Jfsci MS Id 555847

Research Article
J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves

Volume 12 Issue 5 - October 2019
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Saloni Chadha
DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2019.12.555847
Bullet Fingerprinting Analysis by Digital

Comparison Microscope
Anjali Jangra1, Saloni Chadha2* and Suryakant Mishra3
1
Department of Forensic Science, Amity University, India
2
Department of Forensic Medicine & toxicology, Indraprastha University, India
3
Department of Forensic science, Kurukshetra University, India
Submission: August 22, 2019; Published: October 04, 2019
*Corresponding author: : Saloni Chadha, Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Indraprastha University, Dr BSA Medical College &
Hospital, New Delhi-110085, India
Abstract
The firearm can be linked to the projectiles on the basis of the striation marks formed due to the irregularities present on the surface
of barrel. This can be accomplished by using comparison microscope. No two firearms, even those of the same make and model and made
consecutively by the same tools, will produce the same markings on a bullet or a cartridge. On the other hand, bullets fired through the same
rifled barrel and cartridge cases fired in the same gun may be expected to show an identity of markings which is peculiar to this particular
firearm and to no other. These markings serve to identify a particular rifled barrel because that barrel has an individuality possessed by no
other barrel. In this study, 20 samples were examined under digital comparison microscope in which fired suspected samples were compared
to the crime bullets by conducting test firing. Class characteristics like direction of twist and individual characteristics like striation marks were
compared using comparison microscope. It was found that the caliber of the received samples were 7.65mm and 0.315”/8mm. By comparing the
striation marks the sample was declared match or no match, leading to firearm linkage
Keywords: Digital comparison microscope; Bullet; Striation marks; Firearm linkage; Bullet fingerprinting
Introduction
which a bullet is discharged [3-6]. The characteristic markings of
The comparison of marks on fired bullets and spent
each cartridge case and projectile are released ready for analysis
cartridge cases is a useful way for firearms examiners to
when the gun is fired. More than thirty different features
make a positive association between fired ammunition and a
within these marks can be distinguished, which in combination
specific firearm or to exclude a suspected gun. [1] The forensic
produce a “fingerprint” for identification of the firearm [7]. This
identification of ballistics specimens relies on the detection,
forensic technique has wide application in the world of forensic
recognition and ultimate matching of markings on the surfaces
science, and would play a vital part in legal evidence in the case
of cartridges and projectiles made by the firearms [2] (Figure 1).
where firearms are involved. Projectile bullets fired through the
The need for firearm identification systems by police services
barrel of a gun will exhibit extremely fine striation markings,
continues to increase with greater accessibility to weapons in
some of which are derived from minute irregularities in the
the international contexts [3]. The characteristic markings on
barrel, produced during the manufacturing process (Figure
the cartridge and projectile of a bullet fired from a gun can be
4 & 5). The examination of these striations on landmarks and
recognized as a fingerprint for identification of the firearm [4].
groove marks of the projectile is difficult using conventional
Forensic ballistics imaging has the capacity to produce high
optical microscopy. However, digital imaging techniques have
resolution digital images of cartridge cases and projectiles for
the potential to detect and identify the presence of striations
matching to a library of ballistics images [5] (Figure 2). However,
on ballistics specimens. The discipline of firearm and tool mark
the reliance upon imaging technologies makes identification of
identification is based on two empirical hypotheses. The first
ballistics specimens both a demanding and exacting task, where
hypothesis is the consistency/reproducibility of markings which
the control of the error of measurement in the imaging technique
originates from the same firearm or tool. The second hypothesis
must not allow compromise of integrity of the identification
is the existence of differences between markings originating
process (Figure 3). The analysis of marks on bullet casings and
from two different firearms or tools [7-12].
projectiles provides a precise tool for identifying the firearm from
J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves 12(5): JFSCI.MS.ID.555847 (2019) 001

