Metric space:basic notions

open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Metric space

Aditi

Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

April 8, 2023

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

contents

1 Metric space:basic notions

2 open balls

3 Hausdorff property

4 opensets

5 Topology of open sets

6 Interior

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments
we would like to acknowledge the support of our advisors, we also
thanks our colleagues aand friends for their valuable feedback and
support throughout this project .finally we express our gratitute to
our families for their unwavering love and support.

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Metric space :Basic notions

In, Mathematics a Metric Space is a set together with a notion of

distance between elements ,usually called points.The distance is
measured by a function called a Metric or distance function.
Metric spaces are the most general setting for studying many of
the concepts of mathematical analysis and geometry.

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Definition
Let X be a nonempty set. A function d : X × X → R is said to be
metric or a distance function on X if d satisfies the following
properties :
d(x, y ) ≥ 0∀x, y ∈ X and d(x, y ) = 0 ⇐⇒ x = y .
d(x, y )=d(y , x)∀x, y ∈ X
d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y ) + d(y , z)∀x, y , z ∈ X . this is known as
triangle in equality. the pair (X , d) is called metric space.

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Example
The Set R of real numbers with the metric d(x, y )=|x − y |

Example
discrete metric Let X be a non empty set . define
d(x, y ) = 0ifx = y and d(x, y ) = 1ifx ̸= y .

Example
let V =Rn .then the following are metrics on Rn .
d1 (x, y ) : = nk=1 |xk − yk |.
P

d∞ (x, y )=max{|xk − yk | : 1 ≤ k ≤ n}.

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

openballs

Definition
let (X , d) be a metric space let x ∈ X and r > 0.The subsets,
Bd (x, r )={y ∈ X : d(x, y ) < r } and
Bd [x, r ]={y ∈ X : d(x, y ) ≤ r } are respectively called open and
closed balls centered at x with radius r with respect to the metric
d.

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Example
let R be with standard metric then we claim that
B(x, r ) = (x − r , x + r )

Example
let X =R2 with the Euclidean metric d = d2 then
B(0, r ) = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : x 2 + y 2 < r 2 }

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Example
draw figures of open balls open unit ball B(0, 1) in the follwing
metric spaces.
(R2 , ||2 )(standard Euclidean metric)
(R2 , ||1 )(the L1 norm)
(R2 , ||∞ )(max or sup norm )

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

B2 (0, 1) B1 (0, 1)

Aditi Metric space

Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

B∞ (0, 1)

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Hausdorff property

.
Given two distinct points x, y ∈ X ∃r > 0 such that
B(x, r ) ∩ B(y , r ) = ϕ

Figure: hausdorff property in metric space

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

open sets
Definition
A subset U of X of a metric space is said to be d − open if
∀x ∈ U∃r > 0 such that B(x, r ) ⊂ U.

Figure: open set in metric space

Aditi Metric space
 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Theorem
let (x, d) be a metric space and x ∈ X and r > 0 then the open
ball B(x, r ) is open.

Proof.
Let y ∈ B(x, r ) We need to find s > 0 such that B(y , s) ⊂ B(x, r )
look at the figure it suggests us what s could be .
also let us work backwards Assume such an s exists if z ∈ B(y , s)
we want to show that d(z, x) < r now ,
d(z, x) ≤ d(z, y ) + d(y , x) < s + d(x, y ) < r
this prompts us to consider 0 < s ≤ r − d(x, y ) let s be one such
.if z ∈ B(y , s) then we have,
d(z, x) ≤ d(z, y ) + d(y , x) < s + d(y , x) < r
thus,B(y , s) ⊂ B(x, r ) since y is arbitrary element of B(x, r ) we
have proved that B(x, r ) is open set.
Aditi Metric space
Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Figure: open ball in metric space

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Topology of open sets

let (X , d) be a metric space.

important points
X and ϕ are always open sets.
Arbitrary union of open sets is always open set.
finite intersection of open set is open set.

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

INTERIOR OF A SET

Definition
Let S ⊂ X be a subset of a metric space we say that x ∈ S is an
interior point of S if ∃r > 0 such that B(x, r ) ⊂ S .The set of
interior points of S is denoted by S 0 and is called the interior of a
set.

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

important points
For any set A , the set A0 is the largest open set contained in
A.
A is open iff each of the points is an interior point.
let (X , d) be a metric space let A ⊂ X and a ∈ A let BA (a, r )
denote the open ball in A with the induced metric .see figure

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Example
To find interior of [0, 1].

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Open sets in R

To see whether the following set is open or not .

SET INTERIOR OPEN
(0, 1) (0, 1) yes
[0, 1] (0, 1) no
Q ϕ no
Q c ϕ no
R R yes

Aditi Metric space

 Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

References
Topology of metric spaces S.kumarsen

metric spaces by satish sahani

real analysis by walter Rudin

Aditi Metric space

Metric space:basic notions
open balls
Hausdorff property
opensets
Topology of open sets
Interior

Aditi Metric space