JSS2 ICT THIRD TERM E-NOTE

 THE INTERNET
 INTERNET BROWSER
 BENEFITS OF THE INTERNET
 INTERNET ENVIRONMENT
 ABUSE OF THE INTERNET
 FILE SHARING
 COMPUTER ETHICS I
 COMPUTER ETHICS II
 SAFETY MEASURES I
 SAFETY MEASURES II

Week 1

Topic: THE INTERNET

Definition

Internet is defined as a global electronic communication network. It is one of the

largest networks that link trillions of computers all over the world. You can access
this network via communication devices and media such as modems, cable,
telephone lines and satellite.

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

The internet offers many conveniences at your fingerprints. You can send
messages to others, meet new friends, bank, invest, shop, fill prescription, file
taxes, take online courses, play games, listen to music or watch a movie on the
internet, the advantage of the internet is that you can use it from a computer
anywhere in the world.

Success today in the business world requires knowledge of the internet. Without
it, you are missing out on a tremendous source for goods, services, information
and, communication.

Here are some of the things one can do on the internet.

 Banking called E-banking 0r Internet Banking

 Invest
 Shop for goods and services
 Watch movies
 Download and listen to music
 Access Educational material e.g. Passnownow.com
 Access source of entertainment and leisure, such as online games,
magazines or vacation planning guide
 Access other computer and exchange files, share and edit document with
other in real time
 Provide information, photographs or audio or video clips

History of the Internet

The history of the internet begin with the following

1. ARPANET: The US defense department created a project called Advanced

Research Project Agency (ARPA) in late 1960s, which was to work as
network that would allow scientist and military personnel to exchange
information in war scenario without disruption in communications. The
network was connected in a way which ensured that if one section of the
network was damage, the remaining computer on the network would still
 be able to communicate with each other. This network was called
ARPANET. By 1984, ARPANET had more than 1,000 individual computers
linked as hosts.
2. NSFNET: In 1986, the national science foundation (NSF) connected its huge
network of five supercomputer centre called NSFNET, to ARPANET. They
used the technology developed for ARPANET to allow universities and
schools to connect to each other. By 1987, NSFNET could no longer handle
the amount of information that was being transferred. The national science
foundation improved the network to allow more information to be
transferred. This configuration of complex came to be known as the
internet. Most of the people accessing the internet till late 1980s were
scientist and researchers. In the early 1990s, many companies started to
offer access to home users. This allows anyone with a modem and a
computer to access the internet.

3. WORLD WIDE WEB: The World Wide Web was created in the early 1990s
by European organization for nuclear research. The goal of WWW was also
to allow researchers to work together on projects and to make project
information easily accessible. The first publicly accessible website was
created in 1991. By the mid 1990s, over 30 million people had access to the
internet. Reach this huge market, most big companies created their own
sites on the World Wide Web or provide information about their products.
Now there are thousand companies on the web.

Assessment

 Mention five things you can do on the internet

Week 2

Topic: HOW THE INTERNET WORKS

On the internet, data and information are transferred world wide through the
servers and clients (which are computers) connected to the internet.
The computers which are responsible for management of resources i.e program
and data on a network, by providing a centralized storage area, is called a SERVER.
The computer which has an access to the contents of the storage area on the
server is CLIENT. On the internet, a client which can access file and services on a
number of servers called a Host computer. Your computer is a Host computer.

The inner structure of the internet resembles a transportation system. In the

transportation system, the maximum load of traffic is concentrated on the
highways, which are linked to the major cities. Similarly, on the internet, there are
certain main communication lines which carry the maximum load of traffic. These
lines are collectively called the INTERNET BACKBONE.

The internet is a packet oriented network. It means that the data you transfer is
divided into packets.

So what happens when you transfer data across the internet various networks?

The networks are linked by special computer, called ROUTERS. A router checks
where your packet data goes and decides in which direction to send it. Of course,
not every router is linked with every other router, they just decide on the
direction your data takes. The internet knows where your data is going, as every
destination has an address called an Internet Protocol (IP) address. The data
transferred with IP is divided into packets. This is handled by another protocol,
the transmission control protocol (TCP).

