FIRST TERM DATA

PROCESSING NOTE FOR

SSS 1
TOPICS

(1) Revision
(2) History of computing
(3) History of computer
(4) History of computer
(5) Classification of computer
(6) Classification of computer
(7) Digitalization of data
(8) Digitalization of data
(9) ICT application in everyday life
(10) Data and information
 HISTORY OF COMPUTING

Computing is the study of how computers and computer systems work and how they are constructed and
programmed.

Early counting devices

Counting started during the days of early men who were mostly hunters. As the need for counting was
necessary they began to think of various counting tools such as fingers, stones, sticks, pebbles, cowries
etc.

Mechanical counting and calculating devices to 19th century

These machines were invented as result of gradual improvement in civilization of people and lapses of the
early counting and calculating device. The development of these machines contributed to the development
of many other calculating machine and the computers

These machines include:

(1) Abacus
(2) Slide rule

ABACUS: This is the first counting and calculating machine invented by Chinese around 500 BC.

It is made up of strings or wires, wooden frame and colourful beads. Its operation involves sliding the
beads along the string or wires when counting or making calculation.

It is used for adding and subtracting numbers

SLIDE RULE: This was invented in 1620 by an English man called William oughtred and Edmund Gunther.
It is a mechanical calculating device, which uses the principles of logarithms.

It can be used for performing calculations involving addition and subtractions together with multiplications
and divisions.

It is also used for operations involving raising numbers to giving powers such as 42

Electro-mechanical counting devices to 19th century

The discovery of electricity led to the invention of electro-mechanical devices

These machines include:

(1) Napier bone

(2) Pascal calculator (Pascaline)
 (3) Leibnitz Multiplier
(4) Jacquard’s loom
(5) Babbage analytical engine
(6) Hollerith tabulating machine
(7) Burrogh’s machine

Napier bone: this was developed in 1617 by a mathematician called John Napier.

It was made up of a set of eleven rods, with four sides each, which were carved from bones and then
called ‘Napier bone’.

Pascal calculator (Pascaline): In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and scientist devised the
first true calculating machine called PASCALINE in which addition and subtractions were straight forward
but multiplications and divisions were slow and laborious i.e. difficult to carry out.

It has a number of wheels with teeth on them. The first wheel counted units, the second wheel is the tens,
and the third is hundred and so on.

It is used for addition and subtraction of up to 8 digits number.

Leibniz Multiplier: Gottfried Von Leibniz, the German philosophers and mathematician worked on Pascal
machine in 1671. It is capable of handling multiplications, divisions and subtractions better than Pascal’s
machine.

Jacquard’s loom: This machine was developed by a French textile manufacturer called Joseph Jacquard
in 1802. The machine used punched card to code information and controlled the weaving loom for cloth
production.

This Machine was used to put required patterns on cloth

Babbage analytical engine: In 1822, an English man called Charles Babbage, professor of mathematics
developed the analytical machine, which is often called ‘difference engine or analytical engine’

The difference engine was used to solve mathematical problems while Babbage also designed analytical
engine. He wanted to use this for more complicated calculations. The death of Charles Babbage disallowed
him from witnessing the working of his machine. He is known as the father of computer because of the
ideas he introduced.

Later his secretary (Ada Eva), wrote the program for the machine. This earned her the world’s first
computer programmer.

The analytical engine has four parts

(1) A mill for calculating

 (2) A store for holding instruction, intermediate and final result
(3) An operator (or system) for carrying out instructions
(4) A device for “reading and writing” data on punch cards.

Hollerith tabulating machine: In 1880, Herman Hollerith, a census statistician, developed a punched
card machine called tabulator to collate census data for the USA in 1890 He used the power of electricity
to operate the machine. This machine made the census data processing fast and efficient. The man
(Hollerith) set up a company called the Computer Tabulating and Recording Company and later renamed
as International Business Machine (IBM) which today is one of the largest manufacturers of computer.

Burrogh’s machine: William Burroughs built his first experimental model of an adding machine with
printing in 1884. The distinguishing features are the high sloping keyboard, the beveled glass front, and
the printing mechanism out of sight at the rear of the machine.

The machine performs addition only, with no provision for subtraction.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTING DEVICES (20 TH CENTURY TO DATE)

The computer era began in 1940s by Atanasoff and Berry. They developed a computer called ABC.

ABC means Atanasoff and Berry Computer. The development of this computer led to the development of
ENIAC

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): This was the first electronic general-
purpose computer. It was a product of World War II and was a modular computer that composed of
separate panels to perform different functions.

It was developed by John Mauchely and J. presper Eckert at moor school in Pennsylvania USA around
1942.

Features and components of ENIAC

(1) It contained 17,468 vacuum tubes

(2) It contained 7,200 crystal diodes
(3) It contained 70,000 resistors
(4) It contained 1,500 relays
(5) It contained 10,000 capacitors
(6) It contained 6,000 manual switches
(7) It weighed more than 30 short tons
 (8) It consumed 150 KW of power.

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer): This was the first practical stored-program
electronic computer in 1949. It was inspired by John Von Neumann’s seminal. First draft of a report on
EDSAC was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical
Laboratory in England.

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer): Eckert and Mauchly next teamed up with
the mathematician John Von Neumann to design EDVAC which pioneered the stored program.

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer): this was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchely
the designer of the ENIAC. It was the word’s first commercially available computer. The UNIVAC was used
for general purpose computing with large amount of input ,output and storage capacity compared to
earlier machines.

Features and components of UNIVAC

(1) It contained magnetic tape

(2) It contained buffer memory
(3) It contained 5,600 vacuum tubes
(4) It contained 18,000 crystal diodes
(5) It contained 300 relays
(6) It consumed 120 KVA of power

PERSONAL COMPUTER

Personal computer (PC) is a small general purpose computer that is designed for use by only one person
at a time. It is IBM compatible.