Journal of Forensic Sciences & Criminal Investigation
Figure 1: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.
How to cite this article: Anjali Jangra, Saloni Chadha, Suryakant Mishra. Bullet Fingerprinting Analysis by Digital Comparison Microscope. J Forensic Sci
002 & Criminal Inves. 2019; 12(5): 555847. DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2019.12.555847
Materials and Methods with gloves, eye wear, and rinsed in hypo chlorate solution prior
to any other examination. Swabs, moistened with methanol,
Present study was done on 20 fired bullet/bullet fragment
lightly wiped over the surface, talking care not to damage
with rifled and unrifled firearm brought for firearm linkage in
individual characteristics. Stubborn residue were removed by
Ballistics Division of Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CBI),
placing the item in an ultrasonic cleaner, rinsed with methanol
New Delhi. Test firing with the available firearm was carried
and allowed to dry (Figure 7). After the initial treatment with
out and at least two bullets from each barrel or at least two
crime bullets/bullets fragments were examined for rifling
test specimens were collected, marked for recognition (Figure
marks-class characteristics under the comparison microscope.
6). Debris from bullets/bullets fragments was removed. Bullet/
The following parameters were ascertained (Table 1):
bullet fragment having biological fluids/residue were handled
Table 1: Showing Microscopic Examination of The Bullet Leading to Firearm
No. of No. of
Sample Striation Caliber of Sus- No. of Conclu-
crime suspected Microscopic Examination Remarks
no. Marks pected Firearm Test Fires sion
bullet Firearm
After examina-
Two 7.65mm fired bullet (marked BC/1
tion under the
and BC/2) contained in parcel no.2
digital comparison
were compared with three 7.65mm
microscope, it is
IRREGU- test fired bullet (marked BT/1 to BT/3)
1 2 1 7.65 MM 3 concluded that one MATCH
LAR which were test fired from 7.65mm
7.65mm bullet had
country made pistol (W/1) contained
been fired from
in parcel no. 1for their characteristic
7.65mm country
striation marks.
made firearm.
After examina-
Two 7.65mm fired bullet (marked BC/1 tion under the
and BC/2) contained in parcel no.3 digital comparison
were compared with six 7.65mm test microscope, it is
IRREGU- fired bullets(marked BT/1 to BT/6) concluded that one
2 2 2 7.65MM 3 MATCH
LAR which were test fired from 7.65mm 7.65 mm bullet
country made pistol (marked W/1 and (BC/1) had been
W/2) contained in parcel no.1 and 2 for fired from 7.65mm
their characteristic striation marks. country made
Firearm (W/1)
After exam-
ination Under
One 7.65mm crime bullet (BC/1)
digital compari-
contained in parcel no.2 were compared
son microscope,
with three 7.65mm test fired bullets
it is Concluded
IRREGU- (marked BT/1 TO BT/3), which were
3 1 1 7.65MM 3 that7.65mm bullet
LAR test fired in the laboratory from 7.65mm
(BC/1) contained
country made pistol(W/1) contained in
in parcel no. 2 had
parcel no.1 for their characteristic stria-
been fired from
tion marks , which were found similar.
7.65mm country
made Pistol W/1).
After examina-
Three 7.65mm fired bullet (marked
tion under the
BC/1toBC/3) contained in parcel no.3
digital comparison
were compared with nine 7.65mm
microscope, it is
test fired bullets (marked BT/1to BT/9)
IRREGU- concluded that
4 3 3 7.65MM 3 which were test fired from 7.65mm MATCH
LAR one 7.65mm bullet
country made pistol (marked W/1,
(BC/3) had been
W/2 and W/3) contained in parcel
fired from 7.65mm
no.1,2 and 3 for their characteristic
country made
striation marks
firearm (W/2).
After examina-
tion under the
digital comparison
microscope, it is
Two7.65mm fired bullets (marked BC/1 concluded that two
to BC/3) contained in parcel No. 1 to3 7.65mm bullets
IRREGU-
5 3 0 7.65MM 0 respectively were examined under the (BC/1 and BC/3) MATCH
LAR
digital comparison microscope for their contained in parcel
characteristics striations marks. no. 1 and 3 had
been fired from
single 7.65mm
country made
firearm
After examina-
tion under the
Three 7.65mm fired bullet (marked digital comparison
BC/1toBC/3) contained in parcel no.3 microscope, it is
compared with six 7.65mm test fired concluded that two
IRREGU- bullets (marked BT/1to BT/6) which 7.65mm bullets
6 3 2 7.65mm 3 MATCH
LAR were test fired from 7.65mm country (BC/1 and BC/2)
made pistol (marked W/1 and W/2 ) contained in parcel
contained in parcel no.1and 2 for their no. 3 had been
characteristic striation marks. fired from 7.65mm
country made
firearm (W/2).
After examina-
tion, under the
digital comparison
microscope, it is
Four 7.65mm fired bullets (marked concluded that two
BC/1 to BC/4) contained in parcel No. 1 7.65mm bullets
IRREGU-
7 4 0 7.65mm 0 to 4. respectively were examined under (BC/3 and BC/4) MATCH
LAR
the digital comparison microscope for contained in parcel
their characteristics striations marks. no. 3 and 4 had
been fired from
single 7.65mm
country made
firearm.
After exam-
Two 7.65mm fired bullet (marked BC/1 ination under
and BC/2) contained in parcel no.3 com- digital comparison
pared with six7.65mm test fired bullet microscope, it is
IRREGU- (marked BT/1 to BT/6) which were test concluded that
8 2 2 7.65mm 3 MATCH
LAR fired from two7.65mm country made one 7.65mm bullet
pistol (marked W/1 and W/2) contained (BC/2) had been
in parcel no. 1 and 2 for their character- fired from 7.65mm
