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    AUXILIARY LESSON - Water Hammer

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    Francis Hernandez
    1. The sudden closure of a valve in a pipeline can cause a pressure wave called water hammer to propagate through the pipe. 2. The speed at which pressure waves move through pipes, called the celerity, depends on properties of the pipe material and water. It can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Water hammer pressure caused by valve closure is calculated based on the celerity, length of pipe, and flow velocity. Problems are provided to demonstrate calculating celerity, water hammer pressure, and related values.

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    AUXILIARY LESSON - Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Francis Hernandez
    9 views6 pages
    1. The sudden closure of a valve in a pipeline can cause a pressure wave called water hammer to propagate through the pipe. 2. The speed at which pressure waves move through pipes, called the celerity, depends on properties of the pipe material and water. It can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Water hammer pressure caused by valve closure is calculated based on the celerity, length of pipe, and flow velocity. Problems are provided to demonstrate calculating celerity, water hammer pressure, and related values.

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    AUXILIARY LESSON_Water Hammer

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    1. The sudden closure of a valve in a pipeline can cause a pressure wave called water hammer to propagate through the pipe. 2. The speed at which pressure waves move through pipes, called the celerity, depends on properties of the pipe material and water. It can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Water hammer pressure caused by valve closure is calculated based on the celerity, length of pipe, and flow velocity. Problems are provided to demonstrate calculating celerity, water hammer pressure, and related values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views6 pages

    AUXILIARY LESSON - Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Francis Hernandez
    1. The sudden closure of a valve in a pipeline can cause a pressure wave called water hammer to propagate through the pipe. 2. The speed at which pressure waves move through pipes, called the celerity, depends on properties of the pipe material and water. It can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Water hammer pressure caused by valve closure is calculated based on the celerity, length of pipe, and flow velocity. Problems are provided to demonstrate calculating celerity, water hammer pressure, and related values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    AUXILIARY LESSON:

    WATER HAMMER IN PIPES; CELERITY OF PRESSURE WAVES


    A liquid flowing in a closed conduit, as in a pipe, may have its motion or velocity stopped
    by the sudden closure of a valve located downstream of the source. In such case, there is an almost
    instantaneous destruction of the velocity of a relatively large mass of liquid.
    Imagine a pipeline drawing liquid from a reservoir through gravity. A gate valve at a point
    in the pipeline is installed for the control of flow. If the valve is suddenly closed, the lamina of
    liquid just upstream of the valve immediately comes to rest, and this checks the next lamina, and
    so on up to the pipe entrance. The force required to stop these successive laminae effects an
    increase in pressure along successive points upstream of the valve, transmitted from point to point
    like a wave. The wave transmitting the pressure is called as the pressure wave.
    To set it apart from the concept of a velocity, the time rate at which pressure is transmitted
    is called the celerity of the wave. Celerity is the speed at which the pressure wave is moving, and
    velocity is the rate of displacement of material objects. Meanwhile, water hammer is the resulting
    shock caused by sudden decrease in the velocity of fluid.
    A. Celerity For Rigid Pipes

    𝑬𝑩
    𝒄= √
    𝝆

    where: EB = bulk modulus of water (Pa)


    ρ = mass density of water (kg/m3)
    c = celerity, speed of pressure wave (m/s)
    B. Celerity For Non-Rigid Pipes
    𝑬𝑩
    𝒄= √
    𝑬𝑩 𝑫
    𝝆 (𝟏 + 𝑬𝒕 )

    where: E = modulus of elasticity of steel


    D = diameter of pipe
    t = thickness of pipe
    C. Time of Closure – the time required for the pressure wave to travel from the valve to the
    reservoir and back to the valve.
    𝟐𝑳
    𝒕=
    𝒄
    where: L = length of pipe in meter
    c = celerity
    D. Water Hammer Pressure
    1. Rapid Closure (t < 2L/c)
    𝑷 = 𝝆𝒄𝑽
    2. Slow Closure (t > 2L/c)
    𝟐𝑳𝝆𝑽
    𝑷=
    𝒕
    where: P = water hammer pressure
    V = velocity of water
    t = time of closure
    SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
    1. The elasticity and dimensions of the pipe are such that celerity of the pressure wave is 970
    m/s. Suppose the pipe has the length of 1600m. and a diameter of 1.2m and an initial flow
    of 0.85 m3/s.
    a. Find the water hammer pressure for instantaneous valve closure.
    b. How much time should be allowed for closing a valve to avoid water hammer?
    c. Find the appropriate water hammer pressure of the valve if it is closed in 4 secs.
    2. A valve is suddenly closed in a 200mm diameter pipe. The increase in pressure is 700kPa.
    Assuming that the pipe is rigid and the bulk modulus of water is 2.07 x 109 N/m2.
    a. Compute the celerity of the pressure wave.
    b. Compute the maximum discharge.
    c. If the length of the pipe is 800m. long, compute the water hammer pressure at the valve
    if it is closed in 3 sec.
    3. Water from a reservoir flowing through a non-rigid 600mm. diameter pipe with a velocity
    of 2.5 m/s is completely stopped by a closure of a valve situated 1050m. from the reservoir.
    Assume that the pressure increases at a uniform rate and that there is no damping of the
    pressure wave. The pipe has a thickness of 18mm. Bulk modulus of steel water is 2060
    MPa and modulus of elasticity of steel is 200000 MPa.
    a. Compute the velocity of sound in water.
    b. Determine the max. rise of pressure in kPa above that corresponding to uniform flow
    when the valve closure takes place in 5 sec.
    c. Determine the max. rise of pressure when the valve closure takes place in 5 sec.
    4. A non-rigid steel pipe 60cm in diameter is to carry a maximum static head of 350m. of
    water and additional pressure due to water hammer when quick closing valve stops a flow
    of 0.85 m3/s. The pipe has a thickness of 18mm and a bulk modulus of EB = 2,068.5 MPa,
    E = 200 GPa for steel.
    a. Compute the celerity of the pressure wave.
    b. Compute the total pressure on the pipe after the closure of the valve.
    c. Compute the max. stress acting on the pipe.

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