Examples of personal computers are:

1. Desktop computer
2. Laptop computer
3. Notebook computer
4. Tablet PC

Uses of personal computer

 (1) They are used for document processing
(2) They are used for playing computer games
(3) Creating and sending emails and browsing the internet
(4) Web surfing
(5) Desktop publishing
(6) Graphics designs

CONCEPT OF NUMBER SYSTEM IN COMPUTER

Number system discusses the way in which digital computer handle numerical values or numbers in
general.

Way back in the days, there were no base system. Usually when people wanted to count one, they would
write: I

When people wanted to count 5, they would write: IIIII

And clearly: 1+5=6

I+IIIII=IIIIII

Actually, it was the simplest way of counting.

Common terms of number systems

Base: the base of a number indicates how many absolute values are used in the system.

For example in the decimal system there are ten absolute values represented by the digits
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. In binary system, there are only two absolute values (0, 1) and octal system has
eight absolute values (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) etc.

Absolute value: This denotes whole numbers represented by a symbol e.g. 6,7,8,4,5 etc.

Position: In the decimal system the zero position has the positional value 10 or 1

Position
Examples: 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Positional value
26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Quantity represented by positional value

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Types of number system
(1) Decimal number system
(2) Binary number system
(3) Octal number system
(4) Hexadecimal number system

Decimal number system: The decimal number system consists of ten digits from 0 to 9. These digits
can be used to represent any numeric value.
Example: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Binary number system: The word “BI”. (Pronounced “bye”) means two. So binary numbers refers to
numbers made up of only two digit numbers 0’s and 1’s. zeros and ones. These two numbers (0 and 1)
are the only number on which the CPU can perform any action.
Example: 0,1

Octal number system: Octal number system refers to the base eight. It consist of (8) distinct symbols
Example: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Hexadecimal number system: This refers to the base of 16. It consists of sixteen (16) unique symbols.
Example: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Conversion from decimal to binary

The procedure is as follows:
(1) Divide the given number by the base number (i.e. 2)
(2) Continue division until zero is reached
(3) Next write down the values of the remainders form bottom to top.

Example 1: convert 1910 to binary

2 19 Re
m
2 9 1
2 4 1
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1
1910=100112
Conversion from binary to decimal
The steps to convert binary to decimal are as follows:
(1) Get the last digit of the binary number; call this digit the current digit.
(2) Make a variable, let’s call it power, set the value to 0
(3) Multiply the current digit with (2n power). Store the result
(4) Increment power by 1
(5) Set the current digit to the previous digit of the binary number.
(6) Repeat step 3 until all the digits have been multiplied.
(7) Sum the result of step 3 to get the answer number.

Example 1: convert 100012 to base 10

100012 = 14 03 02 01 10
=1x24+0x23+0x22+0x21+1x20
= 1x16 +0x8+0x4+0x2+1x1
= 16+0+0+0+1
= 1710

Conversion from decimal to octal

Example 1: convert 1510 to octal
8 15 Rem
8 1 7
0 1

1510 = 178

Example 2: convert 37410 to octal

8 374 Rem
8 46 6
8 5 6
0 5
37410 = 5668

Conversion from octal to decimal

Example 1: convert 17078 to decimal
1707 = 13 72 01 70
1x83+7x82+0x81+7x80
512+448+0+7 = 96710
17078 = 96710

Conversion from decimal to hexadecimal

The procedure is to divide figure in base 10 by 16 until the quotient becomes 0.
Example 1: convert 68710 to hexadecimal

687
16 Rem
42
16 15 = F
2
16 10 = A
0
2

68710 = 2AF16

Conversion from hexadecimal to decimal

Example 1: convert 121816 to base 10
1218 = 13 22 11 80
1x163+2x162+1x161+8x160
4096+512+16+8 = 463210
12188 = 463210

Example 2: convert 2C516 to base 10

2C5 = 22 C1 50
From the hexadecimal table C = 12 in decimal
2x162+12x161+5x160
512+192+5 = 70910
2C516 = 70910

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

A computer generation refers to the historical development in computer. It involve gradual

improvement in the machines due to technological advancement.
(1) 1st generation computer (1940-1959): This was the era of mainframe computer. This generation
was characterized by the following:
(i) They used vacuum tubes
(ii) They were very big in size
(iii)They emit a lot of heat
(iv)They were very slow in operation
(v) They have small storage capacity
(vi)They used punched cards and punched paper tapes as input media.

Examples of 1st generation computers are: ABC, ENIAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC etc.

(2) 2nd generation computer (1960-1965): This was the era of minicomputers. This generation was
characterized by the following:
(i) They used electronics transistor and diode instead of vacuum tube.
(ii) They used punched cards and punched paper tapes as input media
(iii) They were reduced in size
(iv) The heat emitted was reduced
(v) They were faster in operation
(vi) Built-in error detecting devices were installed
(vii) They were more reliable
(viii) They have larger storage capacity
(ix) They used more sophiscated English like computer languages for coding e.g COBOL, FORTRAN,
BASIC etc.

(3) 3rd generation computer (1965-1969): These generations of computer are more reliable than the
earlier ones. Individual transistors were not used anymore. They were replaced by very small electric
circuits which were put into a small piece of material called silicon. The circuit contains many tiny
transistors. These circuits are called integrated circuit (IC).
Characteristic of 3rd generation computer are:
(i) It consumes less power
(ii) It cost less
(iii)It is smaller in size and much more reliable
(iv)There is increased internal memory
(v) It marks the emergence of software

(4) 4th generation computer (1970s): The 4th generation computer use large scale integrated circuit
(LSI) and more recently very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI) and ultra large scale integrated
 circuit (ULSI) are used. They used magnetic storage devices such as: floppy disk, hard disk, CD, DVD
etc.

(5) 5th generation computers (1980): This is the current generation of computers and the era of latest
microcomputers and software. This generation is based on the present and future of computer and is
characterized by the advent of:
(i) Artificial intelligence (AI)
(ii) Expert System (ES)
(iii) Speech Processing (SP)

TYPES OF COMPUTER

1. Digital computer
2. Analog computer
3. Hybrid computer

Digital computer: The word “digital” means discrete or whole number. Digital computers functions by
accepting and manipulating data in form of discrete binary numbers (0s or 1s).