istic striation marks. country made
firearm (W/2).
After examina-
tion under the
Two 7.65mm fired bullet (marked BC/1
digital comparison
and BC/2) contained in parcel no.2 com-
microscope, it is
pared with three 7.65mm test fired bul-
IRREGU- concluded that
9 2 1 7.65 MM 3 lets(marked BT/1 to BT/3) which were MATCH
LAR one 7.65mm bullet
test fired from 7.65mm country made
(BC/1) had been
pistol (W/1) contained in parcel no.1 for
fired from 7.65mm
their characteristic striation marks.
country made
firearm (W/1).
After exam-
Four 7.65mm crime bullet (marked ination under
BC/1to BC/4) contained in parcel no.2 digital comparison
compared with six7.65mm test fired bul- microscope, it is
lets (marked BT/1to BT/6) which were concluded that
IRREGU-
10 4 2 7.65 MM 3 test fired in the laboratory from 7.65mm 7.65mm bullet MATCH
LAR
country made pistol (marked W/1and (BC/1) contained
W/2) in contained in parcel no.1and3for in parcel no. 2 had
their characteristics striation marks, been fired from
which were found similar 7.65mm country
made pistol (W/1).
After examina-
tion under the
Two 0.315”/8mmmm fired bullet
digital comparison
(marked BC/1 and BC/2) contained
microscope, it is
in parcel no.1 compared with three
concluded that one
IRREGU- 0.315”/8mm test fired bullets (marked
11 2 1 0.315”/ 8MM 3 0.315”/8mmbul- MATCH
LAR BT/1to BT/3) which were test fired
let (BC/1) had
from 0.315”/8mmcountry made pistol
been fired from
(W/1) contained in parcel no.2 for their
0.315”/8mm coun-
characteristic striation marks.
try made firearm
(W/1).
After examina-
tion under the
digital comparison
Two 0.315”/8mmfired bullets (marked
microscope, it is
BC/1 to BC/2) contained in parcel No. 1
concluded that two
compared with six .315”/8mm test fired
0.315”/8mmbul-
IRREGU- bullets(marked BT/1 to BT/6) which
12 2 2 0.315”/ 8MM 3 lets (BC/1) MATCH
LAR was test fired from country made pistol
contained in parcel
(marked W/1 and W/2)contained in
no. 1 had been
parcel no. 2 and 3 for their characteris-
fired from single
tics striations marks.
0.315”/8mm coun-
try made firearm
(W/1)
After examina-
tion under the
digital comparison
Two0.315”/8mmfired bullets (marked
microscope, it is
BC/1 and BC/2) contained in parcel
concluded that two
No. 1 compared with three .315”/8mm
IRREGU- 0.315”/8mmbul-
13 2 1 0.315”/8MM 3 test fired bullets(marked BT/1 to BT/3) MATCH
LAR lets (BC/1)
which was test fired from country made
contained in parcel
pistol (W/1) contained in parcel no. 2
no.1 had been fired
for their characteristics striations marks
from 0.315”/8mm
country made
firearm (W/1).
After examina-
tion under the
digital comparison
Three 0.315”/8mmfired bullets (marked
microscope, it is
BC/1 to BC/3) contained in parcel No.
concluded that two
1 compared with nine .315”/8mm test
0.315”/8mmbul-
IRREGU- fired bullet (BT/1 to BT/9) which was
14 3 3 0.315”/ 8MM 3 lets (BC/2) MATCH
LAR test fired from country made pistol
contained in parcel
(marked W/1, W/2 and W/3) contained
no. 1had been
in parcel no. 2 , 3 and 4 for their charac-
fired from single
teristics striations marks
0.315”/8mmcoun-
try made firearm
(W/3).
After examina-
tion under the
Two 0.315”/8mmmmfired bullet
digital comparison
(marked BC/1 to BC/2) contained
microscope, it is
in parcel no.2 compared with three
concluded that one
IRREGU- 0.315”/8mmtest fired bullets (marked
15 2 1 0.315”/ 8MM 3 0.315”/8mmbul- MATCH
LAR BT/1to BT/3) which were test fired
let (BC/2) had
from 0.315”/8mm country made pistol
been fired from
(W/1) contained in parcel no.1 for their
0.315”/8mmcoun-
characteristic striation marks.
try made firearm
(W/1).
After examina-
tion under the
digital comparison
Three 0.315”/8mmfired bullets (marked
microscope, it is
BC/1 to BC/3) contained in parcel No. 1
concluded that two
compared with six .315”/8mm test fired
0.315”/8mmbul-
IRREGU- bullet (BT/1 to BT/6) which was test
16 3 2 0.315”/ 8MM 3 lets (BC/1 and MATCH
LAR fired from country made pistol (marked
BC/3) contained
W/1 and W/2) contained in parcel no. 2
in parcel no. 1 had
and 3 for their characteristics striations
been fired from
marks.
single 0.315”/8mm
country made
firearm (W/2).
After examina-
tion under the
digital comparison
Four 0.315”/8mmfired bullets (marked
microscope, it is
BC/1 and BC/2) contained in parcel
concluded that two
No. 1 compared with nine .315”/8mm
0.315”/8mmbul-
IRREGU- test fired bullet (BT/1 to BT/9) which
17 4 3 0.315”/ 8MM 3 lets (BC/2and- MATCH
LAR was test fired from country made pistol
BC/4) contained
(marked W/1, W/2 and W/3) contained
in parcel no. 1 had
in parcel no. 2 , 3 and 4 for their charac-
been fired from
teristics striations marks.
0.315”/8mm coun-
try made firearm
(W/3).
After examina-
tion under the
Two 0.315”/8mmfired bullets (marked digital comparison
BC/1 to BC/2) contained in parcel No. 1 microscope, it is
compared with six .315”/8mm test fired concluded that
IRREGU- bullets (marked BT/1 to BT/6) which 0.315”/8mm bullet
18 2 2 0.315”/ 8MM 3 MATCH
LAR was test fired from country made pistol (BC/1) contained
(marked W/1 and W/2) contained in in parcel no. 1 had
parcel no. 2 and 3 for their characteris- been fired from
tics striations marks. 0.315”/8mm coun-
try made firearm
(W/2).
After examina-
Two 0.315”/8mmmmfired bullet tion under the
(marked BC/1 and BC/2) contained digital comparison
in parcel no.4compared with nine microscope, it is