The internet is an addressing system used to send data and information to a fixed
or specific destination, just like the postal system. An IP address i.e. internet
protocol address has it own unique identification attached to a computer or a
device connected to the internet. The IP address has a group of number and is
separated by a period (.). The number varies between 0 and 255. For instance the
number 153, 25. 15,10 are an IP address. Generally, the first part of the IP address
identifies the network and the last portion identifies a specific computer.

It is difficult to remember and use this all numeric IP address. Hence, the internet
favours the use of text name that represents one or more IP addresses.

The text version on IP is the domain name. The component of the domain name
are separated by periods just like an IP address.
Every domain name contains a Top Level Domain (TLD) abbreviation that
identifies the type of organization which is associated with the domain. Dot com
(.com) is the name sometimes used to describe an organization that has TLD of
com. The domain name system is a system on the internet that stores the domain
names and their corresponding IP address. Each time you specify a domain name,
an internet server called the DNS server translates the domain name into its
associated IP address, so data can be routed to the correct computer.

WEB PAGE

Web page is an electronic document on the World Wide Web. A web page
consists of a HTML file in a particular directory on a particular machine ( and in
thus identification by a URL) a vast amount of information is provided by these
web pages. The information may include graphics, sounds, or even movies.
Usually, a web page contains links to other pages as well

WEBSITE

A website is a collection of web pages. Most websites have a home page as their
starting point, which frequently has a table of contents for the site. Users need a
web browser and a connection to access a website.

HOME PAGE

Home page is the first page retrieved when accessing a website. It serves as a
table of contents for the rest of pages on the site and offers links to other
websites. For example, a company’s welcome page typically includes the
company logo, a brief description and links to the additional document available
on that site.

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR

The uniform resource locator is the address that defines the router to a file on the
web. URLs are typed into the browser to access web pages.

HYPERLINKS

Web pages contain highlighted text or image, called hyperlinks that connect to
other pages on the web. A hyperlink allows you to easily move through vast
amount of information y jumping from one web page to another. You can select a
hyperlink to jump to a web page located on the same computer or on a computer
across the city, country or world. You can easily identify a text hyperlink in a web
page because it appears underlined and in color.

WEB SERVER

A web server is a computer on the internet that stores web pages. A web page is
available for other people to view, when it is stored in the web server.

WEB BROWSER

A web browser is a software program that allows you to access and view web
pages. The web browser software is built on the hyperlinks, which allows users to
point and click with a mouse in order to jump from one document to another in
whatever order they are desire.

TYPES OF BROWSER

In January 1993, the first browser, viola and Midas were released for the X
window system (UNIX). At the same time, a Macintosh browser was released
called ALPHA version.

In February 1993, the first popular graphical World Wide Web browser was NCSA
Mosaic. It was released for all common platforms (UNIX, windows and Macintosh)
in September 1993.

Marc Andersen, the mastermind of mosaic, founded his own company, Mosaic
communication corp., now known as Netscape and released a browser, the
Netscape navigator 1.0. He soon controlled 70 percent of the browser market.
Microsoft saw this gigantic success and soon released a browser called MS
internet explore, for free, now new version of both browser support most HTML.

TYPES OF WEB BROWSER

1. MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER: Microsoft internet explorer is the most

widely used by people around the world. It was developed by Microsoft in
1995 as a supportive package to the Microsoft windows operating system.
 2. MOZILLA FIREFOX: Mozilla fire fox is the second browser after the internet
explorer. It can be used on many different operating systems including
windows, Macintosh, OS/2 and UNIX. It supports tabbed browsing that
allows user to open multiple sites in a single window.
3. OPERA: Opera is a web browser that was developed by Opera software in
1996. It is a well-known browser that is mainly used in activated mobile
phone and smart phones. It is used with many operating systems like Linux,
MAC OS and MS window.
4. NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR: Netscape navigator was developed by Netscape
Communication Corporation and was very popular in the 1990s. it was
compatible with almost every operating system.