Almost all modern computers are digital.

Analog computer: They accept and process data as continuous rather than discrete value. They are built
to respond to continuous signals such as electricity, temperature, pressure, flow of liquid etc.

Hybrid computer: They combine the properties of both digital and analog computers. This means that
they accept and process data and produce output in digital and analog format.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY FUNCTIONALITY OR DEGREE OF VERSATILITY

1. General purpose computer

2. Special purpose computer

General purpose computer: These are computer designed to solve large variety of problems. That is,
they can be given different programs to solve different types of problems.

Examples of general purpose computer are:

(i) Desktop computer

 (ii) Laptop computer

Special purpose computer: These are computer designed to solve a specific problem or for single
purpose.

Examples of special purpose computer are:

(i) Radar system

(ii) ATM machine
(iii) Television
(iv) Radio
(v) Washing machine

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY SIZE

1. Micro computer
2. Mini computer
3. Mainframe computer
4. Super computer

Micro computer: These are the smallest class of computers. They are also the most common and
commonly called personal computers (PC).

A micro computer uses a single micro processor mounted with memory chips as it central processing unit
(CPU). They usually allow one user at a time unless they are networked. Micro computer are mainly used
at homes, schools, offices etc.

Examples of micro computers are desktop, notebook, laptop, palmtop etc.

Minicomputer: These are middle level computer built to perform complex computation. They are
generally small in size and have less processing capacity than mainframe. Mini computers are used in
networked environment. These means many users can be connected via terminals to one minicomputer at
the same time. They are also used to connect to other mini computers on a network.

Mainframe computer: These are very powerful large class of computer. They have multiple chips so they
can sustain a large amount of processing and allow many users at the same time. It is expensive.

Mainframe computers are used in large institutions such as government, banks and large corporation.
Super computer: These are the largest in size, fastest and the most expensive type of computer. They
perform highly complex and time consuming computations and are used heavily by scientist, large
businesses and the military for large research work such as weather forecasting, oil exploration, nuclear
simulations, theoretical astrophysics, air craft design, stock analysis etc.

DIGITIZATION OF DATA

Digitization of data is the process of converting data or information such as text, image, and audio into
digital format.

Digitalization can also be defined as the integration of digital technologies into everyday life. Modern
camera, television, phones and computers are all examples of digital technology.

Information is organized into discrete units called (bits) that can be separated addressed (usually in
multiple bits group bytes) this is the binary data that computer and many devices with computing capacity
such as digital camera having aids can process.

An optical character recognition (OCR) program analyze a text, image of light and dark area in order to
identify each alphabetic letter or numeric data and convert each character into ASCII code.

Advantages of digitalization of data

(1) Increase productivity

(2) Cost efficiency
(3) Easy to access and always accessible
(4) Enhance security
(5) Enhance information preservation
(6) Disaster recovery
(7) Document imaging
(8) Saves space
(9) Stay competitive

Component of computer

The classic components of a computer are briefly described below:

Control
Input

Memory
Data Path
Output
Data path: this manipulates the data coming through the processor. It also provide a small amount of
temporary data storage.

Control: This generates control signals that direct the operation of memory and the data path.

 Tell memory to send or receive data.

 Tell the ALU what operation to perform.
 Route data between different parts of the data path.

Memory: This holds instructions and most of the data for currently executing programs.

Input: These are external devices such as keyboards, mouse, disks and networks that provide input to
the processor.

Output: these are external devices such as display unit, printer, disk, and networks that receive data
from the processor.

System unit

This is the part of a computer that houses primary devices that perform operations and produce result for
complex calculation.

The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it is a rectangular box placed on or underneath
your desk.

Components of the system unit are:

(1) CPU
(2) Hard disk drive (HDD)
(3) Memory unit (RAM)
(4) Motherboard
(5) Floppy drive
(6) Expansion slot
(7) Expansion card
(8) Power pack
 (9) Cooling fan
(10) Ports
(11) Connectors

DATA AND INFORMATION

Data can be defined as a set of raw, unorganized or unprocessed facts or figures.

For example, number of students in the classroom, individual fact like name, age, height, shoe size etc.

Information is data that has been worked on or processed into a meaningful or more useful form.

For example, after marking the examination scripts of the students, the teacher writes out their scores.
The score represent a set of data that can be processed by the computer to get information on total score
of each student, average score of each student and the class average. With this information, every
student can find out if he/she performs below or above average.

Types of data

(i) Qualitative data: This is descriptive (it describe something)

(ii) Quantitative data: This is numerical information (numbers). It can be Continuous data and
Discrete data

Examples of data

(i) Numeric data

(ii) Alphabetic data
(iii) Name of thing, place or animal
(iv) Measurements
(v) observations
(vi) descriptions of things

Sources of data

(1) Television
(2) Internet
(3) Articles containing original data
(4) Government documents and public records
 (5) Newspaper and magazine clippings
(6) Textbooks
(7) Biographies

Differences between data and information

Data Information
1 Data is input for processing Information is an output of processed data
2 Data is presented in bits Information is presented as a whole
3 Data is raw and unorganized Information is the result of analyzed data
4 Data is a collection of non-random facts, Information is processed for a suitable purpose
numbers, symbols letters etc for a final user
5 Data is the lowest level of knowledge Information is the second level after data

Characteristic of good information

(1) It must be relevant

(2) It must be accurate
(3) Information must be timely
(4) It must be complete
(5) It must be meaningful
(6) It must be current

Examples of information

(i) Information on a student bio data

(ii) Student ID card
(iii) Weather reports
(iv) Student’s report card
(v) International passport
(vi) Utility bills e.g. PHCN, water bill etc
(vii) Information of a staff in an organization

Sources of information

(1) Internet
(2) Database
 (3) Magazine/newspaper
(4) Census board
(5) Documents

DATA HANDLING

Data handling is the process of ensuring that research data is stored, archived or disposed off in a safe
and secure manner during and after the conclusion of research project.