0.315”/8mmtest fired bullets (marked concluded that
IRREGU-
19 2 3 0.315”/ 8MM 3 BT/1to BT/9) which were test fired one 0.315”/8mm MATCH
LAR
from 0.315”/8mm country made pistol bullet (BC/2) had
(marked W/1, W/2 and W/3) contained been fired from
in parcel no.1, 2and 3 for their charac- 0.315”/8mm coun-
teristic striation marks. try made firearm
(W/2).
After examina-
tion under the
Four 0.315”/8mmfired bullets(marked digital comparison
BC/1 to BC/4) contained in parcel No. microscope, it is
4compared with nine 0.315”/8mmtest concluded that two
fired bullets (marked BT/1to 0.315”/8mmbul-
IRREGU-
20 4 3 0.315”/ 3 BT/9) which were test fired from lets (BC/1 and MATCH
LAR
0.315”/8mmcountry made pistol BC/3) contained
(marked W/1, W/2 and W/3) contained in parcel no. 4 had
in parcel no.1, 2 and 3 for their charac- been fired from
teristic striation marks. single 0.315”/8mm
country made
firearm.
a) Direction of rifling (right/left) c) Groove width/land width
b) Number of lands and grooves d) Twist of rifling
Compared class characteristic data with the available also be compared with test bullets for individual characteristic
data and ascertained the probable types of firearm involved. marks. Examine and compare individual characteristic marks
Comparison of class characteristic rifling marks on test fired present on all lands and grooves on test bullets in case of rifled
bullets with crime bullets under comparison microscope with firearm and striation marks on test bullets/specimen in case of
specific reference to number of lands and grooves, direction/ unrifled firearms and identify similar individual characteristic
angle of rifling, land width as well as groove width whether marks on them. Compared inter-se individual characteristic
similar or otherwise or insufficient. If class characteristics on marks present on crime bullet/bullet fragment whether similar
test and crime bullets are similar, then examine and compare or otherwise or insufficient to ascertain number of firearms
individual characteristics. Fragmented bullet even having only involved. Photomicrographs showing individual characteristic
one land and groove for tallying class characteristics should matching were taken, duly labeled, and marked (Figure 8 & 9).
Results and Discussion after all class characteristics agree and a sufficient correlation
between individual characteristics is found. Exhibit (bullet) was
Markings on twenty successively fired bullets and expended
not fired from Exhibit 2 (firearm). These conclusions are reached
cartridge cases were examined under digital comparison
if class characteristics don’t match [14].
microscope. The fired samples were compared to the crime
bullets by conducting test fires. Class characteristics like A bullet is slightly larger in diameter than the bore diameter
direction of twist and individual characteristics like striation of the barrel in which it is designed to be fired. The bore diameter
marks were compared using comparison microscope (Figure is the distance from one land to the opposite land in a barrel.
10). Markings among different manufacturers of ammunition As a result, a rifled barrel will impress a negative impression of
differed significantly even between consecutively fired bullets. itself on the sides of the bullet. The rifling pattern in the barrel
From an analysis of striation marks on landmarks, the surfaces that fired a particular bullet can be determined by counting the
of the bore near the breech end area were eroded within twenty number of groove or land impressions around the circumference
fired rounds which is in accordance to [13] Diameter, weight and/ of the bullet. Then, by holding the nose of the bullet pointing
or velocity of bullets will affect the reproducibility of striations away from you, the direction the impressions run away from
on landmarks. A smaller number of striations were observed on you (either to your left or right) determines the direction of
the small diameter bullets. It was found that the caliber of the twist. If the rifling impression pattern on the bullet matches the
received samples were 7.65mm and 0.315”/8mm. By comparing rifling pattern in the barrel of the questioned firearm, the next
the striation marks the sample was declared match or no match, step is to measure the rifling impressions on the bullet (Figure
which leaded to firearm linkage. When comparisons were made 12-15). No two firearms, even those of the same make and
between firearms and fired ammunition the results can read model and made consecutively by the same tools, will produce
as follows: Exhibit (bullet) was identified as having been fired the same markings on a bullet or a cartridge When bullets are
from Exhibit 2 (firearm) (Figure 11). This conclusion is reached compared to standards from a given barrel the pitch to the rifling
impressions can be a means to eliminate the bullet as having is a noticeable difference in the pitch, it can be difficult to use
been fired from the firearm. If the angle disagrees with the angle this class characteristic as a means of elimination. As a result,
found on standards, then the comparison will be a negative firearm examiners rarely measure the rifling impression pitch
one based on those class characteristics. The problem with this (Figure 16).
is that it is hard to accurately measure the pitch. Unless there
Conclusion in which fired suspected samples were compared to the crime