Assessment

There are numerous web browsers, mention 3 others that you know

Week 3

Topic: BENEFITS OF THE INTERNET

The benefits of the internet are as follows:

1. INFORMATION: The internet gives you access to information on any

subjects of your interest. This makes the internet a valuable research tool.
Most sources such as news paper and magazines have websites and a
number of them only exist online.
2. RESEARCH: You can make use of the internet search facilities to research
just about any topic you can think of. This information can help you with a
school project, or a presentation at work. You can search for the data you
need, or go to specific research sites.
3. E-MAIL (electronic mail): Electronic mails enable us to exchange message
with people around the world, including friends, family members,
colleagues, customers and even people you meet on the internet. E-mail is
an exciting feature of the internet as we can send and receive message over
long distances. It is also fast, easy and inexpensive.
4. ENTERTAINMENT: The internet offer many different forms of
entertainment, such as radio and television broadcast, video and music.
 You can find picture from the latest film, watch live interview of your
favorite celebrities and listen to music before it is available in stores.
5. PROGRAM: You can find thousands of programs that can be used on your
computer, such as word processors, drawing programs, games and
accounting programs.
6. ONLINE SHOPPING: You can order for products on the internet, while
sitting at home. You can purchase items such as books, flowers, music, CDs,
pizzas, stock and used cars.
7. CHATTING: Chat features allow you to exchange typed message with
another person on the internet. The message you send will instantly appear
on the other person’s computer. You can chat with a person or a group at
the same time.
8. BANKING: You can use the internet to find financial sites that enables you
to do your banking and investing online. Banking online is much more
convenient and much less time consuming than doing it in person. Online
banking is extremely secure because all modern browsers support robust
security protocol which ensures that your financial data remains safe.
9. E-LEARNING: E-learning is a training or education program by electronic
means. E-learning involves the use of computer or an electronic device
(GSM handset) to provide training on educational technology as a tool for
learning . Distant education can be done by e-learning.

Assessment

As a student, what are the benefits of the internet to you?

Week 4

Topic: Internet Environment

An internet is a logical collection of networks supported by gateways, routers,

bridges, hosts, and various layers of protocols. An internet permits different
physical networks to function as a single, large, virtual network, and permits
dissimilar computers to communicate with each other, regardless of their physical
connections. Processes within gateways, routers, and hosts originate and receive
packet information. Protocols specify a set of rules and formats required to
exchange these packets of information.
Protocols are used to accomplish different tasks in TCP/IP software. To
understand TCP/IP, you should be familiar with the following terms and
relationships.

A client is a computer or process that requests services on the network.

A server is a computer or process that responds to a request for service from a
client. A user accesses a service, which allows the use of data or some other
resource.

A datagram is a basic unit of information, consisting of one or more data packets

that are passed across an internet at the transport level.

A gateway is a functional unit that connects two computer networks of different

network architectures. A router is a device that connects networks at the ISO
Network Layer. A router is protocol-dependent and connects only networks
operating the same protocol. Routers do more than transmit data; they also
select the best transmission paths and optimum sizes for packets. A bridge is a
router that connects two or more networks and forwards packets among them.
The operations carried out by a bridge are done at the physical layer and are
transparent to TCP/IP and TCP/IP routing.

A host is a computer, connected to a network, that provides an access point to

that network. A host can be a client, a server, or a client and server
simultaneously. In a communication network, computers are both the sources
and destinations of the packets. The local host is the computer to which a user’s
terminal is directly connected without the use of an internet. A foreign host is any
machine on a network that can be interconnected. A remote host is any machine
on a network that requires a physical link to interconnect with the network.

An internet address is a unique address identifying each node in an internet.

Internet addresses are used to route packets through the network. Currently,
there are two versions used for internet addressing: Internet Protocol version 4
(IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). Mapping relates internet addresses
to physical hardware addresses in the network. For example, in IPv4, the Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map internet addresses to Token-Ring or
Ethernet physical hardware addresses. In IPv6, Internet Control Message Protocol
Version 6 (ICMPv6) is used to map internet addresses to physical hardware
addresses.
A network is the combination of two or more nodes and the connecting branches
among them. A physical network is the hardware that makes up a network.
A logical network is the abstract organization overlaid on one or more physical
networks. An internet is an example of a logical network.