Importance of data handling

(1) Ensuring the integrity of research data

(2) It can result in efficient and economical storage, retrieval, and disposal of data.

Factors to be considered when handling data electronically

(1) Protect systems' and individual files with login and password

(2) Data Integrity

(3) Regular update of data
(4) Validation of data
(5) Security of data/Encryption
(6) Type of Data
(7) Type of storage to be used
(8) Data volume/Size
(9) Access Control
(10) Regular Anti-Virus Update
(11) Limit Physical access to storage media
(12) Regular Backups
(13) Ensure Data Recoverability
(14) Login/Password 
(15) Record Date and Time   
(16) Power Supply
(17) Manage access right
(18) Regular update virus protection to prevent vulnerability of data
(19) Limit physical access to equipment and storage media
(20) Regularly update electronic storage media to avoid outdated storage/retrieval device
Ways of handling data

(1) Electronic method

(2) Non-Electronic method

(1) Electronic method: These include computer workstations and laptops, personal digital assistants
(PDA), storage media such as videotape, diskette, CD, DVD, memory cards, and other electronic
instrumentation.

(2) Non-Electronic method: These include paper files, journals, and laboratory notebooks.
 SECOND TERM DATA
PROCESSING NOTE FOR
SSS 1

TOPICS

(1) Revision
(2) The art of nformation processing
(3) Process of information transmission
(4) Process of information transmission
(5) Medium of information transmission
(6) Computer Ethics
(7) Safety Measures
(8) Operating System
(9) Operating System
(10) Operating System
 INFORMATION PROCESSING

Information Processing is the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display and dissemination
of information.
Procedure for information processing
(1) Collation of information
(ii) Organization of information
(iii) Analysis of information
(iv) Interpretation of information

(I) Collation of information: This is to gather information together, examine it carefully, and compare it
with other information to find any differences.
(II) Organization of information: This refers to the standard protocols by which information is
arranged.

Ways of organising information

(1) Category
(2) Location
(3) Time
(4) Alphabet
(5) Continuum

(III) Analysis of information: This is the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling
data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions and supporting decision
making.
(IV) Interpretation of information: This is process through which organizations make sense of new
information that they have acquired and disseminated.

Advantages of using Computer for Information processing are:

1. Efficiency
2. Automation
3. Reliability
4. Volume/Storage
5. High speed
6. Accuracy  
7.  Security                 
8. Sharing of Information/Sharing of Resources
9. Economical
10. Lower overall cost
11. Versatility
12. Service Improvement 
13. Easy retrieval                                                     

Disadvantages of using Computers for Information processing

1. High initial investment cost

2. Loss of jobs due to Computerization
3. Requires specialized personnel
4. Extra cost of retraining of staff
5. Virus/Hackers susceptibility
6. Face-to-Face Interaction among staff may be reduced
7. Prone to unauthorized access
8. Overwriting/Loss of Data
9. Power dependent
10. System failure/ system malfunctioning          

Data Processing
Data Processing is the processing of collecting data item from a source and manipulating the data into
information for making decision.

It can also be define as the process of gathering data items from a source, performing required operation
on them and converting them into information.

Types of Data processing

(1) Manual
(2) Mechanical
(3) Electro mechanical
(4) Electronic Data Processing (EDP)

(1) Manual: This is the use of human hands and brain for processing data.
For example: A teacher calculating student result without using any calculating machine.

(2) Mechanical: This is the use of mechanical devices that do not use electricity for processing data.
For example: a typist using manual typewriter to type student result etc.

(3) Electro mechanical: This involves the use of mechanical device that use electricity for processing
data, but not computers. Examples are:
(i) A typist using electric type writer to type student result.
(ii) A secretary using a photocopier machine to make copies of document.
(iii) A sale officer using cash register machine in the super market.
(iv) A bank cashier using counting machine to count money etc.

(4) Electronic Data Processing (EDP): This is the use of computer for data processing.
Example are: A computer operator entering student score into computer for processing, A teacher using
computer to process student result, An employee using computer to produce sales invoice etc.

Stages in data processing

(i) Data collection or gathering stage
(ii) Data collation or preparation stage
(iii) Input stage
(iv) Processing stage
(v) Storage stage
(vi) Output stage

(i) Data collection or gathering stage: This is the stage at which data is collected or put together from
sources.
(ii) Data collation or preparation stage: At this stage, the data from source document required
editing, verification or validation to provide data consistency or accuracy.
(iii) Input stage: This is the stage at which data to be processed are entered into the computer for
processing.
(iv) Processing stage:
(v) Storage stage: This stage is meant for keeping data awaiting processing and processed
data(information)
(vi) Output stage:This is the stage at which the result of processed data called information are obtained.
These output are usually in form of report, graphics, analysis, summaries, steps, table etc

INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Information transmission refers to the sharing or transfer of information from one location to another.
Examples are writing and talking, non-verbal expression such as facial expression, body language or
gestures.
Information transmission is the process of sending and receiving information from one place to another
at a particular point.
Information transmission requires a sender, message and intended recipients.
Therefore information transmission can be described as a way of passing information or knowledge from
one place to another or from one generation to another.

Information transmission simple diagram

Information transmission is the process of sending Information from one point to another through a
channel.

