ASTM D2697-22 English
ASTM D2697-22 English
ASTM D2697-22 English
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2697 − 22
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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NOTE 3—Details of the mercury displacement techniques can be found 5.5 Support for holding the beaker under the balance stirrup
in the literature.5 without jamming the pan damper in the floor of the balance. A
3.2 From the measured weights and volumes of the disk cork or neoprene ring is suitable when a single-pan balance is
before and after coating, the weight and volume of the dried used.
coating film are calculated. Based on the density of the liquid 5.6 Weight per Gallon Cup, acrometer, or other suitable
coating and the weight percent nonvolatile matter, the volume means for determining the density of the coating material and
of the liquid coating deposited on the coated disk is calculated. the suspending liquids if not known.
The volume of the dried coating divided by the volume of
liquid coating, multiplied by 100, provides the volume percent 6. Volume Determination of Uncoated Disks
nonvolatile matter in the total liquid coating. 6.1 Dry the disk in an oven at 110 6 5 °C for 10 min. Cool
4. Significance and Use and weigh the disk in air.
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a measure of the 6.2 Weigh the disk in the liquid to be used for suspension of
volume of dry coating obtainable from a given volume of the coated disk. If water is used as the suspending liquid, a few
liquid coating. This value is useful for comparing the coverage drops of wetting agent (Note 2) added to the liquid will help to
(square feet of surface covered at a specified dry film thickness ensure rapid and thorough wetting of the disk. Be careful that
per unit volume) obtainable with different coating products. no air bubbles form on the disk or wire. Mark the level of
liquid in the 1-L beaker necessary for complete immersion of
4.2 For various reasons the value obtained may not be equal the disk which should be at least 20 mm (3⁄4 in.) above the disk.
to that predicted from simple additivity of the weights and Maintain this level in subsequent weighings when the disk is
volumes of the raw materials in a formulation. One reason is coated.
that the volume occupied by a solution of resin in solvent may
be the same, greater, or less than the total volume of the 6.3 Record the temperature of the liquid. Obtain the density
separate ingredients: such contraction or expansion in resin of the liquid at the temperature used, from a table, such as is
solutions is governed by a number of factors, one of which is found for pure water in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,6
the extent and direction of spread between solubility param- or determine it to 0.001 g/mL.
eters of the resin and solvent. 6.4 Calculate the volume of the disk, G, in millilitres as
4.3 The spatial configuration of the pigment particles and follows:
the degree to which the spaces between the pigment particles G 5 ~ w 1 2 w 2 ! /D (1)
are filled with the binder also affect the volume of a dry coating where:
formulation. Above the critical pigment volume concentration,
w1 = weight of disk in air, g
the apparent volume of the dry film is significantly greater than
w2 = weight of disk in liquid, g, and
theoretical due to the increase in unfilled voids between D = density of liquid at temperature of test, g/mL.
pigment particles. The use of volume nonvolatile matter values
in such instances should be carefully considered as the in- 7. Procedure
creased volume is largely due to air trapped in these voids.
7.1 Take a representative sample of the liquid coating in
5. Apparatus accordance with Practice D3925. Mix thoroughly before taking
specimens for the individual tests.
5.1 Analytical Balance.
7.2 Determine the weight nonvolatile of the liquid coating
5.2 Steel Disk, preferably stainless steel, 60 mm (23⁄8 in.) in by heating in an oven at 110 6 5 °C for 60 min in accordance
diameter and 22 gage (0.65 mm) in thickness with a small hole with Test Method D2369.
near the circumference. A fine wire, such as Chromel A, 28
gage (0.32 mm), is attached through the hole and made the NOTE 5—If this method does not apply, then the method used should be
agreed upon between producer and user.
appropriate length for subsequent suspension of the disk in a
liquid. The wire should have a small loop on the upper end so 7.3 Determine to 0.001 g/mL the density of the liquid
the disk and wire can be hung by this loop on the balance. coating in accordance with Test Method D1475.