Packet refers to the unit or block of data of one transaction between a host and
its network. A packet usually contains a network header, at least one high-level
protocol header, and data blocks. Generally, the format of the data blocks does
not affect how packets are handled. Packets are the exchange medium used at
the internetwork layer to send and receive data through the network.

A port is an end point for communication between applications, generally

referring to a logical connection. A port provides queues for sending and receiving
data. Each port has a port number for identification. When the port number is
combined with an internet address, a socket address results.

Protocol refers to a set of rules for achieving communication on a network.

Characteristics of the Internet

The characteristics of the Internet that are clearly of importance in cyberlibel

proceedings are:

 its global nature

 interactivity
 its potential to shift the balance of power in the offline world
 accessibility
 anonymity
 its facilitation of republication
 the prominence of intermediaries
 its reliance on hyperlinks/hypertext
 its long-term impact — the use of permanent archives
 its multimedia character
 its temporal indeterminacy

Assessment
  Briefly describe the following terms; i. Client ii. Datagram iii. Internet
Address iv. Host

Week 5

Topic: ABUSE OF THE INTERNET

Internet abuse refers to improper use of the internet and may include:

 Computer Crime – or cybercrime, is any crime that involves a computer

and a network. Use of computers for criminal activity.
 Cyber-bullying – Use of the internet to bully and intimidate. The use of
information technology to repeatedly harm or harass other people in a
deliberate manner.
 Spam (electronic) – Is the use of electronic messaging systems to send
unsolicited messages (spam), especially advertising, as well as sending
messages repeatedly on the same site. Sending of unwanted advertising
messages.
 Malware – Software designed to harm a user’s computer, including
computer viruses. Malware, short for malicious software, is any software
used to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain
access to private computer systems. Malware is defined by its malicious
intent, acting against the requirements of the computer user, and does not
include software that causes unintentional harm due to some deficiency.
 Other ways of Abuse include:
1. You can get harassing/threatening messages from people or from
stalkers.
2. It is very easy to find sites that promote hatred, violence, drug, sex,
and other things not appropriate for children.
3. There is no restriction on marketing products, such as alcohol,
tobacco to children on the internet.
4. Request for personal information for contests, survey e.t.c are used
in unauthorized way.
 5. Pornographic sites are easily found on the internet instead of it being
restricted.

Assessment

 Briefly explain three internet abuse

Week 6

Topic: File Sharing

Definition

File sharing is the practice of sharing or offering access to digital information or

resources, including documents, multimedia (audio/video), graphics, computer
programs, images and e-books. It is the private or public distribution of data or
resources in a network with different levels of sharing privileges.

File sharing can be done using several methods. The most common techniques for
file storage, distribution and transmission include the following:

 Removable storage devices

 Centralized file hosting server installations on networks
 World Wide Web-oriented hyperlinked documents
 Distributed peer-to-peer networks

Computer Network

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. A network is
defined as a group of two or more computer systems linked together.
Computer networks allow you to share information with friends, family,
coworkers and customers. Network file sharing is the process of copying data
files from one computer to another using a live network connection.

Before the Internet and home networks became popular, data files were often
shared using floppy disks. Nowadays, some people still use CD-ROM / DVD-ROM
disks and USB sticks for transferring their photos and videos, but networks give
you more flexible options.

Types of Network

 Personal Area Network – The smallest and most basic type of network, a
PAN is made up of a wireless modem, a computer or two, phones, printers,
tablets, etc., and revolves around one person in one building. These types
of networks are typically found in small offices or residences, and are
managed by one person or organization from a single device. Often used at
home, this network is more on connections between a computer and
another gadget such as a telephone or a modem.
 Local Area Network – A connection that’s used for groups of computers.
This is common in small offices and internet cafes. This is where everyone
can share files basically, and is also known to be a good way to connect
between computers whenever they want to share an internet connection,
or whenever they want to play games with each other.
 Metropolitan Area Network – A more powerful version of the local area
network where it can cover up the whole city in terms of connection. A
huge server is usually used for this type of connection.
 Wide Area Network – This is a common type of network nowadays that’s
made possible by wireless technology. As the term implies, a WAN spans a
large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.
Usually, a credential or service from a certain company is needed to enter a
connection in this type of network, but there are others that can be used
for free. This is good for internet connection. The internet is a well-known
version of this one. A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs.
A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking,
the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.
 Storage Area Network – A type of network that specializes in file sharing
and other matters in storing various software within a group of computers.
  Enterprise Private Network – This is a software network that’s often used
in businesses so that they can have privacy over files and interactions
between computers.
 Virtual Private Network – This is a software that’s capable of setting up a
network where everyone registered in the network using a credential will
be able to access each other through other registered computers.
 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) which is virtually a synonym
since almost any personal area network would need to function wirelessly.
Conceptually, the difference between a PAN ( personal area network) and a
wireless LAN ( Local Area Network) is that the former tends to be centered
around one person Network while the latter is a local area network (LAN)
that is connected without wires Network and serving multiple
users.Wireless Networks
• The fastest growing segment of the computer industry is the mobile
computers such as notebook computers and personal digital assistant
(PDAs).