Methods of transmitting information

Basically there are two(2) methods of information transmission. These are:
(i) Ancient method
(ii) Modern method

(i) Ancient method: These are old method by our ancestor for disseminating information.
These include:
(1) Letter writing
(2) Oral method
(3) Drum beating
(4) Fire lighting
(5) Town criers
(6) Whistling
(7) Drawing diagram
(8) Bird
(9) Smoke
(10) Metal gong
(11) Making presentation
(12) Lanterns
(13) Flags or flashing light
(14) Story telling

(1) Letter writing: Writing is one of the major means of communication. Most languages do have a
written form. It can be written down and someone else may read it and understand.
(2) Oral method: This is the method through which information is passed by the word of mouth from one
place to another.
(3) Drum beating: This is the method through which information is passed by beating of drums. the
drum emits certain sound that can be translated by the people for whom the information meant.
(4) Fire lighting: This method, fire would be lit particularly on the high land and the smoke glare would
communicate the intended message.
(5) Town criers: This is a method used by chief or chiefs in the council to transmit the decision taken by
the council on any issue concerning the community. The town crier would go round the community with a
bell to alert member of the community. He would then announce the message from the chief or the
council.
(6) Whistling: Whistling was a common means of transmitting message between sailors, boy's scout,
girls guide, boys and girls brigade and armed forces.
(7) Drawing diagram: This method was common with the early cavemen. They draw pictures on the wall
of caves as a means of keeping records as well as communicating with their fellow cavemen.
(8) Making presentation: This is used in the form of symbol to represent the message that is
communicated to the receiver.
(8) Bird: Birds carried messages through a long distance. The message was attached to a foot of pigeon
or a falcon who flew home with the message.

Modern method: These are method of information transmission in modern era.

These include:
(1) Printing
(2) Telephone
(3) Telex
(4) Radio
(5) Television
(6) Fax
(7) Satellite
(8) GSM
(9) Internet
(10) Telegraph
(11) Photograph

(1) Printing: This is the act of making pictorial images or letter that can be linked into paper.
(2) Telephone: This is the device that transmits the human voice over wire. it convert sound over
electrical signal that can be transmitted over distance and then convert the received signal back into
sounds.
(3) Telex: This is a system where by a message is sent from one destination to another. The message is
printed out at the other end with device called teleprinter.
(4) Radio: This is a device that can transmit information such as sound through a distance with the use of
electromagnetic waves.
(5) Television: This is used to transmit both visual and audio messages to large uadience over a far
distance with the use of electromagnetic wave.
(6) Fax: Fax stands for facsimile transmission. it is a means of transmitting a document from one fax
machine to another in a different location over a telephone line. The document is reproduce in the same
way photocopying machine reproduce a document.
(7) Satellite: This is a specialized wireless receiver/transmitter that is launched by a rocket and place in
orbit around the earth. They are used for such diverse purpose in weather forecasting, television,
broadcast, radio communications, internet communication and the Global Positioning System (GPS)
(8) GSM: GSM which stands for Global System for Mobile Communication is a phone system that allows
users to talk and send text messages across the globe.
(9) Internet: This is an international connection of large number of computers for the purpose of sharing
information.
(10) Telegraph: The logistics of telegraphic communication involve the sending of electro statically
generated signals through a wire.
(11) Photograph: A picture is worth 1000 words, or so the saying goes. Unlike other forms of
communication.
A picture can be interpreted a million different ways by a million different individual, whereas other forms
of communication tend to be intent on conveying one message.

TYPES OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION MEDIUM

There are three types of information transmission medium, namely;
(1) Satellite
(ii) Wireless
(iii) Cable

(i) Satellite: In satellite communication, signal transmission between the sender and receiver is done with
the help of satellite. In this process, the signal which is basically a beam of modulated microwaves is sent
towards the satellite. Then the satellite amplifies the signal and sent it back to the receiver’s antenna
present on earth's surface.
(ii) Wireless: Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without
help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The transmitted distance can anywhere
between a few meters. For example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for
example, radio communication).
(iii) Cable: information transmission is done with the use of fiber-optics, also called optical fiber, is a
technology that allows light to travel along thin glass or plastic wires.

Types of cable
(1) Twisted pair
(ii) Coaxial cable
(iii) Optical fiber
(iv) Telephone cable

CLASSIFICATION OF MEANS OF TRANSMITING INFORMATION

(1) Electronic
(ii) Non-electronic

(i) Electronic: Electronic means of transmitting information deals with the transmission of information
through gadgets or devices that require electricity as a source of energy.
The information is transmitted from one destination to another through wired or wireless system.
Example: fax machine, Telephone, Television, Telegraph, Satellite, Radio etc.

(ii) Non-electronic: Non electronics transmission of information does not require the use of electrical
means for the transfer of information. Most ancient method of information transmission used non
electronic means.
Example: Oral transmission, drum beating, fire lighting, whistling, metal gong, sign, drawing etc.

Modes of receiving information

The three basic mode of receiving information are:
(1) Audio
(2) Visual
(3) Audio-visual

COMPUTER ETHICS
Ethics: These are set of moral beliefs, principles and rules that govern the behaviour of a group or
individual.
Computer Ethics: These are set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers to create
conducive atmosphere for computer hardware and its accessories.
Computer Laboratory: This is a place where computer and its accessories are kept and used.

Computer room’s equipment

(1) Fire extinguisher
(2) Reliable power source
(3) Wall clock
(4) Effective uninterruptible power supply
(5) Fire alarm
(6) Air conditioner or fan
(7) Office furniture
(8) Smoke detector
(9) Voltage stabilizer

Computer Laboratory Management Ethics

Computer room management ethics can be defined as the appropriate way of handling and taking good
care of computer and associated resources within the computer room.
(1) Maintaining dust free environment
(2) Appropriate ventilation
(3) Maintain appropriate lighting system
(4) Setting computer system before the students comes in.

LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATION

To ensure safety and equipment security, the following rules must be adequately followed in computer
laboratory.

(1) Students are prohibited to enter the lab unless authorized by the teacher.
(2) Arrange chairs and tables in a comfortable manner for the users.
(3) Arrange the computer and their peripherals in orderly manners.
(4) Scan diskettes before using them.
(5) All electrical cables and connection must not be exposed.
(6) Report all problems related to the system to the teacher.
(7) Turn off the computer accordingly after use.
(8) Switch off all power supplies before leaving the lab.
(9) Do not attempt to repair or tamper with lab equipment.
(10) The computer room should always be kept clean and tidy.
(11) Be responsible when using equipments, software and facilities in the lab.
(12) Do not move any equipment from its original position.
(13) Do not remove or load any software into the computer.
(14) Do not bring in bags, food and drink into the lab.
(15) Internet facility is strictly for educational purpose only.
(16) Teachers should record the use of computer lab in the log book.
(17) All users should record the use of computers in the computer log book.
(18) Always ensure that air conditioners are turned 'ON' while their computers are working.

