Differential Equation - p6
Differential Equation - p6
Differential Equation - p6
𝒅𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒏
+ 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝒏−𝟏
+ … + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒙 ;
𝒅𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒏−𝟏 + … + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑫𝒏 𝒚 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝑫𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 + … + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝑫𝒚 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝑫𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝑫𝒏−𝟏 + … + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝑫 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟎
HOMOGENOUS LINEAR EQUATION OF HIGHER
ORDER WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
𝒅𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝒏 𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 + … + 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
is 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + . . . + 𝒄𝒏 𝒚𝒏
where 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 , … , 𝒚𝒏 are linearly independent solutions of homogenous
linear equation of nth-order with constant coefficients for 𝒙 on the interval
𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 and normal on 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 .
and 𝒄𝟏 , 𝒄𝟐 , … , 𝒄𝒏 are arbitrary constants.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Solve − 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
let 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒎𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Substitute in − 𝟓 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝟒𝒎𝟑 − 𝟕𝒎 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟒𝒎𝟑 − 𝟕𝒎 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
Use Synthetic Division
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝟒𝒎 − 𝟕𝒎 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 ; 𝒎 = ±𝟒, ±𝟐, ±𝟏, ±𝟑; ±𝟑; ±𝟑; ± 𝟑 ; ± 𝟐; ±𝟒
By Synthetic Division: 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟕 𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟏 correct
4 4 -3
3
4 4 -3 0 𝑚 = − 2 (correct)
-6 3
1
4 -2 0 𝑚=2 𝟎
3 1
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚𝑚 + )(𝑚 − ) = 0
2 2
3 1
− 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2 + 𝑐3 𝑒 2
1
𝑐2 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 3 + 𝑐3 𝑒 2
𝑥
𝑒2
Solve 𝟗𝒚′′ − 𝒚 = 𝟎
Auxiliary Equation: 𝟗𝒎𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
Roots of 𝒎: 𝟑𝒎 − 𝟏 𝟑𝒎 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒎 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ; 𝟑𝒎 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎= 𝟑
.−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒙 𝒙
General Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆 𝟑 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆 𝟑
GENERAL SOLUTIONS
of Homogenous Linear Equation of nth- Order with Constant
Coefficients
𝒅𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝒏 𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 + … + 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
where 𝒂𝒏 , 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 , … , 𝒂𝟏 , and 𝒂𝟎 are constants
CASE 1. DISTINCT REAL ROOTS
Roots of Auxiliary Equation: 𝒎𝟏 ≠ 𝒎𝟐 ≠ … ≠ 𝒎𝒏
−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒂𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝒎 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 ; 𝒎= 𝟐𝒂
𝟐± 𝟒−𝟐𝟎
𝒎= 𝟐
𝟐± −𝟏𝟔
𝒎= 𝟐
𝟐±𝟒𝒊
𝒎= 𝟐
𝒎 = 𝟏 ± 𝟐𝒊
General Equation: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
𝑑4 𝑥 𝑑3 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
Solve 𝑑𝑡 4
+ 2 𝑑𝑡 3 + 10 𝑑𝑡 2 =0
If you can’t teach yourself, no one can.
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