NOTE 4—Instead of steel disks, some analysts use aluminum tubes. In 7.4 Dip the disk in the liquid coating and allow the liquid to
the round-robin results, essentially no difference was found in the come up on the wire a distance from 5 to 15 mm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in.).
precision obtained by both methods. Source and dimensions of these tubes Allow about 10 min for draining, and blot the coating material
are described in the annex. off the bottom edge of the disk so that beads or drops do not dry
5.3 Counterweight, to be placed on the balance stirrup after on the bottom edge of the disk.
hanger bow and pan are removed.
NOTE 6—In some cases the paint or varnish may be of such consistency
5.4 Beaker, 1-L—For easier manipulation during the weigh- that the amount of solid matter remaining on the disk after drying is too
ing of disk in liquid it is advisable to cut the beaker to a height small for an accurate volume determination. The use of a flat pan with a
sidewall about 10 mm in height in place of the disk enables the operator
of 115 mm (41⁄2 in.). to obtain a more desirable volume of solid matter. However, extra care
5 6
Cole, R. J., Journal, Oil Colour Chemists’ Assn., Vol. 45, 1962, p. 776. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 2022.
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must be observed to prevent trapping of air at the point where the sidewall ~ F/V ! 3 100 (5)
meets the bottom of the pan. In no case should bubbles be allowed to be NOTE 7—The displacement liquid used should be reported with volume
present in cast films. This procedure has not been evaluated and no percent nonvolatile results. The method of drying the films should also be
precision statement is available. stated if different from that specified.
7.5 When beads or drips stop forming, hang the disk in the 9. Precision
oven and heat for 1 h at 110 6 5 °C (Note 5). Remove and
cool. Weigh the coated disk in air. 9.1 Precision (In accordance with Practice D3980)—In an
interlaboratory study of this test method in which one operator
7.6 Weigh the coated disk in the chosen medium in the same in each of five laboratories analyzed in duplicate on two days
manner as for the uncoated disk, recording the temperature of four coatings (two solvent-reducible and two water-reducible)
the liquid at the time of the test. with nonvolatile contents ranging from 24 to 35 volume %, the
pooled within-laboratory standard deviation was found to be
8. Calculations 0.444 % with 17 degrees of freedom (DF) and the pooled
8.1 Calculate the volume of the coated disk, H, in millilitres, between-laboratories standard deviation 1.195 % with 16 DF,
as follows: after discarding one day’s results from two laboratories on one
H 5 ~ w 3 2 w 4 ! /D (2)
sample, one day’s results from one laboratory on another
sample, and one duplicate result from one laboratory on a third
where: sample. Based on these standard deviations the following
w3 = weight of coated disk in air, g, criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results
w4 = weight of coated disk in liquid, g, and at the 95 % confidence level:
D = density of liquid at temperature of test. 9.1.1 Repeatability—Two results, each the mean of
8.2 Calculate the volume of the dried coating, F, in duplicates, obtained by the same operator on different days
millilitres, as follows: should be considered suspect if they differ by more than 1.32 %
absolute at volume nonvolatile contents of 24 to 35 %.
F5H2G (3) 9.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of
8.3 Calculate the volume of wet coating, V, in millilitres, duplicates, obtained by operators in different laboratories
from which the dried coating was obtained, as follows: should be considered suspect if they differ by more than 3.59 %
V 5 ~ w 3 2 w 1! / ~ w 3 ρ ! (4) absolute at the same levels.
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1.1 Aluminum tubes, uncoated, plain with no cap or liner, over a short length of 25 mm (1 in.) inside diameter electrical
#16 neck and orifice, 32 mm by 160 mm (11⁄4 by 61⁄4 in.). conduit and return the tube to a round condition. Remove the
tube from the pipe and press 1 in. wide strip at an end of the
A1.2 Cut two 75 mm (3-in.) lengths of tube from the tube toward the center to serve as a hangar attachment.
aluminum tubing. Make a 20 mm (3⁄4-in.) cut on the flattened
end of the tube about 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) from the end. Slip the tube
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