SAFETY MEASURES
Safety measures are the precautions or actions taken to ensure protection from or not being exposed to,
the risk of illness, or injury from the use of computer and related equipment within a computer
environment.
Safety Measure for Computer Users
(1) Always maintain proper sitting posture
(2) Blink your eyes frequently to reduce dryness.
(3) The top of your eyebrow should be level with the top of the screen
(4) Using the antiglare protector.
(5) Shake your hands periodically when typing for extended periods of time.
(6) Positioning of monitor base.
(7) Reduce the need to reach for items by moving frequently used things such as telephone and files
closer
(8) Take frequent short break when performing repetitive task.

Safety rules in the computer lab

(1) Surge Protector: A surge protector is used to protect computers from electrical surges that can
damage computers and destroy important information.
(2) Static mat: place every lab computer on a static mat, and make sure students are anchored to the
mat through an antistatic wrist band and cable before using the computer.
(3) Moving equipment: When moving computer equipment within the lab, be sure to look out for cables
on the floor to avoid tripping.
(4) Liquids: Keep all liquids away from computer and electrical equipment in the lab.
(5) Personal Information: A computer lab is not the place for students to enter their personal
information on websites.

Computer related health problems and solutions

1. Eye strain and vision problem: continuous staring at the monitor without taking breaks can cause
eyestrain which weakens the sight.
Precautions/solution
(i) Use anti-glare glasses to cover the monitor
(ii) Take regular short breaks from sitting in front of the computer

2. Low back pain: this is as a result of wrong sitting posture adopted when you use the computer. The
risk increases when this happens regularly over a long period.
Precaution/solution
(i) Use a proper chair that support your back and lower back
(ii) Sit up straight. Do not slouch
(iii) Regular exercises at least five times a week to strengthen your back muscle
(iv) Using a lumbosacral belt as a precautionary and preventive measure will help prevent this problem

3. Carpal tunnel syndrome: regular typing and use of mouse over prolonged periods is a major risk
factor of the risk called Carpal tunnel syndrome. Tingling and numbness, pain and loss of strength of the
affect wrist, fingers and hands are symptoms.
Precautions/solution
(i)Exercises for the wrist will help and take regular breaks
(ii)Do not hold the mouse tightly.

4. Cervical spondylosis (neck and shoulder problem): reading from the monitor screen or typing
over prolonged periods regularly is a risk factor that can over time cause cervical spondylosis
Precaution/solution
(i) Wear a cervical collar during your computing hours, this will keep the neck and shoulder muscles
strong
(ii) Neck and shoulder exercise two to three times a day will keep the neck and shoulder muscles strong

OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system can be define as the software or set of program that control, monitor and co-ordinates
the hardware and execution of all other programs.

This is also responsible for the control and allocation of hardware resources on the computer system.

Types of operating system

(1) Single user, single task

(2) Multitasking (or Time sharing)

(3) Multi-user operating system

(4) Networking operating system

(5) Embedded operating system

(6) Batch processing operating system

(7) Real time operating system

(8) Distributed operating system

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

(1) It co-ordinates hardware and software activities.

(2) It controls the input and output functions such as how keyboard, mouse, monitor and printer function
etc

(3) It supervises the running of the application software

(4) Resource sharing Management

(5) Monitor the status of the hardware devices

(6) Memory management

(7) Diagnose disk error

(8) Process management

(9) Security management

(10) Task management

(11) Job management

(12) Device management

(13) Booting/starting up the computer

(14) Serve as an interface between the user and the computer hardware

(15) Provide virtual machine.

Examples of operating system

(1) Microsoft window e.g.

(i) Window XP
 (ii) Window 95

(iii) Window 7
GUI
(iv) Window 8

(v) Vistas

(vi) Window NT (New Technology)

(vii) Window ME (Millennium Edition)

(2) Linux GUI/command line multiuser and network operating system

(3) (i) MS-DOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System

(ii) PC-DOS- Personal Computer Disk Operating System Command line

(iii) UNIX

(4) Novell Netware command line/Network operating system

Operating system interfaces

The interface refers to the medium through which the users and application programs communicate with
the OS. The two levels are:

Command line interface (also called The shell or CLI): This interface enforce that you type the exact
command you want to execute. No icon can be clicked here. The common example is MS-DOS

Graphical User Interface (GUI): This interface allows users to have direct control of the visible
graphical objects (icons) and actions (menu) that replaced command syntax. These icons represent files,
disks, programs and other objects. Examples are Windows OS, Linux and Mac OS.

The components of the GUI are:

Pointer: This appears as a small angled-arrow or a capital I in text processing applications

Icon: these are small pictures that represent commands, files or drives.

Windows: a typical icon turns to a window upon opening. This can be resized, moved, minimized etc.

Menus: most GUI interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a choice from a menu.

Desktop: the area on the display screen where icons are grouped.
The differences between Graphics User interface and Command Line Interface

S/ GRAPHICS USER INTERFACE COMMAND LINE INTERFACE

N
1 Makes use of windows, Icon, Menus Makes use of commands
pointer (WINP)
2 It is user friendly and interactive It required the user to memorize the command
3 Makes use of other input devices Makes use of only the keyboard
 THIRD TERM DATA
PROCESSING NOTE FOR
SSS 1
TOPICS

(1) Revision
(2) Word processing
(3) Word Processing
(4) Word Processing
(5) Spreadsheet
(6) Spreadsheet
(7) Spreadsheet
(8) Database Management
(9) Database Management
(10) Database Management
 WORD PROCESSING
Word processing can be defined as the process of preparing and printing document by using
computer and computer programs.

OR

Word processing can be define as the process of using a word processor software to create, edit,
view, store, retrieve, format and print text documents such as letters, reports etc.

