-350 million
years ago in the hot, damp regions
of the earth during the carboniferous
age.
 The ancient plants got converted
into peat and coal over millions of
years of time.
 There are mainly three type of coal
 Anthracite (hard coal, 90% carbon)
 Bituminous (soft coal, 60-80%
carbon)
 Lignite (brown coal, 60-70%)
 India has about 5% of world’s coal
and Indian coal is not very good in
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term of heat capacity.
 Anthracite coal only occur in J & K.
 HOW IS COAL MADE ???

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Petroleum
HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ???

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Petroleum
 There are 13 countries in the world
having 67% of the petroleum reserves
which together form the OPEC
(Organization of Petroleum exporting
countries).
 With current utilization, the world’s crude
oil reserve are estimated to get exhausted
in just 40 years.
 Crude petroleum is a complex mixture of
alkane hydrocarbons.
 Hence, it get purified and refined by the
process of fractional distillation which
process different constituents separate out
at different temperature.
 Variety of products form namely, Fig: Various petroleum products
petroleum gas, kerosene, petrol, diesel,
fuel oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax,
©CAV asphalt, plastic etc.
Cont…

 Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is

odourless but in our domestic gas
cylinders gives a foul smell.
 This is due to ethyl mercaptan, a foul
smelling gas, added to LPG so that
any leakage of LPG from cylinder can
be detected instantaneously.
 The main component of LPG is Bombay High
Butane with propane and ethane.
 Oil fields in India are located at
Digboi (Assam), Gujarat plains and
Bombay High, offshore areas in
deltaic coasts of Gadavari, Krishna,
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Kaveri and Mahanadi.
Natural gas
 It is mainly composed of methane (95%) with small
amount of propane and ethane.
 It is a fossil fuel mostly found with oil deposits.
 Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel.
 Russia has maximum reserves (40%) followed by Iran
(14%) and USA (7%).
 Naturals gas reserves are found in association with all
the oil fields in India.
 Natural gas is used as a domestic and industrial fuel. Its
is used as fuel in thermal power plants for generating
electricity.
 Compressed natural gas (CNG) is being used as an
alternative source to petrol and diesel for transport of
vehicles. Delhi has totally switched over to CNG.
 Synthetic natural gas (SNG) is a mixture of carbon
©CAV monoxide and hydrogen. It is connecting link between a

fossil fuel and substituted natural gas.

Effect of coal and Petroleum
on Environment
 The process of oil and natural gas drilling,
processing, transport and utilization have
serious environmental consequences.
 The leaks of gas and oil where the water
and air are polluted and the accidental fires
that may go on burning for days or weeks.
 Accidental damage of ships create huge
impact on ocean and aquatic animals.
Example: Exxon Valdez sank at the coast
of Alaska in 1989
 When the fossil fuel burn, it release various
gas such as carbon dioxide, oxides of
Sulphur, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide
which cause air pollution.

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The burning of coal produce various
suspended particulate matter (SPM) and
various global warming gases.
©CAV
Nuclear energy

 The energy produced from nuclear fission

(splitting) or fusion (combination).
 Nuclear energy is the clean form of
energy in the sense that it does not cause
air pollution, and require very little fuel.
 It can be an important alternative energy
source but due to some factors, its
contribution in the world as a energy
source is still small:
 High cost of building nuclear plant.
 Security problem (how to keep uranium
and plutonium our of the wrong people)
 Waste disposal problem
 Nuclear accidents, particularly of
Chernobyl-size (Soviet Union, 1986)
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Renewable energy resources

 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Hydropower
 Ocean energy
 Geothermal energy
 Biomass energy
 Biogas
 Biofuels
 Hydrogen as a fuel

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Solar energy

 Sun is the ultimate source of energy,

directly or indirectly for all other forms
of energy.
 Due to nuclear fusion reaction occurring
inside the sun, it releases enormous
quantities of energy in the form of heat
and light.
 Traditionally, we have been using solar
energy in various our daily practices.
 Now, we have several techniques for
harnessing solar energy. Some important
device of solar energy are:
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 Solar heat collectors, solar cells, solar
cooker, solar water heater, solar
furnace, solar power plant.
Solar heat collectors

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Solar cells

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Solar cooker

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Solar water heater

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Solar furnace

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Temp: 3000oC
Solar power plant

 Solar energy is harnessed on a large

scale by using concave reflectors which
cause boiling of water to produce
steam.
 India has listed into top five biggest
solar plant in the world.
 The solar farm in Tamil Nadu has a
capacity of 648 megawatts (MW) and
cover an area of 10 squares kilometers.
 There are other two biggest solar park Fig: solar power plant
has been planned in Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka which is 1000 MW and 2000
MW capacity respectively.