bullets by conducting test firing [16-19]. Class characteristics
Markings on twenty successively fired bullets and expended
like direction of twist and individual characteristics like striation
cartridge cases were examined. Markings among different
marks were compared using comparison microscope. It was
manufacturers of ammunition differed significantly even
found that the caliber of the received samples were 7.65mm
between consecutively fired bullets. This study shows that there
and 0.315”/8mm. By comparing the striation marks the sample
are identifiable features on the surfaces of bullets that can link
was declared match or no match, leading to firearm linkage [20-
them to the barrel that fired them [15]. Exhibit (bullet) was
25]. Results of this study have provided the forensic science
identified as having been fired from firearm (Figure 17-20). This
community with additional supportive documentation in the
conclusion is reached after all class characteristics agree and a
field of firearm and tool mark identification, especially as it
sufficient correlation between individual characteristics is found.
pertains to the identification of bullets fired from consecutively
20 samples were examined under digital comparison microscope
rifled barrels [15].
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Research Article

J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves

Bullet Fingerprinting Analysis by Digital

J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves 12(5): JFSCI.MS.ID.555847 (2019) 001

Figure 1: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Figure 2: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Figure 3: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Figure 4: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Figure 5: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Figure 6: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Figure 7: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Table 1: Showing Microscopic Examination of The Bullet Leading to Firearm

a) Direction of rifling (right/left) c) Groove width/land width

b) Number of lands and grooves d) Twist of rifling

Figure 8: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Figure 9: Showing Comparison Between Crime Bullet and Suspected Bullet.

Conclusion in which fired suspected samples were compared to the crime

References 15. Bilkisu G, Muhammad S, Abdullahi M (2015) Prevalence and Risk

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