Word processor: This can be defined as software used to create and edit document such as letters,
reports, essay etc.

Examples of word processor

(1) Microsoft word

(2) Word perfect
(3) Corel word perfect
(4) Word star
(5) Word Pro
(6) Note pad
(7) Word pad
(8) Adobe page maker
(9) Perfect writer
(10) Multimate advantage

(11) Ami Pro

(12) Applix Word
(13) Atlantis Word Processor
(14) Google Docs
(15) IA Writer
(16) Kingsoft writer
(17) Locoscript
(18) Lotus WordPro
(19) Microsoft write
(20) Ms Edit
(21) Nisus Writer
(22) Open Office Word
(23) Polaris Office
(24) Quick Office
(25) Quick word
(26) TechWriter
(27) TextMaker
 (28) Word Craft

Functions of word processor

(1) Creating, editing, saving and printing document

(2) Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text with a document
(3) Creating and editing tables
(4) Correcting spelling and grammar
(5) Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italic
(6) Inserting elements from other software, such as illustration or photographs

Application area of word processing

(1) Offices
(2) Publishing
(3) Journalism
(4) Education
(5) Articles
(6) Homes

Loading Microsoft word

To load Ms Word application, do the following

(1) Click on start button

(2) Navigate to all programs
(3) Navigate to Microsoft office
(4) Click on Microsoft word

Exiting Microsoft word

To exit or close Ms Word, follow the steps below

(1) Click the Microsoft office button and then click close
(2) If a Microsoft office word dialogue box appears displaying “Do you want to save”
Message: Click Yes to save, No to discard, or Cancel to close the dialogue box.

CREATING DOCUMENT OR OPENING A DOCUMENT

Anytime we load Microsoft word, a new document opened by default. To create a new document, do the
following

(1) Click on the Microsoft office button

(2) Select new from the displayed options
(3) Select blank document from the dialog box
(4) Click on create button

Five major methods to copy a document

(1) Shortcut method

(2) Keyboard method
(3) Drag and drop method
(4) Ribbon bar method
(5) Right mouse method

SAVING A DOCUMENT

To save a new document, follow the steps below

On the Quick Access Tool Bar, click the Save button

OR

(1) Click on the Microsoft office button

(2) Select save from the displayed options
(3) Select the drive or directory to store the document by clicking on the arrow on the Save in Combo
box
(4) Click on the file name, type the desired document name
(5) Click on save button

RETRIEVING A FILE

To retrieve a word document, follow the steps below

(1) Open Ms word

(2) Click on the Microsoft office button
(3) Select Open ( A list of all the saved file will appear on screen)
(4) Search for the name of the file you want to retrieve
(5) Click on the file found and click on Open or you double click on the file you want to retrieve and it
will open

Features of Ms Word

(1) The office button

(2) Title bar
(3) Menu bar
(4) Standard tool bar
(5) Formatting tool bar
(6) Vertical and horizontal ruler
(7) Vertical and horizontal scroll bar
(8) Text area
(9) Drawing tools
(10) Status bar
(11) Minimize button
(12) Maximize button
(13) Close button

The office button: This is located in the upper left corner of Ms Word. When you click the office button
you will see the basic commands available on the file menu e.g. open, save and print etc.

Title bar: This is a bar that display the name of the current window

Menu bar: This is a bar that contains Home, Insert, Page layout, Reference, Mailing, Review and View

Standard tool bar: This bar displays some commonly used icons that are commands

Formatting tool bar: This bar contains tools that can be used to edit, format and enhance the look of the
document

Vertical and horizontal ruler: They guide in setting the page margin

Vertical and horizontal scroll bar: This bar are used to scroll a document to the left and right
(Horizontal scroll bar) or up and down (vertical scrollbar)

Text area: This is where the typing of your word is done

Drawing tools: This bar contains tools that are used for graphic jobs

Status bar: This bar contains information about the document, the current page, number of words in a
document etc.

Minimize button: This is used to hide a current document

Maximize button: This button gives command to a document to restore previously minimized document
or to enlarge document window.

Close button: This is used to close documents

SPREADSHEET
Spreadsheets are software used for performing accounting and statistical calculation, organizing and
analyzing numeric data. It is used to store and process data in an electronic sheet having columns and
rows.

Examples of Spreadsheet
(1) Microsoft Excel
(2) Lotus 1-2-3
(3) Quattro Pro
(4) Open Office Cals
(5) Google Docs
(6) Gs Cals
(7) Apple iWork Numbers
(8) Bye Design Ltd

FEATURES OF SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE

(1) Columns and rows: A spreadsheet is a grid consisting of columns and rows. Rows are labeled
with numbers and columns are labeled with letters, giving each cell a unique address consisting of a
number and a letter.

(2) Formula: Formulae are used to express mathematical relationship between cells. Excel gives you
the ability to enter mathematical formula into cells to carry out calculations on other cells. For example:
C1=A1+B1 would calculate and display the sum of cells A1 and B1 into cell C1.

(3) Functions: Functions are used as shortcuts when performing mathematical calculations. They are
pre programmed formulae that gives power and flexibility to spreadsheet calculations. They prevent the
user from having to continually enter long and cumbersome expression, some examples are: SUM,
AVERAGE, MAX, and MIN.

(4) Graph and charts: Data in spreadsheet can be display in a graphic form. Spreadsheet allows the
numerical data in the cell to be displayed as a graph or chart. These graphics which illustrate the meaning
of the numbers in the spreadsheet in different way can be used to stimulate interest and help make a
point.
There are several different types of graphs that can be made. Area graph, bar and column graph, line
graphs, pie charts, scatter plot diagrams and 3D graph are some examples.

(5) Formatting: Ms Excel enables a wide range of formatting options similar to Ms Word. You can alter
font size, style and colour and you can highlight cells with different colours to differentiate data values.
You can also increase or decrease the size and spacing of cells to fit the data.