• The wireless networks are becoming increasingly important because the

wired connection is not possible in cars or airplanes.

• Wireless networks can have many applications. A very common example

is the portable office

• People traveling on road often want to make use of their portable

electronic equipment for telephone calls, e-mails, faxes, read remote files
etc.

• Wireless networks can exist on trucks, buses, taxies, aero planes etc. They
are used where the telephone systems are destroyed in the event of
disasters such as. fires, floods and earthquakes etc.

• The wireless networks are important for military.

• Wireless networks and mobile computing are related but they are not
identical because portable computers are sometimes wired and some
wireless computers are not portable.

Types of Network Topology

A topology for the network is known to be a layout for the connected devices.
This is important because this is used to provide a proper flow of data within the
said network. Here are the various topologies:

 Bus – This is the type of structure that uses a single medium to connect the
computer.
 Ring – Each computer is connected to another neighboring computer for
data transfer. One failed network can cause all networks to turn off.
 Star – This is a structure that’s common in homes. It uses a certain hub or a
router to make the network possible.
 Tree – This is a complicated structure that connects the star into multiple
buses. This is common for internet cafes and offices.
 Mesh – this is a connection that leads to various data transmissions which
are perfect for routing huge networks.

Assessment

 Mention four types of networks

 Name three types of Network topology

Week 7

Topic: COMPUTER ETHICS I

COMPUTER ETHICS

Computer ethics are rules that govern the use of a computer system. Ethics deals
with placing a “value” on acts according to whether they are “good” or “bad”.
Every society has its rules about whether certain acts are ethical or not. These
rules have been established as a result of consensus in society and are often
written into laws. Computer ethics are increasingly becoming important because
of the rising number of cybercrime issues, including software piracy, unauthorized
access, pornography, spamming, target marketing, and hacking. The widespread
popularity and use of the Internet has given rise to a number of cybercrime issues
and concerns about user privacy. Various computing applications are tampered
with to invade into other’s privacy. Malware, spyware, freeware, and browser
cookie exploits are some of the notorious computing applications that have
spurred the debate of importance of ethical behavior in technology. Some of the
rules you should follow while using computer are:

BASIC RULES

 Check your email regularly

 Avoid liquid and moist from dropping into the computer system
 Protect the system from power fluctuation
 Unplug the system when not in use
 Respond to email promptly and politely
 Use dust cover or proof to cover the system after use

GENERAL RULES

 Any restricted files stardom the computer should not be accessed

 You should not give your user name and password to any one
 You should not alter any information on the system except your own
 Be polite to others on the net
 Be careful not to use rude or bad language online
 Do not break any laws
 Be patients with new comers
 Your message should be simple on the point.

Assessment

 Mention five Basic rules in computer ethics

 List four General rules in computer ethics
Week 8

Topic: THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHICS

The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics were created in 1992 by the

Computer Ethics Institute. The Ten Commandments is “a set of standards to guide
and instruct people in the ethical use of computers.”

1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people.

2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work.
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s computer files.
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal.
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not
paid.
7. Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without
authorization or proper compensation.
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output.
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are
writing or the system you are designing.
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and
respect for your fellow humans.