©CAV How do solar panels work - Richard
Komp.mp4
Wind energy

 The high speed winds have a lot of

energy in them as kinetic energy due to STATE‐WISE DEMONSTRATION WIND POWER PROJECTS
DEMONSTRATION
their motion. STATE
PROJECTS (in MW)
ANDHRA PRADESH
5.4
 A total capacity of 22,465 MW has been
GUJARAT 17.3
established up to December, 2014,
mainly in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, KARNATAKA 7.1

Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, KERALA 2.0

Karnataka and Rajasthan. MADHYA PRADESH 0.6

 India now ranks 5th in the world MAHARASHTRA 8.4

after China, USA, Germany and Spain in RAJASTHAN 6.4
grid connected wind power
TAMIL NADU 19.4
installations.
WEST BENGAL 1.1
 How does a wind turbine work -
©CAV OTHERS 3.3
Sustainability.mp4
TOTAL 71.0
Source: https://mnre.gov.in/wind
Hydropower

 The water flowing in a river is collected by

constructing a big dam where the water is Small hydro power project classification
stored and allowed to fall from a height.
Class Station Capacity in kW
 The high speed water flow towards the blades Micro Hydro Up to 100
of turbine which rotate the generator and Mini Hydro 101 to 2000
produce electricity. Small Hydro 2001 to 25000
 There are various micro, mini and small hydro
power project were installed by Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy on river in hilly
regions for harnessing the hydro energy on a
small scale.
 Hydro power is a clean form of energy and
normally these projects are multi-purpose
project helping in controlling floods, used for
irrigation, navigation etc.

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However, big dams are often associated with a
number of environmental impacts.
 Hydropower 101.mp4
Ocean Energy

 70 % of earth surface cover by oceans and represent an

enormous amount of energy in the form of wave, tidal,
marine current and thermal gradient.
 It is an emerging technology and for a country like India
which have long coastline, it can be efficient source for
electric power generation.
 A variety of different technologies are currently under
development throughout the world to harness this
energy in all its forms including waves (40,000 MW),
tides (9000 MW) and thermal gradients (180,000 MW).
 Many Ways To Make Electricity From Ocean Kinetic Wave
Energy - Zero Emissions.mp4
©CAV
Geothermal Energy

 Geothermal Energy is heat stored in earth crust and

being used for electric generation and also for direct
heat application worldwide since beginning of last
century.
 USA, Philippines, Indonesia, Mexico, Italy and Iceland
are leading countries availing commercial exploitation
with world production 12000 MW.
 For harnessing Geothermal energy in the country the
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has been
supporting R&D on exploration activities and Resource
Assessment during last 25 years.
 MNRE is targeting for deployment of Geo-thermal
capacity of 1000 MW in the initial phase till 2022.
 Energy 101- Geothermal Energy.mp4
©CAV
Biomass Energy

 Biomass has always been an important energy source for the

country considering the benefits it offers.
 It is renewable, widely available, carbon-neutral and has the
potential to provide significant employment in the rural areas.
 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has realised the potential
and role of biomass energy in the Indian context and hence has
initiated a number of programmes for promotion of efficient
technologies for its use in various sectors.
 For efficient utilization of biomass, bagasse based cogeneration in
sugar mills and biomass power generation have been taken up
under biomass power and cogeneration programme.
 Biomass materials used for power generation include bagasse, rice
husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes,
coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells, saw dust etc.
 The current availability of biomass in India is estimated at about
500 millions metric tones per year.
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 Renewable Energy 101- How Does Biomass Energy Work.mp4
Biogas

 Biogas production is a clean low carbon technology for

efficient management and conversion of organic wastes
into clean renewable biogas and organic fertilizer
source.
 Biogas obtained by anaerobic digestion of cattle dung
and other loose and leafy organic matters/ wastes can
be used as energy source for cooking, lighting and other
applications like refrigeration, electricity generation
and transport applications.
 biogas.mp4

©CAV
Biofuels

 To meet the increasing energy needs of the country and

to provide Energy Security, National Policy on Biofuels
was announced in December 2009.
 The research and development on cultivation,
processing and production of biofuels was projected in
National policy on Biofuels.
 Its address for the use of biofuels as a blending mandate
of 20% ethanol and Bio-diesel by 2017.
 Gasohol is mixture of ethanol and gasoline (petrol).
 Methanol is also a clean and alternative fuel can be use
in place of gasoline and diesel.
 Methanol can be easily obtained from woody plant and
©CAV
ethanol from grain based or sugar containing plants.
Hydrogen as a fuel

 Hydrogen is a clean fuel and an energy carrier that can

be used for a broad range of applications as a possible
substitute to liquid and fossil fuels.
 Due to its high calorific value, hydrogen can serve as an
excellent fuel
 Production of Hydrogen is possible by thermal
dissociation, photolysis or electrolysis of water.
 Safe handling is required for using Hydrogen as a fuel.
Also, it is difficult to store and transport.
 Presently, Hydrogen is used in the form of liquid
hydrogen as a fuel in spaceships.
 Hydrogen - fuel of the future.mp4
©CAV