Advantages of spreadsheet

(1) Entering data

(2) Use of formula
(3) Calculation functions
(4) Easy to modify
(5) Data analysis
(6) Reporting
(7) Graphical functions

Uses of Spreadsheet

(1) Office Administrator, Secretaries and Clerk use Microsoft Excel for the preparation of:
(i) General ledger
(ii) Stock control(inventing)
(iii) Payroll
(iv) Petty cash account
(v) Expenses account
(vi) Time sheets

(2) Managers and accountants use Microsoft Excel for the preparation of:
(i) Profit projection and statement
(ii) Budgets
(iii) Income and expenditure
(iv) Preparation of daily sales
(v) Profit and loss account
(vi) Cash flow analysis
(vii) Business analysis
(viii) Transactions
(ix) Billing
(x) Invoices
(xi) Receipts

(3) School and grade: Teachers use Microsoft Excel for the following task:
(i) Preparation of time table
(ii) Calculating grade
(iii) Tabulation of examination grades
(iv) Identify important data such as low and high score

RETRIEVING FILES OR CREATING A WORK BOOK

To open an existing workbook, do the following

(1) Click the Microsoft office button

(2) Click Open
(3) Browse to the workbook
(4) Click the title of the workbook
(5) Click Open

Entering data in a workbook

There are different ways to enter data in Excel

(1) In an active cell

(2) In the formula bar

To enter data in an active cell, do the following:

(1) Click in the cell where you want the data

(2) Begin typing

To enter data into the formula bar, do the following

(1) Click the cell where you would like the data
(2) Place the cursor in the formula bar
(3) Type in the data

Working on worksheet

Excel allows you to move, copy, and paste cells and cell content through cutting and pasting and copying
and pasting.

Select data

To select a cell or data to be copied or cut, do the following:

(1) Click the cell

(2) Click and drag the cursor to select many cells in a range

Select a Row or Column

To select a row or column, click on the row or column header.

Copy and paste

To copy and paste data, do the following:

(1) Select the cell(s) that you wish to copy

(2) On the clipboard group of the home tab, click copy
(3) Select the cell(s) where you would like to copy the data.
(4) On the clipboard group of the home tab, click paste.

Saving a workbook files

When you save a workbook, you have two choices:

(1) Save
(2) Save As

To save a document, do the following

(1) Click the Microsoft Office Button

(2) Click Save

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A database is an integrated collection of related files that is organized so that it can easily be accessed,
managed and updated.
Database Management System (DBMS): This is a software or collection of programs that controls the
storage, retrieval and manipulation of data stored in a database.

Examples of DBMS

(1) Microsoft Access

(2) My SQL
(3) oracle
(4) SQL server
(5) Fox base Plus
(6) Fox Pro
(7) Sybase
(8) Dbase
(9) Dbase2 OR DbaseII
(10) DbaseIII
(11) DbaseIV
(12) Informix
(13) Sabre
(14) Postgress
(15) Ingress
(16) Teradata
(17) FileMaker
(18) ADABAS
(19) System 2000
(20) Mongo DB
(21) RBase
(22) InterBase
(23) Raima
(24) Clipper
(25) Paradox

Functions of a Database Management System

(1) Create database
(2) Redundancy control/minimizes data repetition
(3) Provision for backup and recovery
(4) Maintenance of data integrity
(5) Data manipulation
(6) User access control/ security/ protection of data
(7) Easy access and retrieval of data
(8) Data storage management
(9) Data transformation/ modification/ editing
(10) Transaction management
(11) Data dictionary management
(12) Provide database communication interface
(13) Report generation/ presentation/ output/ formatting

Basic terms in Database Management System

(1) Data
(2) Field
(3) Record
(4) Key
(5) File

Data: This can be defined as a set of raw fact or figures or unprocessed facts or known facts.

Data item refers to a single unit of data contained in a record e.g. No, Name, age etc
Field: A field is a collection of related bytes that forms meaningful data items; it is a single piece of
attribute about an entity, place or event. In a student database table, some examples of attributes or
field are: Surname, date of birth, age, sex, address etc.

Record: This is a collection of related field or item. It is a complete set of attributes (Field) about entity,
place or event. This is represented as rows in a database file or table.

Record usually describes entities and attributes, for example, an employee record represent an employee
entity and each field value in the record specifies some attributes of that employee such as name, DOB,
salary, Genders etc,

Key: A key is a unique attributes or field that can be used to identify a record in a database table or file.

File: Computer file is a single collection of related records. For example a school database will have an
academic file that contains all the academic records of the students in the school. It can also have an
account file that contains the financial information of the student.

Use of Ms Access and Spreadsheet for database

Microsoft Access is a database software package. A database is an organized collection of records.

Telephone and address books are examples of paper database. With Access, you can create a
computerized database. For example, you can use Access to organize the students who attend a school,
the courses they take, and the instructors who teach them. After you create an Access database, you can
search it, manipulate it and extract information from it.

Spreadsheet is used for creating result of calculations based on figures that are put into the spreadsheet.
Some elements of the spreadsheet is its ability to do complex calculations using advanced formulas with
the information provided.

Loading Microsoft Access

To load Ms Access, do the following

(1) Click on start button

(2) Point to all programs
(3) Point to Microsoft office
(4) Click on Microsoft office Access. Ms Access startup window is displayed.

Creating a blank new database

To create a blank new database, follow the steps below:

(1) On the Getting Started page displayed window, click the Blank Database button.
(2) Type in a file name in the File Name text box
(3) Choose a folder
(4) Click the Create button (at the bottom-right of the Access window).

Access creates your database file and then pops up a datasheet where you can get to work creating your
first table.

Creating table in Ms Access

To create table in Ms Access database, follow the steps below:

(1) Select the create tab in the menu bar

(2) Click on the Table Design button in the Tables group
(3) Add the fields to the table
(4) Highlight the field(s) that you want to use as primary key. Then select the Design tab in the menu bar
and click on the primary key button under the tools section.
(5) Click on the save button in the top left of the Access window.
(6) Enter the name of your table in the Save As dialogue box and click on the OK button