EXPLANATION:

 Commandment 1

Simply put: Do not use the computer in ways that may harm other people.
Explanation: It is unethical to use a computer to harm another computer
user. It is not limited to physical injury. It includes harming or corrupting
other users’ data or files. The commandment states that it is wrong to use a
computer to steal someone’s personal information. Manipulating or
destroying files of other users is ethically wrong. It is unethical to write
programs, which on execution leads to stealing, copying or gaining
unauthorized access to other users’ data. Being involved in practices like
 hacking, spamming, phishing or cyber bullying does not conform to
computer ethics.

 Commandment 2

Simply put: Do not use computer technology to cause interference in other

users’ work.
Explanation: Computer software can be used in ways that disturb other
users or disrupt their work. Viruses, for example, are programs meant to
harm useful computer programs or interfere with the normal functioning of
a computer or delete files on a computer. Malicious software can disrupt
the functioning of computers in so many ways. It may overload computer
memory through excessive consumption of computer resources, thus
slowing its functioning. It may cause a computer to function wrongly or
even stop working. Using malicious software to attack a computer is
unethical.

 Commandment 3

Simply put: Do not spy on another person’s computer data.

Explanation: We know it is wrong to read someone’s personal letters. On
the same lines, it is wrong to read someone else’s email messages or files
or documents. Obtaining data from another person’s private files is nothing
less than breaking into someone’s room. Snooping around in another
person’s files or reading someone else’s personal messages is the invasion
of his privacy. There are exceptions to this. For example, spying is
necessary and cannot be called unethical when it is done against
illegitimate use of computers. For example, intelligence agencies working
on cyber-crime cases need to spy on the internet activity of suspects.

 Commandment 4

Simply put: Do not use computer technology to steal information.

Explanation: Stealing sensitive information or leaking confidential
information is as good as robbery. It is wrong to acquire personal
information of employees from an employee database or patient history
from a hospital database or other such information that is meant to be
confidential. Similarly, breaking into a bank account to collect information
 about the account or account holder is wrong. Illegal electronic transfer of
funds is a type of fraud.

 Commandment 5

Simply put: Do not contribute to the spread of misinformation using

computer technology.
Explanation: Spread of information has become viral today, because of the
Internet. This also means that false news or rumors can spread speedily
through social networking sites or emails. Being involved in the circulation
of incorrect information is unethical. Mails and pop-ups are commonly used
to spread the wrong information or give false alerts with the only intent of
selling products.

 Commandment 6

Simply put: Refrain from copying software or buying pirated copies. Pay for
software unless it is free.
Explanation: Like any other artistic or literary work, software is copyrighted.
A piece of code is the original work of the individual who created it. It is
copyrighted in his name. In case of a developer writing software for the
organization he works for, the organization holds the copyright for it.
Copyright holds true unless its creators announce it is not. Obtaining illegal
copies of copyrighted software is unethical.

 Commandment 7

Simply put: Do not use someone else’s computer resources unless

authorized to.
Explanation: Multi-user systems have user specific passwords. Breaking into
some other user’s password, thus intruding his private space is unethical. It
is not ethical to hack passwords for gaining unauthorized access to a
password-protected computer system. Accessing data that you are not
authorized to access or gaining access to another user’s computer without
his permission is not ethical.

 Commandment 8
 Simply put: It is wrong to claim ownership on a work which is the output of
someone else’s intellect.
Explanation: Programs developed by a software developer are his/her
property. If he is working with an organization, they are the organization’s
property. Copying them and propagating them in one’s own name is
unethical. This applies to any creative work, program or design. Establishing
ownership on a work which is not yours is ethically wrong.

 Commandment 9

Simply put: Before developing a software, think about the social impact it
can have.
Explanation: Looking at the social consequences that a program can have,
describes a broader perspective of looking at technology. A computer
software on release, reaches millions. Software like video games and
animations or educational software can have a social impact on their users.
When working on animation films or designing video games, for example, it
is the programmer’s responsibility to understand his target audience/users
and the effect it may have on them. For example, a computer game for kids
should not have content that can influence them negatively. Similarly,
writing malicious software is ethically wrong. A software
developer/development firm should consider the influence their code can
have on the society at large.

 Commandment 10

Simply put: In using computers for communication, be respectful and

courteous with the fellow members.
Explanation: The communication etiquette we follow in the real world
applies to communication over computers as well. While communicating
over the Internet, one should treat others with respect. One should not
intrude others’ private space, use abusive language, make false statements
or pass irresponsible remarks about others. One should be courteous while
communicating over the web and should respect others’ time and
resources. Also, one should be considerate with a novice computer user.
Assessment

 Briefly explain the ten commandments of computer ethics

Week 9

Topic: SAFETY MEASURES

SAFETY MEASURES

A person who uses computer sometimes face many problems if the computer is
used for a long period of time. The problems may be health related, like headache
or vision problems and waist pain.

ERGONOMICS

Ergonomics is the study people, their physical character and the ways in which
the function in relating to their working environment, the finishers and the
machine they use the mail goal of ergonomics is to the design of keyboard,
computer, desk, chairs and others in the work place.

Back and neck strain can be avoided be ensuring that the chair which you seat
provide proper support and by placing the monitor when you can comfortably.

 MONITOR PLACEMENT: The top edge of the monitor should be at the level
of the eye or slightly lower than it. You can use a stand to raise the monitor
to appropriate level on your desk.
 POSTURE: When your are seated, your feet should be flat on the floor and
you should not lean forward or slouch in your chair. You should shift
position often and stand up to stretch your arm and legs at least one hour.
 CHAIR: Adjustable chair that provide support for the lower back should be
used.
 Ergonomic keyboard: They are designed to reduce the risk of the waist and
hand injury that results from prolong use or repetition movement. An
ergonomic keyboard includes alternate key layout and plans set to
minimize strain while typing.
  To prevent wrist strain while typing, keep your elbow level with the
keyboard and your wrist straight and higher than your fingers while you use
a mouse, move the mouse with your entire arm instead of your wrist.

GENERAL SAFETY MEASURES

1. The lighting in the room or office should be moderate

2. Keep liquid away from the computer
3. Protect the computer from dust
4. A glare filter should be used to reduce or prevent eye strain

Assessment

 Mention safety measures in computer use

Week 10

Topic: Safety Measures – The Computer Laboratory

Computer Laboratory

A computer lab is a space which provides computer services to a defined

community. Computer labs are typically provided by libraries to the public, by
academic institutions to students who attend the institution, or by other
institutions to the public or to people affiliated with that institution.

Rules and Regulations of Computer Laboratory

1. Students are not allowed to enter the Computer Laboratory without their
Instructor or any authorized personnel. The Instructor should be the first person
to come in and the last one to leave the laboratory. No computer laboratory shall
be opened if there will be no instructor or IT personnel present in the laboratory.
2. Instructors shall closely monitor the conduct of their students while they are
inside the laboratory. The Instructor shall not be allowed to leave the class during
the instructor’s assigned laboratory hours. In the exceptional event that the
instructor must leave the class, the instructor must inform IT Personnel.

3. The student must check the computer unit and its peripherals attached before
using it. The student must immediately inform the instructor if there’s any defect,
error or damage observed at the computer (hardware/software) assigned or if
there are any missing peripherals (mouse, keyboard, etc.). The instructor should
immediately report the incident to IT Department.

4. Students are not allowed to bring bags, food and beverages inside the
laboratory. Chewing gum, eating, drinking, smoking, littering are prohibited inside
the computer laboratory.

5. Users should always be on guard with their valuables (such as mobile phone,
USB flash drive, wallet, and other electronic devices). The IT Department will not
be held liable for the loss or damage of any personal belongings of laboratory
users.

6. Users are responsible for saving their documents on their own flash drives, any
information saved or installed on the systems hard drive will be deleted once the
Computer is rebooted (restarted).

7. No one is allowed to alter or delete configuration settings of any computer

laboratory equipment. Tampering, deleting or modifying CMOS/BIOS settings, IP
Configuration, system parameters, or system files stored in the hard disk are
strictly prohibited.

8. Students shall not be allowed to bring in any other computer unit, laptop
and/or peripherals inside the laboratory. In cases where there is a need to bring in
computer equipment or peripherals, appropriate permission from school
authorities must be secured and proper company procedures must be observed.

9. No student or personnel shall be allowed to attach or detach any peripheral to

and from any IT equipment or devices without explicit permission from the Head
of the IT Department. Users are not allowed also to attach personal devices in any
computer laboratory’s network without permission from IT Department.
10. Accessing Pornographic, Gambling, Hate/Discrimination, torrent and other
unsafe sites is strictly prohibited.

11. Users are not allowed to install, update or download any software in any
computers inside the laboratories. It is also prohibited the users to boot from any
bootable devices to run software in any computers in the laboratory.

12. All mobile phones must be in silent mode before entering computer
laboratory. In cases where the student has to make or receive call, he/she must
leave the laboratory to avoid distracting other students. Charging of mobile
phone batteries is not allowed inside computer laboratory.

13. Playing games are not allowed inside the computer laboratory, this includes
video games, card games and other games. However in cases of the topic is
related to games the instructor must inform the IT personnel on duty.

14. Anyone who is causing disturbance, trouble and exhibiting hostile or

threatening behavior will be requested to leave the computer laboratory.
Personal display of affection (PDA) inside the laboratory is not allowed.

15. Printing of manuscripts, business letters, banners, personal documents and

research works are not allowed in the laboratory. Only the printing of program
listings is allowed using the laboratory printer.

16. If the computer laboratory is to be used for thesis presentation, special

training sessions, tutorials, and case study sessions or for other purposes outside
the regular offerings of the campus, a formal written request must be approved
by the Head of Administration duly endorsed by the Dean. The written request
must state the name of AMA personnel who will be responsible in the
safekeeping of all laboratory resources during the conduct of the event.

17. Proper computer laboratory etiquette must be observed;

 Ensure that no trash is left behind.

 Turn-off computer units and arrange the computer peripherals (mouse,
keyboard and headset) after use.
 Wearing of hats/caps inside the laboratory is not allowed.
 Chairs must be returned properly to its original places
  Orderly dismissal must be observed by the instructor and the class.

18. Theft, vandalism, or abuse in any form is a grave offense and shall be dealt
with accordingly. Willful violations of the above provisions shall constitute
disciplinary actions. Violators of these guidelines may be subject to any, but not
limited to, the following sanctions:

 admonition
 temporary or permanent suspension of computer laboratory privileges
 dismissal from the school

Advantages of Computer Labs:

1. Equity: One of the greatest advantages of having labs in schools is the fact
that in the majority of cases it means everyone can have equal access to the
computers. Most labs are equipped with enough computers for each student to
have a machine. This is both equitable and engaging for the students.

2. Security and Maintenance of the Computers: Let’s be realistic…computers

are expensive! When they are kept in a dedicated room controlled by a specialist
teacher, they are more secure and far less prone to becoming misused or
broken. Also, the computer lab teacher will be able to perform small
maintenance jobs and oversee compatible software delivery.

3. Specialist Teacher: The actual computer lab teacher is a huge advantage of

having computer labs. These are typically teachers who have been selected due
to their extensive knowledge in the area of I.T. Not only do they provide solid
instruction in technology for the students, but also help the regular teachers with
anything technology related as well. The computer lab teacher becomes the “go
to” and resource person when it comes to do with anything I.T. related in the
school.

4. Group Work Capability: Another key advantage of having computer labs in

the school is the capability to train groups of students (a whole class for instance)
in key concepts or applications at the same time. If there is a particular program
or application which the teacher wants the students to learn and master, the
whole class can be given instruction on it at the same time and work through the
technological challenges in a supported group.
Disadvantage of Computer Labs:

Frequency of Instruction: This is one of the more obvious disadvantages when

we are discussing computer labs. Essentially, the lab is shared by the entire
school and therefore is not available very often. It becomes a real juggling act to
ensure that the students and their classrooms are all granted equal access. If the
majority of the technology is kept in the lab, the only time the students are thus
able to expand their skills in this area is when it is their turn to visit the lab. Of
course, most labs have open periods for drop ins, but this does not always work
out so well as these often conflict with existing schedules.

Assessment

 List ten rules and regulations of the computer laboratory.

 Mention three advantages of computer laboratories.